The Role of Unregulated Sale and Dispensing of Antimicrobial Agents on the Development of Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries

2009 ◽  
pp. 403-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S. Mitema
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents

Plant-Derived Natural Alkaloids as New Antimicrobial and Adjuvant Agents in Existing Antimicrobial Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 1409-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajinder Pal Mittal ◽  
Vikas Jaitak
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
Natural Agents ◽  
Death Causes

Infectious diseases, instigated by pathogenic microorganisms are the cause of numerous health problems in developing countries. Infectious diseases got a place in the list of top ten death causes worldwide. The reason behind that level of severity is antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance makes the antimicrobial agents useless when used in the treatment of infectious diseases. Microbes have very smartly achieved resistance against synthetic and semi-synthetic antimicrobial agents for their survival. Therefore, the handling of these diseases has become challenging. The resistance developing power is the reason for their existence since a million years. Due to their highly dangerous nature, proper treatment of infectious diseases has become a topic of concern. This leads the scientists or researchers to focus their research towards natural agents. Plants synthesize secondary metabolites to cope up with biotic and abiotic changes in the environment. Alkaloids are one of the secondary metabolites, synthesized by plants. Alkaloids protect the plant from predators and help them to fight with pathogens. The protecting nature of alkaloids can be used as a strong weapon in battle with resistant microorganisms. The purpose of this review is to provide information about the antimicrobial activity of alkaloids obtained from different plants and their combination with synthetic antimicrobials. Their mechanism of action against microorganisms is also given in the review.

scholarly journals An Update on Antimicrobial Resistance and the Role of Newer Antimicrobial Agents for Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agila Kumari Pragasam ◽  
Balaji Veeraraghavan ◽  
E. Nalini ◽  
Shalini Anandan ◽  
Keith S. Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents

scholarly journals Role of Artificial Intelligence in Fighting Antimicrobial Resistance in Pediatrics

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umberto Fanelli ◽  
Marco Pappalardo ◽  
Vincenzo Chinè ◽  
Pierpacifico Gismondi ◽  
Cosimo Neglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Intelligent Behavior ◽  
Applications Of Ai

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of science and engineering concerned with the computational understanding of what is commonly called intelligent behavior. AI is extremely useful in many human activities including medicine. The aim of our narrative review is to show the potential role of AI in fighting antimicrobial resistance in pediatric patients. We searched for PubMed articles published from April 2010 to April 2020 containing the keywords “artificial intelligence”, “machine learning”, “antimicrobial resistance”, “antimicrobial stewardship”, “pediatric”, and “children”, and we described the different strategies for the application of AI in these fields. Literature analysis showed that the applications of AI in health care are potentially endless, contributing to a reduction in the development time of new antimicrobial agents, greater diagnostic and therapeutic appropriateness, and, simultaneously, a reduction in costs. Most of the proposed AI solutions for medicine are not intended to replace the doctor’s opinion or expertise, but to provide a useful tool for easing their work. Considering pediatric infectious diseases, AI could play a primary role in fighting antibiotic resistance. In the pediatric field, a greater willingness to invest in this field could help antimicrobial stewardship reach levels of effectiveness that were unthinkable a few years ago.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic and antimicrobial resistance in developing countries

Discoveries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e127
Author(s):  
Abdul Rehman Arshad ◽  
◽  
Farhat Ijaz ◽  
Mishal Shan Siddiqui ◽  
Saad Khalid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

A wide range of antimicrobial agents were touted as potential remedies during the COVID-19 pandemic. While both developed and developing countries have recorded an increase in the use of antimicrobial drugs, use and misuse have occurred to a far greater degree in developing countries. This can have deleterious consequences on antimicrobial resistance, especially when various developing countries have already reported the emergence of various drug-resistant organisms even before the pandemic. Telemedicine services, societal and cultural pressures, and bacterial co-infections can predispose to overwhelming antimicrobial prescriptions. The emergence of new multidrug resistance species is a major concern for the developing world especially since health services are already overburdened and lack the diagnostic capabilities and basic amenities for infection prevention and control. This can lead to outbreaks and the rampant spread of such microorganisms. Improper waste management and disposal from hospitals and communities establish freshwater runoffs as hubs of various microorganisms that can predispose to the rise of multidrug-resistant species. Microplastics' ability to act as vectors for antibioticresistant organisms is also particularly concerning for lower-middle-income countries. In this review, we aim to study the impact of antimicrobial use during the COVID-19 pandemic and antimicrobial resistance in lower middle-income countries, by understanding various determinants of resistance unique to the developing world and exploring solutions to combat the problem.

scholarly journals Role of Antimicrobial Selective Pressure and Secondary Factors on Antimicrobial Resistance Prevalence inEscherichia colifrom Food-Producing Animals in Japan

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuki Harada ◽  
Tetsuo Asai
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Usage

The use of antimicrobial agents in the veterinary field affects the emergence, prevalence, and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from food-producing animals. To control the emergence, prevalence, and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, it is necessary to implement appropriate actions based on scientific evidence. In Japan, the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (JVARM) was established in 1999 to monitor the antimicrobial susceptibility of foodborne and commensal bacteria from food-producing animals. The JVARM showed that the emergence and prevalence of resistantEscherichia coliwere likely linked to the therapeutic antimicrobial use in food-producing animals through not only direct selection of the corresponding resistance but also indirect selections via cross-resistance and coresistance. In addition, relevant factors such as host animals and bacterial properties might affect the occurrence and prevalence of antimicrobial-resistantE. coliunder the selective pressure from antimicrobial usage. This paper reviews the trends in antimicrobial resistance inE. coliand consumption of antimicrobials agents in Japan and introduces the relationship between antimicrobial usage and prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, from food-producing animals under the JVARM program. In this paper, we will provide the underlying information about the significant factors that can help control antimicrobial resistance in bacteria in veterinary medicine.

scholarly journals Combination Therapy Involving Lavandula angustifolia and Its Derivatives in Exhibiting Antimicrobial Properties and Combatting Antimicrobial Resistance: Current Challenges and Future Prospects

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 609
Author(s):  
Wye-Hong Leong ◽  
Kok-Song Lai ◽  
Swee-Hua Erin Lim
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Effects ◽  
Insight Into

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been identified as one of the biggest health threats in the world. Current therapeutic options for common infections are markedly limited due to the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens in the community and the hospitals. The role of different essential oils (EOs) and their derivatives in exhibiting antimicrobial properties has been widely elucidated with their respective mechanisms of action. Recently, there has been a heightened emphasis on lavender essential oil (LEO)’s antimicrobial properties and wound healing effects. However, to date, there has been no review published examining the antimicrobial benefits of lavender essential oil, specifically. Previous literature has shown that LEO and its constituents act synergistically with different antimicrobial agents to potentiate the antimicrobial activity. For the past decade, encapsulation of EOs with nanoparticles has been widely practiced due to increased antimicrobial effects and greater bioavailability as compared to non-encapsulated oils. Therefore, this review intends to provide an insight into the different aspects of antimicrobial activity exhibited by LEO and its constituents, discuss the synergistic effects displayed by combinatory therapy involving LEO, as well as to explore the significance of nano-encapsulation in boosting the antimicrobial effects of LEO; it is aimed that from the integration of these knowledge areas, combating AMR will be more than just a possibility.

On retroeconomy

2017 ◽  
pp. 148-159
Author(s):  
V. Papava
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
International Competition ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

This paper analyzes the problem of technological backwardness of economy. In many mostly developing countries their economies use obsolete technologies. This can create the illusion that this or that business is prosperous. At the level of international competition, however, it is obvious that these types of firms do not have any chance for success. Retroeconomics as a theory of technological backwardness and its detrimental effect upon a country’s economy is considered in the paper. The role of the government is very important for overcoming the effects of retroeconomy. The phenomenon of retroeconomy is already quite deep-rooted throughout the world and it is essential to consolidate the attention of economists and politicians on this threat.

E-Projects Challenges in India – Role of Human Resource Management and Technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Ramnik Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Services ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Government ◽  
Traditional Approaches

E-governance is a paradigm shift over the traditional approaches in Public Administration which means rendering of government services and information to the public by using electronic means. In the past decades, service quality and responsiveness of the government towards the citizens were least important but with the approach of E-Government the government activities are now well dealt. This paper withdraws experiences from various studies from different countries and projects facing similar challenges which need to be consigned for the successful implementation of e-governance projects. Developing countries like India face poverty and illiteracy as a major obstacle in any form of development which makes it difficult for its government to provide e-services to its people conveniently and fast. It also suggests few suggestions to cope up with the challenges faced while implementing e-projects in India.

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