P. KULISH IN CREATIVE THINKING M. KHVILOVY AND M. ZEROV

In the literary and artistic discourse of the 20–30’s of the XX century. Interest in P. Kulish is growing among literary scholars. It was in the 1920s that the archive of P. Kulish was transferred to the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, which became a serious documentary, source base for the study of works, literary-critical views, and outlook of this writer. P. Kulish is considered to be one of the first Europeanists of Ukrainian culture to lay the foundation for the modern modern culture of the 1920s. For example, G. Grabovych called P. Kulish a driving force and the founder of the newest Ukrainian intellectual, critical thought and those dimensions of national consciousness that underlie it, and a key figure in the formation of modern Ukrainian culture. He quite rightly noted about P. Kulish M. Dragomanov: “… one of the Ukrainophiles hits the point of world, human culture, which will lift our people”.

THE ORIGINALITY OF THE FOLKLORISM OF P. KULISH’S POETY 70–90-th XIX CENTURIES

This article is the attempt to study combined the variety of connections between Panteleymon Kulish’s poetic creativity and the folklore, mithology and folklore heritage of the Ukrainian and other nations. This study is to identify the ideological and aestetic features of the writer’s processing of motives, images, symbols, etc. of folk-art, the directions and the specificity of processing of these sources; to illuminate the levels and the impact of the assimilation of folk-art and mythical sources in last periods of literary activity of the writer. This article presents a comparative analysis of an array of folk-song poetry, mythical plots of P. Kulish and the poetics of his lyrical and lyric-epic works. The significance of the contribution to the culture of Ukrainian literary folklorism of the second half 19-th century is also characterized there. The nature of inter-system communication of the literature, mythology and folklore, the specific of “folklore writing” of the artist, who rose on the reception of folk poetry and based his own creative manifestations on it; the representation of national and folk world was literary mediated by P. Kulish; changes features of the individually distinctive author’s folklorism and mythologism are investigated.

PANTELEIMON KULISH AS A LITERARY CRITIC: FEATURES OF STYLE

The article deals with the work of Panteleimon Kulish (1819–1897) as a literary critic. Here is analyzed his article about Hryhoriy Kvitka-Osnovianenko, which was published in 1858 in St. Petersburg in a separate brochure. It has been found out that consideration of the writer’s creativity in the historical and world context, conclusion of generalizations, clarification of the most characteristic aesthetic features of the analyzed works, view on creativity through the author’s biography, journalism, emotionality, argumentation are characteristic for style of Kulish as a literary critic. At the beginning of the article, Kulish talks about the place and role of literature in society. He draws attention to the development and level of literature in the context of the historical development of the state. He gives examples from different literatures and concludes that the development of culture does not always go hand in hand with the development of the state. The author says that the opposite is the case: the decline of a state or kingdom is observed, and at the same time, literature, culture is developing. P. Kulish gives examples from Czech, Polish literature. These facts are important to him because he sees the same in Ukrainian literature. Kulish speaks about literature as a national spirit living in the artistic word. He emphasizes that literature is the key to being a nation. Analyzing the work of H. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, P. Kulish draws attention to the language of works as the main factor of the text, because of which language appears as a representation of the national spirit, as a guarantee of prosperity of the people. He emphasizes that through literature the people manifest their mission of philanthropy. The works of H. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, writes P. Kulish, have appeared during difficult years, and show national spirit, they are organic with time requirements. The author briefly describes the biography of H. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko. The journalistic style is characteristic of him. P. Kulish explains where H. Kvitka got his knowledge of the Ukrainian language, why he was so respectful to religion, which later became one of the central themes in his work. In analyzing H. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko’s stories, P. Kulish emphasizes moral and ethical aspects. According to one article by Panteleimon Kulish, we see that he is an interesting critic. His text contains a lot of information, generalizations, reveals typical in the history of peoples and cultures.

“THEY ARE ONE SNAPS WISHING …” T. SHEVCHENKO AND P. KULISH

The article exposes the commonality of ideological and artistic positions of T. Shevchenko and P. Kulish, their personal and creative dialogue. Shevchenko and Kulish’s poetic works, their correspondence, as well as interpretative assessments of national and diaspora scholars of different years served as a material for reflection. The author proposes a new conceptual vision of the stated topic, supplemented by an existing literary commentary.

ETHNOPSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES IN PANTELEYMON KULISH’S WORKS

The article focuses on Panteleimon Kulish’s works, which is intertwined with ethnopsychological motives; considered the ethnopsychological peculiarities of Ukrainians; clarified the specific of the people’s perception of the surrounding world by using detailed analysis of the conscious and subconscious of the images of the heroes in the writer’s works. Kulish’s works describe philosophical formulas. These formulas are not only declared but also interpreted in all artistic manifestations. Trying to match the artist’s worldview poles and his creative achievements is a unique combination. In authors works are combineted the past and the present, showed the formula of the heart-centeredness of the Ukrainian people and revealed the problems of the Ukrainians. Through psychological motives we can see how Kulish is describing means of our ethnos. All element of his works are focused on showing Ukrainian way of living and trying to find happiness.

“CHORNA RADA” BY PANTELEIMON KULISH IN YURIY LAVRINENKO’S RADIO JOURNALISM “LITERARY WORLD”

The article deals with the forbidden in the Soviet times novel of the Ukrainian classical writer Panteleymon Kulish (1819–1897) “Chorna Rada” to which the series of radio broadcasts by renowned cultural scientist and literary critic Yuriy Lavrinenko (1905–1987) in the “Literary World” project on the radio “Svoboda” (Liberty) in New York in the 60th of the XX century was dedicated. The journalistic heritage of Yuri Lavrinenko is an interesting phenomenon in the history of journalism of the Ukrainian diaspora. In his radio programs, he spoke about many Ukrainian writers – the 19th and 20th centuries, such as Ivan Franko, Lesia Ukrayinka, Panas Myrny, Vasyl Stefanyk, Stepan Vasylchenko, Pavlo Tychyna, Mykola Vorony, Mykola Kulish, Mykola Khvyliovy, Andriy Malyshko, Dmytro Pavlychko, Vasyl Symonenko, Lina Kostenko, Vasyl Stus, Svitlana Yovenko, Valery Shevchuk and others. He spoke about the peculiarities of artistic texts and the political position of the authors. These programs were very valuable because they carried the truth into the world about Ukraine, Ukrainian culture and Ukrainians. Yuri Lavrinenko prepared many programs about Taras Shevchenko – a great citizen of Ukraine, famous poet and artist. After him, Yuri Lavrinenko devoted most of his radio programs about Panteleimon Kulish. These programs draw attention to the severity of the problems and the courage to be open and to solve them.

FEATURES OF POETICS OF SHORT STORY “THE PROUD PAIR” BY P. KULISH

The short story “The proud pair” by P. Kulishtraditionally regarded in the romantic traditions context. But the plot, the main motives, the characters in thestory, the speech organization of the text are convinced that the elements of romanticism and sentimentalism are intertwined in poetry. At the center of the plot is a tragic love story of Marusya Kovbanivna and Prochor Osaulenko. They were parted due to misunderstanding, then married with others husband and wife, but could not live without each other. The story ends with a tragic interlude. In the short story traits of sentimentalism are presents, such as depicts exaggerated feelings, events that can move the reader, expresses democracy in the image of heroes, emphasizes nobility in their characters, there is a tragic ending.In the image of Marusya pride is hyperbolized as a leading character trait, and it is presented in the title of the story. The genre definition of the work is a story ballad. However, the poetics combines the stylefeatures of romanticism and sentimentalism (portraiture of the heroine, description of the wedding).

PANTELEIMON KULISH AS A RESEARCHER OF WORKS BY KLYMENTIY ZINOVIIV

This paper is a review of the article by Panteleimon Kulish which is dealing to poetical inheritance of Klymentiy Zinoviiv. The latter was a Ukranian Baroque wtriter of XVII–XVIII centuries. Kulish published his review for the first time in 1859 in the magazine called “The Russian colloquy”, later – in the magazine “Osnova” (“Basis”) in 1861. These scholar shows us good skills in the field of historical and culture research, but at the same time he underestimates scholastic education and literature, he considers they were cut off from the real Ukrainian culture and Ukrainian folk. Kulish says Klymentii was a typical snob, whose writings was full of praise to rich and powerful persons and hatred against simple and poor people. The reasons of this position were Klymentii’s studying in scholastic school and his desire to belong to the highest level of society. Despite these negative features Klymentii Zinoviiv’s poems contain a lot of useful information about Ukrainian life of XVII–XVIII centuries. The article by Panteleimon Kulish contains some original thoughts and conclusions, but anyway his opinion is not objective. At the same time this review is a very important document helping to research the texts and biography of Klymentii Zinoviiv.

GENERAL CONTENTS AND PROBLEMS OF THE DIARY OF THE XIX CENTURY LITERATORS

The article is devoted to research of specific genre of diary in creative heritage of P. Kulish, O. Nikitenko and T. Shevchenko. Intraliterary comparative analysis allowed to comprehend nature of genre and to define his basic characteristics. The special attention is spared to the general moments in diaries language, orientation on a future reader, atmosphere of “expectation”. In the diaries the author acts as a part of the action, moreover, he is the hero of the story, it is therefore obvious that description of all adventures are typically narrated from the author’s perspective so the author and the narrator merge – and the narrative adopts a first person narrative. The communicative techniques in the structure of the text are described briefly – implicit comparative studies, evaluative judgments, creation of the image of a stranger, “other”, address to the reader, etc. Also are comprehended separate theses about correlation of looks of writers on religion, friendship, the phenomenon of silence in the text. The multidimensional character of silence opens up, the specific of silence (silence’s philosophical potential) in text: variants of literary pausing/silence can be found throughout diary, they are expressed by several types of figures of silence. The meaning of silence shifts according to its context in diary. The especially interesting discoveries are based on general moments in both diaries – critical thinking, engaging the reader in the text, deep existential thoughts, digression (partial retreat from a main theme in text). Comparison of texts of diaries gives an opportunity to trace an origin, forming, statement in Ukrainian literature of such variety of diary as a writer.

P. KULISH’S CREATIVITY IN THE LITERARY CRITIC’S RECEPTION BY YU. LAVRINENKO

The article considers the reception of P. Kulish’s works in Yuri Lavrinenko’s literary works, in particular in the texts of radio broadcasts made on radio “Svoboda”. The subject of the study were the literary-critical articles and correspondence. The study involves the use of unknown archival sources. The article deals with the letters and radio broadcasts be Jurii Lavrinenko kept in the Department of Manuscripts and Textual Studies of Shevchenko Institute of Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The article explains the reasons for the researcher’s interest in this figure. Yuri Lavrinenko sought to find the traditions of P. Kulish not only in the works of the writers of the “Executed Renaissance”, the “Prague School”, but also in the younger generation of writers of the Diaspora. The purpose of the radio talks about P. Kulish is to interest the readers of the creativity of this classic, especially his historical novel “Сhorna rada”. In radio broadcasts Yu. Lavrinenko draws attention to the artistic, historical and philosophical views of P. Kulish. The literary critic became a popularizer of P. Kulish’s work in the Diaspora.