The impact of the indica rice SSIIa allele on the apparent high amylose starch from rice grain with downregulated japonica SBEIIb

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (10) ◽  
pp. 2961-2974
Author(s):  
Jixun Luo ◽  
Vito M. Butardo ◽  
Qiang Yang ◽  
Christine Konik-Rose ◽  
Michelle L. Colgrave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indica Rice ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
High Amylose ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Resequencing of 1,143 indica rice accessions reveals important genetic variations and different heterosis patterns

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiming Lv ◽  
Weiguo Li ◽  
Zhizhong Sun ◽  
Ning Ouyang ◽  
Xin Jing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Hybrid Rice ◽  
Indica Rice ◽  
Genetic Variations ◽  
Hybrid Breeding ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Kinship Analysis ◽  
Cadmium Absorption ◽  
Hybrid Lines ◽  
Rice Genetic

Abstract Obtaining genetic variation information from indica rice hybrid parents and identification of loci associated with heterosis are important for hybrid rice breeding. Here, we resequence 1,143 indica accessions mostly selected from the parents of superior hybrid rice cultivars of China, identify genetic variations, and perform kinship analysis. We find different hybrid rice crossing patterns between 3- and 2-line superior hybrid lines. By calculating frequencies of parental variation differences (FPVDs), a more direct approach for studying rice heterosis, we identify loci that are linked to heterosis, which include 98 in superior 3-line hybrids and 36 in superior 2-line hybrids. As a proof of concept, we find two accessions harboring a deletion in OsNramp5, a previously reported gene functioning in cadmium absorption, which can be used to mitigate rice grain cadmium levels through hybrid breeding. Resource of indica rice genetic variation reported in this study will be valuable to geneticists and breeders.

Morphological and physicochemical properties of two starch mutants induced from a high amylose indica rice by gamma irradiation

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangli Kong ◽  
Xiao Sun ◽  
Feifei Xu ◽  
Takayuki Umemoto ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Indica Rice ◽  
Starch Mutants ◽  
High Amylose

scholarly journals Effects of composition, age and sterilization techniques of mother culture on the growth and yield of Volvariella volvacea (Bull.) Singer

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-393
Author(s):  
Nuhu Alam ◽  
Shailendra Mohon Singha
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Volvariella Volvacea ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
The Impact

The research work was carried out to investigate the efficacy of different mother culture media viz., rice straw (T-1), rice straw and rice bran (T-2), rice husk (T-3), rice grain (T-4), maize grain (T-5), and rice straw and wheat bran (T-6) and the impact of age of mother culture and substrate sterilization techniques viz., sun dried for 8 hrs covering with transparent polythene (A-1), black polythene (A-2), blue polythene (A-3) sheet, autoclave for two hrs at 121°C (A-4), and hot water for one hr (A-5) for the commercial cultivation of Volvariella volvacea (Bull.) Singer. The maximum mycelium run rate and minimum days required for completing the mother culture were recorded in T-4. The lowest days required for primordial initiation (DRFPI) was 6 in T-1 and T-2, whereas highest DRFPI was recorded in T-3. The maximum (13.33) days required for first harvest (DRFFH) and lowest (109) number of effective fruiting bodies (NEFB) were recorded in T-3. The minimum (10.67 days) DRFFH was found in T-2 and maximum (239.30) NEFB was recorded in T-1. The lowest length and diameter (LFB and DFB) were recorded in T-5 (3.03 cm) and T-1 (1.66 cm), while highest LFB and DFB were observed in T-3 (3.20 and 2.39 cm). Maximum biological yield and efficiency were observed in rice straw and wheat bran materials. The highest NEFB, DFB, biological yield and efficiency were recorded in 30 days old of mother culture. The results revealed that combined rice straw and wheat bran were the excellent mother culture medium and 30 days old was the best age for the commercial production of paddy straw mushroom. Considering the experimental results on the sterilization techniques it may be suggested that hot water sterilization of rice straw substrate was the best sterilization technique for the commercial production and yield improvement of V. volvacea.

scholarly journals Impact of Elevated CO2 and Reducing the Source-Sink Ratio by Partial Defoliation on Rice Grain Quality – A 3-Year Free-Air CO2 Enrichment Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Gao ◽  
Shaowu Hu ◽  
Liquan Jing ◽  
Yunxia Wang ◽  
Jianguo Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Milled Rice ◽  
Rice Quality ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rice Processing

Evaluating the impact of increasing CO2 on rice quality is becoming a global concern. However, whether adjusting the source-sink ratio will affect the response of rice grain quality to elevated CO2 concentrations remains unknown. In 2016–2018, we conducted a free-air CO2 enrichment experiment using a popular japonica cultivar grown at ambient and elevated CO2 levels (eCO2, increased by 200 ppm), reducing the source-sink ratio via cutting leaves (LC) at the heading stage, to investigate the effects of eCO2 and LC and their interactions on rice processing, appearance, nutrition, and eating quality. Averaged across 3 years, eCO2 significantly decreased brown rice percentage (−0.5%), milled rice percentage (−2.1%), and head rice percentage (−4.2%) but increased chalky grain percentage (+ 22.3%) and chalkiness degree (+ 26.3%). Markedly, eCO2 increased peak viscosity (+ 2.9%) and minimum viscosity (+ 3.8%) but decreased setback (−96.1%) of powder rice and increased the appearance (+ 4.5%), stickiness (+ 3.5%) and balance degree (+ 4.8%) of cooked rice, while decreasing the hardness (−6.7%), resulting in better palatability (+ 4.0%). Further, eCO2 significantly decreased the concentrations of protein, Ca, S, and Cu by 5.3, 4.7, 2.2, and 9.6%, respectively, but increased K concentration by 3.9%. Responses of nutritional quality in different grain positions (brown and milled rice) to eCO2 showed the same trend. Compared with control treatment, LC significantly increased chalky grain percentage, chalkiness degree, protein concentration, mineral element levels (except for B and Mn), and phytic acid concentration. Our results indicate that eCO2 reduced rice processing suitability, appearance, and nutritional quality but improved the eating quality. Rice quality varied significantly among years; however, few CO2 by year, CO2 by LC, or CO2 by grain position interactions were detected, indicating that the effects of eCO2 on rice quality varied little with the growing seasons, the decrease in the source-sink ratios or the different grain positions.

scholarly journals OsmiR396/Growth Regulating Factor modulate rice grain size through direct regulation of embryo-specific miR408

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofang Yang ◽  
Xiaoling Zhao ◽  
Zhengyan Dai ◽  
Feilong Ma ◽  
Xuexia Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Indica Rice ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetic Regulatory Networks ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Size Regulation

Abstract microRNAs (miRNAs) are promising targets for crop improvement of complex agricultural traits. Coordinated activity between/among different miRNAs may fine-tune specific developmental processes in diverse organisms. Grain size is a main factor determining rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop yield, but the network of miRNAs influencing this trait remains uncharacterized. Here we show that sequestering OsmiR396 through target mimicry (MIM396) can substantially increase grain size in several japonica and indica rice subspecies and in plants with excessive tillers and a high panicle density. Thus, OsmiR396 has a major role related to the regulation of rice grain size. The grain shape of Growth Regulating Factor8 (OsGRF8)-overexpressing transgenic plants was most similar to that of MIM396 plants, suggesting OsGRF8 is a major mediator of OsmiR396 in grain size regulation. A miRNA microarray analysis revealed changes to the expression of many miRNAs, including OsmiR408, in the MIM396 plants. Analyses of gene expression patterns and functions indicated OsmiR408 is an embryo-specific miRNA that positively regulates grain size. Silencing OsmiR408 expression (miR408KO) using CRISPR technology resulted in small grains. Moreover, we revealed the direct regulatory effects of OsGRF8 on OsMIR408 expression. A genetic analysis further showed that the large-grain phenotype of MIM396 plants could be complemented by miR408KO. Also, several hormone signaling pathways might be involved in the OsmiR396/GRF-meditated grain size regulation. Our findings suggest that genetic regulatory networks comprising various miRNAs, such as OsmiR396 and OsmiR408, may be crucial for controlling rice grain size. Furthermore, the OsmiR396/GRF module may be important for breeding new high-yielding rice varieties.

Understanding Pre- and Post-Milling Crack Formation in Rice Grain

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1795-1804
Author(s):  
Prakash Oli ◽  
Mark Talbot ◽  
Peter Snell
Keyword(s):  
Crack Formation ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Consumer Acceptability ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
List Type ◽  
Head Rice ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

HighlightsCracking and subsequent breakage of rice kernels reduces the marketability and profitability of rice.Pre-milling cracks in rice kernels cause breakage during milling, thereby reducing consumer acceptability.Three types of post-milling cracks reported are: surface, internal, and Hanasaki cracks.Post-milling cracks can be minimized throughout the supply chain.Abstract. Rice is consumed as intact grain, and any broken grains are discounted from the main marketable product. Breakage of rice mainly arises from cracks formed in the endosperm before or after milling. The cracks are formed by stress gradients that arise due to moisture absorption or desorption by grains. As a result of such stress, cracks mostly develop in a direction perpendicular to the length of the grain, making it less physically resistant to the stresses of milling, handling, and soaking processes. Until now, research into rice cracking has mainly focused on minimizing breakage during milling, and no significant knowledge is available on the impact and mechanisms of post-milling cracking and/or breakage and its effect on the downstream quality of rice. This article aims to review the existing information on the causes of rice cracking before and after milling. Keywords: Breakage, Crack, Drying, Glass transition temperature, Hanasaki, Head rice yield, Rice, Tempering.

scholarly journals Nitrogen sources affected the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, cooked rice elongation and amylose content in rice

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254182
Author(s):  
Pouwedeou Mouloumdema Potcho ◽  
Nnaemeka Emmanuel Okpala ◽  
Tchalla Korohou ◽  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Nabieu Kamara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Indica Rice ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Cooked Rice ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Many studies have been carried out on N sources effect on fragrant rice; however, their impact on rice grain quality is largely unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of different types of N sources on rice growth, yield, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), amylose and cooked rice elongation. Two indica rice cultivars, Basmati 385 (B385), Xiangyaxiangzhan (XYXZ) and two japonica cultivars, Yunjingyou (YJY), Daohuaxiang (DHX) were grown in experimental pots with six replications under four N sources: Potassium nitrate (KNO3), ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), urea (H2NCONH2) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) in 2019 and 2020 early seasons. Our results showed that N dynamics regulated the number of panicles, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, amylose and cooked rice elongation across all the four treatments. The NH4HCO3 treatment significantly increased the number of panicles and grain yield across the four rice varieties compared with KNO3, H2NCONH2 and NaNO3 N sources in both 2019 and 2020 early season, The KNO3 treatment significantly showed higher 1000-grain weight in B-385, YJY, XYXZ and DHX compared to other N sources. Compared with other N sources treatment, the NH4HCO3 treatments significantly increased the 2AP contents in heading stage leaves, matured leaves and grains of B-385, YJY, XYXZ and DHX respectively. Cooked rice elongation percentage also showed significant difference in all treatments studied with KNO3 recorded the highest across the four varieties. Analysis of major enzymes and compounds such as P5C, P5CS, PDH, Pyrroline, proline and Methylglyoxal showed remarkable differences in each cultivar at heading and maturity stages with higher activity in NH4HCO3 and H2NCONH2 treatments. Similarly, in all treatments, we also observed significant increase in amylose content percentage, with NH4HCO3 having greater percentage of amylose.

scholarly journals Translocation of Soil Arsenic towards Accumulation in Rice: Magnitude of Water Management to Minimize Health Risk

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 2816
Author(s):  
Israt Jahan ◽  
Mohammad Anwarul Abedin ◽  
Mohammad Rafiqul Islam ◽  
Mahmud Hossain ◽  
Tahsina Sharmin Hoque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Soil Arsenic ◽  
The Impact

Globally, the risk of arsenic (As) contamination in soil and rice is well documented across the globe. In Bangladesh, drinking water and rice are two major exposure pathways of As to humans. Therefore, the efficiency of recent technologies to reduce rice As and associated human health risks still need to be deeply investigated. In this direction, a pot experiment was performed to investigate the impact of soil As and agronomic irrigation management on rice (cv. BRRI dhan28) growth, yield, As accumulation, and finally, health risks to humans from consuming rice. Treatment combinations were made with three levels of As (0, 20, and 40 mg kg−1) having two irrigation procedures, including alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and traditional continuous flooding (CF). According to the findings, As pollution in the soil lowered the yield contributing features and rice yield, including panicle length, filled grains per panicle, sterile grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield. AWD water management significantly improved the growth performance and productivity of rice. Grain yield was increased by 13% in AWD compared to CF. Rice grain and straw As concentrations were increased to 0.56 mg kg−1 and 15.10 mg kg−1, respectively, in soil with 40 mg kg−1 As and CF water management. AWD treatment significantly reduced grain and straw As contents by 16% and 28%, respectively. Increased grain, straw, and total As uptake was noticed with higher soil As concentrations. The study also found that rising soil As raised non-carcinogenic risks (HQ > 1) and carcinogenic risks (CR > 1.010–4) while AWD lowered health risks compared to CF. Thus, rice farming using AWD irrigation could be a viable and long-term solution for reducing As contamination in rice and associated human health hazards.

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