scholarly journals APOE‐ε4 and hippocampal volume in the cognitively healthy elderly: Longitudinal analysis reveals origins of apparent cross‐sectional differences

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (S4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Zhang ◽  
Eva Duenas ◽  
Christopher Long ◽  
Susana Navas ◽  
Miguel Calero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Apoe Ε4 ◽  
Healthy Elderly

scholarly journals APOE ε4 effects on hippocampal atrophy in the healthy elderly reflect future cognitive decline

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Zhang ◽  
Miguel Calero ◽  
Miguel Medina ◽  
Bryan Strange
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Hippocampal Atrophy ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Genotype Interaction

The APOE ϵ4 allele is the primary genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). A cardinal problem in determining APOE ϵ4's effect on cognition and brain structure in older individuals is dissociating prodromal changes — linked to increased AD risk — from potential phenotypic differences. To address this, we used cognitive and neuroimaging data from a large cohort of cognitively normal 69-86 year-olds with up to 8 yearly follow-ups to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal differences between APOE ϵ3/ϵ3 homozygotes and ϵ3/ϵ4 heterozygotes. Although we found a significant age-by-genotype interaction in right hippocampal volume, once our analyses were conditionalised by future diagnosis to account for prodromal mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD, this effect was no longer observed. Likewise, longitudinally, rate of hippocampal atrophy was determined not by genotype, but by future diagnosis. Thus, we provide direct evidence in support of the prodromal hypothesis of APOE ϵ4 on brain structure.

scholarly journals Association between Hippocampal Volume and Working Memory in 10,000+ 9–10-Year-Old Children: Sex Differences

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Shanika Boyce ◽  
Tanja Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Predictor Variable ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Right

Aim: This study tested sex differences in the association between hippocampal volume and working memory of a national sample of 9–10-year-old children in the US. As the hippocampus is functionally lateralized (especially in task-related activities), we explored the results for the right and the left hippocampus. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study data. This analysis included baseline ABCD data (n = 10,093) of children between ages 9 and 10 years. The predictor variable was right and left hippocampal volume measured by structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). The primary outcome, list sorting working memory, was measured using the NIH toolbox measure. Sex was the moderator. Age, race, ethnicity, household income, parental education, and family structure were the covariates. Results: In the overall sample, larger right (b = 0.0013; p < 0.001) and left (b = 0.0013; p < 0.001) hippocampal volumes were associated with higher children’s working memory. Sex had statistically significant interactions with the right (b = −0.0018; p = 0.001) and left (b = −0.0012; p = 0.022) hippocampal volumes on children’s working memory. These interactions indicated stronger positive associations between right and left hippocampal volume and working memory for females compared to males. Conclusion: While right and left hippocampal volumes are determinants of children’s list sorting working memory, these effects seem to be more salient for female than male children. Research is needed on the role of socialization, sex hormones, and brain functional connectivity as potential mechanisms that may explain the observed sex differences in the role of hippocampal volume as a correlate of working memory.

Association between the FINDRISC score and the risk of metabolic syndrome and hepatic steatosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Godoi Bernardes Da Silva ◽  
R Dias Santos ◽  
M Sommer Bittencourt ◽  
J.A.M Carvalho ◽  
M Franken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Cross Sectional Analysis ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Sectional Analysis

Abstract Introduction The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) was developed in Europe to predict type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk without need of laboratory tests. Small cross-sectional studies analyzed the association between RF with metabolic syndrome (MS) or hepatic steatosis (HS). Our objective was to test the association of FINDRISC with MS or HS, in a transversal and longitudinal way. Methods In 41,668 individuals (age 41.9±9.7 years; 30.8% women) who underwent health evaluation between 2008 and 2016 in a single centre in Brazil, we tested the transversal association between FINDRISC and MS or HS, in multivariate models. The same analyzes were performed longitudinally in non-diabetic subgroups, followed for 5±3 years, to test the predictive value of FINDRISC and the incidental risk of MS (n=10,075 individuals) or HS (n=7,097 individuals), using logistic regression. Models were adjusted for confounders such as sex, use of medications for dyslipidemia, smoking, and baseline plasma levels of glucose, creatinine and lipids. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the discriminative and predictive values of FINDRISC for MS and HS. Results In the cross-sectional analysis, 2,252 (5%) individuals had MS and 14,176 (34%) HS. In the longitudinal analysis, there were 302 cases of incidental MS (2%) and 1,096 cases of HS (15%). FINDRISC was independently associated with MS and HS in the cross-sectional analysis (respectively, OR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.25–1.28, P&lt;0.001; and OR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.20–1.22, P&lt;0.001, per FINDRISC unit) and in longitudinal analysis (respectively, OR of 1.18, 95% CI: 1.15–1.21, P&lt;0.001; and OR of 1.10, 95% CI: 1.08–1.11, P&lt;0.001, per FINDRISC unit). In comparison with individuals with low FINDRISC, those with moderate, high and very high values showed significant and proportional increases of the 12 to 77 fold in the chance of current SM (P&lt;0.001) and 3 to 10 fold in the chance of HS (P&lt;0.001). During follow-up, these increases were 3 to 10 fold in the chance of incidental MS (P&lt;0.001) and 1 to 3 fold in the chance of HS (P&lt;0.001). The AUC from cross-sectional analysis for MS and HS were respectively 0.82 (95% CI 0.81–0.83) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.75–0.76), and in longitudinal analysis 0.73 (95% CI 0.70–0.76) and 0.63 (95% CI 0.61–0.65), respectively. Conclusion FINDRISC was associated with the presence and onset of MS and HS, but it predicted better metabolic syndrome risk than hepatic steatosis. Therefore, this simple, practical and low-cost score can be useful for population screening and identification of subgroups of individuals at higher risk future metabolic diseases. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Airport Security Screener Competency: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Halbherr ◽  
Adrian Schwaninger ◽  
Glen R. Budgell ◽  
Alan Wales
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Airport Security ◽  
Cross Sectional

scholarly journals Measures of Bioavailable Serum Testosterone and Estradiol and Their Relationships with Muscle Strength, Bone Density, and Body Composition in Elderly Men*

2000 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 3276-3282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annewieke W. van den Beld ◽  
Frank H. de Jong ◽  
Diederick E. Grobbee ◽  
Huibert A. P. Pols ◽  
Steven W. J. Lamberts
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Hip Bmd ◽  
Best Parameter

Abstract In the present cross-sectional study of 403 independently living elderly men, we tested the hypothesis that the decreases in bone mass, body composition, and muscle strength with age are related to the fall in circulating endogenous testosterone (T) and estrogen concentrations. We compared various measures of the level of bioactive androgen and estrogen to which tissues are exposed. After exclusion of subjects with severe mobility problems and signs of dementia, 403 healthy men (age, 73–94 yr) were randomly selected from a population-based sample. Total T (TT), free T (FT), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were determined by RIA. Levels of non-SHBG-bound T (non-SHBG-T), FT (calc-FT), the TT/SHBG ratio, non-SHBG-bound E2, and free E2 were calculated. Physical characteristics of aging included muscle strength measured using dynamometry, total body bone mineral density (BMD), hip BMD, and body composition, including lean mass and fat mass, measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. In this population of healthy elderly men, calc-FT, non-SHBG-T, E1, and E2 (total, free, and non-SHBG bound) decreased significantly with age. T (total and non-SHBG-T) was positively related with muscle strength and total body BMD (for non-SHBG-T, respectively, β = 1.93 ± 0.52, P &lt; 0.001 and β = 0.011 ± 0.002, P &lt; 0.001). An inverse association existed between T and fat mass (β = −0.53 ± 0.15, P &lt; 0.001). Non-SHBG-T and calc-FT were more strongly related to muscle strength, BMD, and fat mass than TT and were also significantly related to hip BMD. E1 and E2 were both positively, independently associated with BMD (for E2, β = 0.21 ± 0.08, P &lt; 0.01). Non-SHBG-bound E2 was slightly strongly related to BMD than total E2. The positive relation between T and BMD was independent of E2. E1 and E2 were not related with muscle strength or body composition. In summary, bioavailable T, E1, total E2, and bioavailable E2 all decrease with age in healthy old men. In this cross-sectional study in healthy elderly men, non-SHBG-bound T seems to be the best parameter for serum levels of bioactive T, which seems to play a direct role in the various physiological changes that occur during aging. A positive relation with muscle strength and BMD and a negative relation with fat mass was found. In addition, both serum E1 and E2 seem to play a role in the age-related bone loss in elderly men, although the cross-sectional nature of the study precludes a definitive conclusion. Non-SHBG-bound E2 seems to be the best parameter of serum bioactive E2 in describing its positive relation with BMD.

scholarly journals The Trp64Arg Polymorphism of the β3-Adrenergic Receptor Gene Is Not Associated with Body Weight or Body Mass Index in Japanese: A Longitudinal Analysis

2003 ◽  
Vol 88 (12) ◽  
pp. 5914-5920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumi Matsushita ◽  
Tetsuji Yokoyama ◽  
Nobuo Yoshiike ◽  
Yasuhiro Matsumura ◽  
Chigusa Date ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
The Cross

Abstract The β3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) is expressed mainly in visceral adipose tissue and is thought to contribute to lipolysis and the delivery of free fatty acids to the portal vein. Although many studies have examined the relationship between the Trp64Arg mutation of ADRB3 and obesity, the results have been inconsistent. We examined the cross-sectional relationship of ADRB3 variants with indexes of obesity, and their longitudinal changes over 10 yr, in men and women, aged 40–69 yr, who were randomly selected from the Japanese rural population. The study considered both dietary energy intake and physical activity levels. Among the 746 participants, the genotype frequencies of the Trp64Trp, Trp64Arg, and Arg64Arg variants were 483, 224, and 39, respectively. The cross-sectional analysis showed no significant differences in height, weight, body mass index, blood pressure, serum total and high density lipoprotein cholesterols, and hemoglobin A1c among the genotype groups even after adjustments for gender, age, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and energy intake. No significant differences in the weight changes between the genotype groups were evident in the longitudinal analysis. We conclude that the Trp64Arg mutation of ADRB3 has little or no influence on either body weight or body mass index in the general Japanese population.

scholarly journals Effect of androgen deprivation therapy on serum levels of sclerostin, Dickkopf-1, and osteoprotegerin: a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Wang ◽  
Nishi Karunasinghe ◽  
Lindsay D. Plank ◽  
Shuotun Zhu ◽  
Sue Osborne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Deprivation Therapy ◽  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Androgen Deprivation ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prognostic Features ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Dickkopf 1

AbstractAndrogen deprivation therapy (ADT) for men with prostate cancer (PCa) results in accelerated bone loss and increased risk of bone fracture. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum bone markers—sclerostin, Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), in a cohort of 88 PCa patients without known bone metastases, managed with and without ADT, and to analyse their relationship with bone mineral density (BMD) and sex steroids. The cross-sectional analysis between acute-, chronic- and former-ADT groups and PCa controls showed that sclerostin and OPG levels significantly differed between them (p = 0.029 and p = 0.032). Groups contributing to these significant changes were recorded. There were no significant differences in serum DKK-1 levels across the four groups (p = 0.683). In the longitudinal analysis, significant % decreases within groups were seen for DKK-1 [chronic-ADT (− 10.06%, p = 0.0057), former-ADT (− 12.77%, p = 0.0239), and in PCa controls group (− 16.73, p = 0.0022); and OPG levels in chronic ADT (− 8.28%, p = 0.003) and PCa controls group (− 12.82%, p = 0.017)]. However, % changes in sclerostin, DKK-1, and OPG did not differ significantly over 6-months across the evaluated groups. Sclerostin levels showed significant positive correlations with BMD at baseline in the ADT group, while in PCa controls this correlation existed at both baseline and 6-month time points. Sclerostin correlated negatively with testosterone in former ADT users and in PCa controls. Possible prognostic features denoted by parallel increases in sclerostin and BMD are discussed.

Palestinian Firms’ Status and Employment Under the Israeli Security Regime: Evidence from Establishment Censuses

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Hlasny ◽  
Shireen AlAzzawi
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Security Regime ◽  
Israeli Occupation

Abstract The Israeli occupation of Palestine is accompanied by violence and a repressive security regime affecting firms’ operations. We assess firms’ status, and female and total employment during 1997–2017 across region–years seeing differently repressive regimes. Indicators of the security regime come from OCHA-oPt, B’Tselem, and World Bank databases. Data on the entire population of establishments come from five waves of the Palestinian Establishment Census allowing for pooled-cross sectional and limited longitudinal analysis. We find that establishments facing tighter regimes – mobility restrictions, physical violence and building demolitions in their governorate – are more likely to suspend their operations or engage in restructuring, rather than continue operating. Repressive regimes are also associated with falling employment levels and in some cases, falling female employment shares. Repressive regimes are thus damaging to employment in Palestine through several channels. Some establishments do not survive, or enter hibernation. Surviving establishments retain fewer workers.

Sleep duration, sleep problems and perceived stress are associated with hippocampal subfield volumes in later life: Findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline De Looze ◽  
Joanne C Feeney ◽  
Siobhan Scarlett ◽  
Rebecca Hirst ◽  
Silvin P Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stress Changes

Abstract Study Objectives This study examines the cross-sectional and two-year follow-up relationships between sleep and stress and total hippocampal volume and hippocampal subfield volumes among older adults. Methods 417 adults (aged 68.8±7.3; 54% women) from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing completed an interview, a questionnaire and multiparametric brain MRI. The relationships between self-reported sleep duration, sleep problems, perceived stress and total hippocampal volume were examined by using ordinary least squares regressions. Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate the relationships between sleep duration, sleep problems, perceived stress, changes in these measures over two-years and hippocampal subfield volumes. Results No cross-sectional and follow-up associations between sleep and total hippocampal volume and between stress and total hippocampal volume were found. By contrast, Long sleep (≥9-10 hours / night) was associated with smaller volumes of molecular layer, hippocampal tail, presubiculum and subiculum. The co-occurrence of Short sleep (≤6 hours) and perceived stress was associated with smaller cornu ammonis 1, molecular layer, subiculum and tail. Sleep problems independently and in conjunction with higher stress, and increase in sleep problems over 2 years were associated with smaller volumes of these same subfields. Conclusion Our study highlights the importance of concurrently assessing sub-optimal sleep and stress for phenotyping individuals at risk of hippocampal subfield atrophy.

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