scholarly journals Exploring impacts of marine heatwaves: paternal heat exposure diminishes fertilization success in the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 168 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence S. Leach ◽  
Buyanzaya BuyanUrt ◽  
Gretchen E. Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Environmental History ◽  
Thermal History ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios

AbstractMarine heatwaves (MHWs) are projected to increase in intensity and frequency over the coming decades, and it is imperative to assess the adaptive capacity of marine organisms to these extreme temperature events. Given the nature of MHWs to last days to weeks in a region, these events may have overarching impacts on phenological events like reproduction and development. Here, the role of adult thermal history and transgenerational plasticity may be an important pathway by which MHWs are transduced to impact community structure. In this study, we sought to explore the effects of paternal thermal history in the purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, on a crucial aspect of reproduction, fertilization. Using ecologically relevant temperatures representative of both MHW events that occurred in 2014–2020 and non-MHW temperatures in our region of the California Large Marine Ecosystem, we conditioned male S. purpuratus for 28 days to either a high, MHW or a low, non-MHW temperature. Following the temperature acclimation of adults, sperm performance was tested for individual males by conducting fertilization success trials at varying temperatures and sperm concentrations. While sperm appeared robust to elevated temperature during fertilization, sperm produced by high-temperature-acclimated males had overall diminished performance as compared to those acclimated to non-MHW temperatures. These results suggest MHW events will have a negative impact on fertilization in situ for S. purpuratus populations. Furthermore, these results highlight the importance of considering both male and female environmental history in projections of reproduction under climate change scenarios.

scholarly journals Male Investments in High Quality Sperm Improve Fertilization Success, but May Have Negative Impact on Offspring Fitness in Whitefish

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e0137005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Kekäläinen ◽  
Carles Soler ◽  
Sami Veentaus ◽  
Hannu Huuskonen
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Offspring Fitness

scholarly journals Habitat heterogeneity drives scale-dependent biodiversity loss in a temperate marine ecosystem

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Starko ◽  
Lauren Bailey ◽  
Elandra Creviston ◽  
Katelyn James ◽  
Alison Warren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Diversity Loss ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Local Wave

AbstractBiodiversity loss is driven by interacting factors operating at different spatial scales. Yet, there remains uncertainty as to how fine-scale environmental conditions mediate biological responses to broad-scale stressors. We surveyed mid-latitude kelp bed habitats to determine whether local habitat heterogeneity has mediated changes in community diversity after more than two decades of extreme temperature events, most notably the 2013-2016 heat wave. Local wave exposure conditions were key in determining responses, with some habitats remaining stable and others experiencing near complete diversity loss, leading to local declines without regional extinctions. Wave-sheltered shores, which saw the largest declines, are a very common habitat type in the Northeast Pacific and may be especially sensitive to climate-related losses in kelp diversity and abundance. Our findings highlight how local gradients can interact with global drivers to facilitate diversity loss and demonstrate how incorporating differences between habitat patches can be essential to capturing scale-dependent biodiversity loss across the landscape.

scholarly journals General overview of the potential effect of extreme temperature change on society and economyin Poland in the 21st century

Geofizika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-152
Author(s):  
Joanna Jędruszkiewicz ◽  
Joanna Wibig
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Excessive Heat

This work gives an overview on how the projected changes in the extremes in Poland might impact human health and economy. For that purpose, statisti-cally corrected data from 7 regional climate models were used. A significant increase of extreme hot events (i.e. heat waves, tropical nights) is projected for Central and Southern Poland for the end of the 21st century which might seri-ously affect a society living in large urban areas. Less extreme cold events im-prove thermal comfort in winter. The negative impact of the warming will affect energy systems with higher demand for electricity in summer and agriculture: an earlier beginning of the growing season and flower blooming will enhance the risk of frost damages in spring, whereas excessive heat will reduce yields in summer. Polish tourism should benefit from higher thermal comfort (except for hot July and August in the far future and warming in the winter season bring-ing snow cover depletion in the near future).

scholarly journals Potensi Pengembangan Komoditas Teripang Pasir (Holothuria scabra Jaenger) secara Berkelanjutan dengan Model Integrasi Sea Farming di Kepulauan Padaido Kabupaten Biak Numfor

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Daniel Lantang ◽  
Yunus P. Paulangan
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
The People ◽  
Marine Culture

Sea cucumber is one of high value economic commodity due to not only having a fairly completed nutrition, but also used as the raw material for production of drugs, cosmetics and others. Therefore it becomes one of the highly potential export commodities. However, the target of catching sea cucumbers community intensively will give a negative impact on its sustainability. Sea cucumber has long been recognized and protected by the people in Padaido islands known as sasisen or sasi system. Although it has been conserved through sasisen system, but tends decline recently. This happen due to the high fishing activities by fisherman. Sea farming methods is a sea fisheries development concept in shallow waters such as the merger between aquaculture and capture fisheries by utilizing leading commodity in potential cultivation area. Sea farming is a system of utilization of marine ecosystem-based marine culture with the ultimate goal to improve the stock of fish (fish resources enhancement) to the sustainability of fisheries and other marine-based activities such as ecotourism. This paper will discuss the development opportunities of sea farming system that is integrated with the prevailing of local wisdom in Padaido Islands, Biak Numfor Regency, Papua, namely sasisen. This system works in conserving sea cucumber resources and increasing incomes of local communities in Padaido island through the creation of alternative livelihoods specifically in sea cucumber cultivation. Therefore, these models and approaches can be considered to manage coastal and marine resources in a sustainable way in Padaido Islands, Biak Numfor Regency.Key words: Sea cucumber, sustainable management, sasisen, Padaido Islands.

scholarly journals A Review of Microplastics Risk Assessment in the Coastal Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1422-1427
Author(s):  
Balakrishnan Balasubramaniyan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Coastal Environment ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Combined Toxicity ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Important Test ◽  
Toxicity Effects

Pollution from microplastics has recently become a prevalent threat to the ecosystem. Microplastics with a dimension less than or equal to 5 mm are smaller. There are many ways that microplastics can reach the atmosphere. By various mechanisms, the breakdown of macro plastics will happen. Chemical degradation, tire abrasion, is the most common forms of degradation. Microplastics (MPs) pollution in the coastal and marine ecosystem is currently a global problem. Transferring MPs from land to sea and allowing them to enter the food chain has a direct negative impact on marine life and human health. The combined toxicity effects of MicroPlastics (MPs) and other contaminants in marine environments, as well as their toxicity effects and mechanisms based on a variety of environmentally important test organisms, were also covered in this study.

scholarly journals Occupational Injuries and Accidents in Work Environment’s Heat Stress Exposure: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajabali Hokmabadi ◽  
Vida Rezaei-Hachesu ◽  
Meghdad Kazemi ◽  
Hossein Fallah ◽  
Farideh Golbabaei
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Occupational Injuries ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Analytical Studies ◽  
Risk Increase ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Hot Environments

Background: activity in hot environments is among the most common physical dangers in work environments that not only creates diseases resultant from heat which influences on staff’s health but also increases job injuries and accidents. Job injuries, diseases, and reduction in workers' efficiency in exposure to heat stress have caused increasing anxiety. Most of the study results are demonstrative of diseases as a result of heat and less related to job injuries and accidents. Therefore, the present study aims at reviewing previous studies in the field of job injuries and accidents in exposure to the work environment's heat stress. Methods: this review study has systematically reviewed publications and articles from 2000 to 2019 in databases. Keywords including "heat stress”, “heat strain”, “heat exposure”, “heat wave", "heat injuries”, “job accidents”, “job exposure”, “hot environment” and “air change" have been used and finally, 30 articles included into the study. Results: study articles consist of 29 jobs and 1 military environment. Study occupations consist of one study about military forces, textile, aluminum smelting, cleaners of oil reservoirs, two studies about mineworkers and metal and iron industries, three studies about building workers, four studies about agricultural workers and 15 studies about different occupations. Also, 11 studies conducted in open environments, seven studies in closed environments and 12 others conducted both in open and closed environments. 17 analytical studies, three correlational, cross-sectional, cohort studies, one cohort, and descriptive study and two descriptive-analytical studies have been conducted. Most job injuries and accidents happened during summer and men especially the young have involved in such problems and job injuries and accidents have increased due to extreme temperature increase. Generally, job injuries and accidents include burn, slip, collision with things and collision with mobile things. Conclusion: there is a strong relationship between temperature in hot environments and risk increase in injuries and accidents of work environments which differ based on employees' features (such as age, gender, occupation, and industry). However, dominant mechanisms on the happening of such injuries have not been determined yet. It necessitates more expertise to determine especial injuries and accidents happening in hot environments. Policymakers and employers have to be more aware of job injuries and accidents in heat exposure and suitable educational resources have to be provided to prevent such injuries.

scholarly journals Ascophyllum nodosum extract improves leaf thermoregulation by reducing stomatal sensitivity to VPD in Vitis vinifera L.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Tombesi ◽  
Tommaso Frioni ◽  
Paolo Sabbatini ◽  
Stefano Poni ◽  
Alberto Palliotti
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Ascophyllum Nodosum ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Global Warming Impact ◽  
Stomatal Sensitivity

AbstractClimate change scenarios and the need of sustainable tools to reduce global warming impact on agriculture have led to the formulation of a large number of natural products or biostimulants that should increase plant resilience to abiotic stress. Ascophyllum nodosum (AN) extract is one of the most studied biostimulants to increase tolerance to drought stress, but the physiological mechanism underlying its action is still poorly understood. The aim of the present work was to determine AN extract impact on grapevine gas exchange under well-watered and water stress conditions and to examine its mode of action under stress (light and temperature). AN caused a slight increase in stomatal conductance that resulted in an increase of water plant conductivity to atmosphere. Increased transpiration induced by AN improved leaf thermoregulation, facilitating vine recovery after a stress period. AN increased transpiration through a reduction of stomatal sensitivity to VPD. AN action on stomata regulation indicated that this biostimulant could be a new potential tool to limit leaf damage during events of extreme temperature, even when they are not combined with water stress conditions.

scholarly journals State of the Marine Ecosystem Near the Mouth of the Agoy River (Black Sea)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
Zh. P. Selifonova ◽  
V. K. Chasovnikov ◽  
E. Z. Samyshev ◽  
P. R. Makarevich
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
The State ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacterioplankton ◽  
Satisfactory Condition ◽  
Chamelea Gallina

Aim. To study the state of the marine ecosystem of the recreational‐tourist zone of the Caucasian sector of the Black Sea through the example of a beach near the mouth of the Agoy River.Material and Methods. Phytoplankton, heterotrophic bacterioplankton, infusoria, holoplankton, meroplankton, ichthyoplankton, zoobenthos of loose bottom sediments and hydrochemistry samples of the water and bottom sediments were collected in June 2012 on three sections from the mouth of the Agoy River to the coastal runoff zone (depths 2.5–7.5 m). The identification of species of plankton and of the zoobenthos and of the chemical parameters of water and sediments was carried out according to standard methods. Results. It was revealed that most of the beach area, where psammophilic biocenoses of Lucinella divaricate and Chamelea gallina (Bivalvia) were located, was in satisfactory condition. An increase in the density of Lucinella divaricate, a rare species in the late 1990s, was noted. In the runoff zone, there was observed the appearance of cyanobacteria and the suppression of zoobenthos, expressed through the replacement of mollusc biocenoses by the biocenosis of the polychaete, Capitella capitate, with a biomass two orders of magnitude lower than the average for the area. High numbers of heterotrophic bacterioplankton (4.5 million cell/ml) and infusoria (64 million ind./m3) could indicate bacterial contamination of this zone. The negative impact of waste water on plankton is manifested in a decrease in the population of netted zooplankton, their abnormal development, and the increasing role of microheterotrophs.Conclusions. The results obtained give an image of the state of marine coastal ecosystems of recreational‐tourist and cordoned areas of the Caucasus and can be useful for the further monitoring of this region.

Marine heatwaves and cold-spells, and their impact on fisheries in the southern North Sea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Wakelin ◽  
Bryony Townhill ◽  
Georg Engelhard ◽  
Jason Holt ◽  
Richard Renshaw
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Sea Bass ◽  
Extreme Temperature Events ◽  
Southern North Sea ◽  
Red Mullet ◽  
Variable Surface ◽  
Fish And Shellfish ◽  
The Impact

<p>The marine environment experiences temperature variability both in the short and long term due to a combination of variable surface heating, ocean transport and mixing effects. The impact of temperature anomalies on the marine ecosystem depends on their duration and amplitude compared with timescales of the ecological response and the susceptibility of various components of the ecosystem to the change. Even relatively short events can affect reproduction and growth, and potentially cause mortality when organism tolerance limits are exceeded.<br>We focus on sustained (lasting longer than 5 days) temperature events that are extreme relative to the phase of the seasonal cycle and consider both heatwaves and cold-spells. We used daily-mean near-bed temperatures from the CMEMS (https://marine.copernicus.eu/) northwest European Shelf reanalysis and analysis/forecast simulations to identify heatwaves and cold-spells for the period 1993 to 2019. Monthly fisheries landings data for 1993 to 2016 from the Cefas Fisheries Activity Database for England and Wales (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/fishing-activity-and-landings-data-collection-and-processing) were analysed to identify potential impacts of the extreme temperature events on fish and shellfish.<br>Widespread heatwaves and cold-spells occurred in the southern North Sea throughout the period 1993 to 2019 but with no significant trends in the extent or magnitude of events. Winter cold-spells occurred in 1994, 1996, 1997, 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2018 and there were widespread heatwaves in 1998, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007 and 2014 to 2019. Statistical analysis of the fisheries landings data identified a link between extreme temperature events and key fish and shellfish stocks in the North Sea. Catches of sole and sea bass increased in years with cold-spells, while catches of red mullet and edible crabs decreased. For heatwaves, the impact on fisheries catch data lagged the temperature events by five years: sole, European lobster and sea bass catches increased whilst red mullet catches reduced. </p>

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