scholarly journals Small satellite TT&C allocations below 1 GHz: outcome of ITU WRC-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-571
Author(s):  
Martin von der Ohe
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Communication ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Small Satellite ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Small Satellites ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
New Class ◽  
The Future ◽  
Regulatory Measures ◽  
Rf Spectrum

Abstract As hundreds of new small satellites are being launched each year, the RF spectrum for satellite communication becomes increasingly occupied. The International Telecommunication Union recognized this problem at World Radiocommunication Conference 2015 (WRC-15) and invited study groups to investigate the utilization of frequency allocations. The studies followed a three-step approach: first, the TT&C spectrum requirements of small satellites, being a new class of satellites, were assessed. Second, the utilization of existing TT&C frequency allocations and their potential to incorporate the future number of satellites was studied. Third, the study groups investigated new potential TT&C frequency allocations in the frequency ranges 150.05–174 MHz and 400.15–420 MHz. The studies were completed for WRC-19. This paper presents the results of the study groups. A study of the spectrum requirements of small satellites has been completed. The required spectrum for TT&C was estimated to be less than 2.5 MHz for downlink and less than 1 MHz for uplink. Consequently, the study groups conducted sharing studies in various bands which yield that no new allocations are suitable for small satellite TT&C on a co-channel sharing basis. However, regulatory measures are proposed that in the study groups’ view will satisfy the small satellite developers’ needs. The paper will summarize the regulatory measures taken after WRC-19 along with a personal appraisal of the author.

International Telecommunication Union

1957 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-538
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Consultative Committee ◽  
Sufficient Time ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New System

The eighth plenary assembly of the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) was held in Warsaw from August 9 to September 13, 1956, under the chairmanship of Professor Pawel Szulkin (Poland). The assembly elected with an absolute majority Dr. E. Metzler (Switzerland) as Director. The assembly considered a report which dealt with the activities of the fourteen established study groups as well as proposals to reorganize the study groups. The Warsaw decisions modifying procedures experimentally for the future were the outcome of proposals by the Organization and Finance Committees, the CCIR Secretariat and of discussions of the problem in the plenary assembly. The study groups were to remain the same in number and the allocation of work was in general the same, though it was felt desirable to give a more precise definition of their terms of reference. Among the resolutions adopted by the assembly, a number dealt with the length, content and quantity of documents submitted to the chairmen of the study groups, emphasizing that these should be as short as possible, as few as possible and that they should contain only the minimum indispensable mathematical formulae or numerical and experimental data. The new system was also expected to improve the position of distant countries which had so far experienced great difficulty in receiving preliminary documentation in sufficient time before plenary assemblies. The Technical Assistance Committee recommended the creation of a joint CCIR-International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) committee to consider the ways and means whereby technical assistance was at present granted and to make suggestions for improvements, as far as telecommunication was concerned, to the ITU Administrative Council.

International Telecommunication Union

1954 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-268
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Consultative Committee ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
International Service ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Operational Methods

The seventh plenary assembly of the International Telegraph Consultative Committee (CCIT) of the International Telecommunication Union met in Arnhem, Netherlands, from June 5 through 13, 1953, under the chairmanship of Mr. van der Toorn (Netherlands). Most of the work of the session was carried on in study groups on the following subjects: 1) general telegraphy, 2) technical aspects of the establishment, operation and maintenance of telegraph channels, 3) technical aspects of telegraph apparatus, 4) vocabulary, symbols and classification, 5) phototelegraphy and facsimile, 6) technical aspects of switching in the service of start-stop apparatus, 7) European telegraph network operated by start-stop apparatus, 8) operational methods and quality of service, 9) services offered to users and rates other than telex rates, and 10) international service of telegraph subscribers and rates for such service. At the request of the Buenos Aires Plenipotentiary Conference of ITU, CCIT considered the possibility of amalgamating itself with the International Telephone Consultative Committee (CCIF) and concluded, by a vote of 16 to 11 with 1 abstention, that such a course would not serve the best interests of ITU. CCIT decided to hold its eighth plenary assembly in Geneva in the first half of 1956.

scholarly journals Radio quiet, please! – protecting radio astronomy from interference

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S260) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. van Driel
Keyword(s):  
Radio Astronomy ◽  
Radio Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Management ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Precious Resource ◽  
Regulatory Measures

AbstractThe radio spectrum is a finite and increasingly precious resource for astronomical research, as well as for other spectrum users. Keeping the frequency bands used for radio astronomy as free as possible of unwanted Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is crucial. The aim of spectrum management, one of the tools used towards achieving this goal, includes setting regulatory limits on RFI levels emitted by other spectrum users into the radio astronomy frequency bands. This involves discussions with regulatory bodies and other spectrum users at several levels – national, regional and worldwide. The global framework for spectrum management is set by the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union, which has defined that interference is detrimental to radio astronomy if it increases the uncertainty of a measurement by 10%. The Radio Regulations are revised every three to four years, a process in which four organisations representing the interests of the radio astronomical community in matters of spectrum management (IUCAF, CORF, CRAF and RAFCAP) participate actively. The current interests and activities of these four organisations range from preserving what has been achieved through regulatory measures, to looking far into the future of high frequency use and giant radio telescope use.

scholarly journals Design of a Broadband Coplanar Waveguide-Fed Antenna Incorporating Organic Solar Cells with 100% Insolation for Ku Band Satellite Communication

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadgar I. Abdulkarim ◽  
Lianwen Deng ◽  
Halgurd N. Awl ◽  
Fahmi F. Muhammadsharif ◽  
Olcay Altintas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solar Cells ◽  
Satellite Communication ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Coplanar Waveguide ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Device Structure ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Ku Band

A broadband coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed monopole antenna based on conventional CPW-fed integration with an organic solar cell (OSC) of 100% insolation is suggested for Ku band satellite communication. The proposed configuration was designed to allow for 100% insolation of the OSC, thereby improving the performance of the antenna. The device structure was fabricated using a Leiterplatten-Kopierfrasen (LPKF) prototyping Printed circuit board (PCB) machine, while a vector network analyzer was utilized to measure the return loss. The simulated results demonstrated that the proposed antenna was able to cover an interesting operating frequency band from 11.7 to 12.22 GHz, which is in compliance with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Consequently, a 3 GHz broadband in the Ku band was achieved, along with an enhancement in the realized gain of about 6.30 dB. The simulation and experimental results showed good agreement, whereby the proposed structure could be specifically useful for fixed-satellite-services (FSS) operating over the frequency range from the 11.7 to 12.22 GHz (downlink) band.

The International Telecommunication Union: Origin and Role

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Lyall
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
International Body ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Modern Technologies

Integral to modern life, electrical telecommunications have to work within the constraints set by the unalterable laws of physics. Transborder systems require that technologies and protocols be harmonized if there is to be interconnectivity and interoperability. International agreements on wired services date back to the 1850s. Separate bodies set up to deal with international communications in east and west Europe, were brought together in 1865 in a single international body, the International Telegraph Union. Wireless communication—radio—presented the additional problem of broadcast signals interfering with each other. From 1906, it was regulated on the basis of principles that still undergird the modern arrangements, but no formal international body was established for the purpose. Instead, radio was dealt with by a sequence of plenipotentiary conferences. The separate regimes for wired and wireless services were united in 1932 when the International Telecommunication Union was established. The 193-member union is the UN specialized agency that deals with all forms of telecommunication. It underwent a major reconstruction in 1992–1994 in order to cope with modern technologies and now works within a four-year cycle. Its institutions are its plenipotentiary conference, a council, a secretariat, and three sectors responsible, respectively, for development, standardization, and radio communication. Each of these last three has a bureau and holds international world and regional conferences, and is aided by a large number of specialized study groups. In radiocommunication, that sector supervises the operation of the Radio Regulations, in which a Table of Allocations prescribes which radio frequencies are used for what purpose and maintains a Master International Frequency Register, which records the active frequency assignments made by states to transmitting stations under their control. Its work has increased markedly with development of high-frequency systems and the proliferation of satellite systems serving various purposes.

scholarly journals International Telecommunication Union

1963 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 504-504 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Human History ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

The seventeenth session of the Administrative Council of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) was held from May 5 to June 9, 1962, under the chairmanship of Mr. Juan Antonio Autelli (Argentina). ITU's Secretary-General, Mr. Gerald C. Gross, remarked that the activities of the Union during the past year had continued to increase usefully on a sound financial basis. In discussing the work of ITU in the future, the Secretary-General stated that the efforts being taken by some nations to penetrate outer space constituted one of the greatest intellectual and technical enterprises in human history. ITU's role in this effort would be particularly important.

scholarly journals Radio Astronomy and the CCIR

1991 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 288-295
Author(s):  
Vernon Pankonin
Keyword(s):  
Radio Astronomy ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Space Research ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Consultative Committee ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Special Event ◽  
Technical Advice ◽  
Group 2

ABSTRACTThe International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) is a permanent organization within the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The purpose of the CCIR is to provide technical advice to the ITU and its various organs and members on the characteristics of the radio services which are governed by the International Radio Regulations, a product of the ITU. This is accomplished through reports and recommendations which may result from the regularly scheduled meetings of the CCIR or from meetings convened to prepare for a special event such as an upcoming World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC). The CCIR is divided into Study Groups. Study Group 2 covers Space Research and Radioastronomy. This paper describes the interactions of radio astronomers with Study Group 2. The radio astronomy related Study Questions currently before this Study Group are delineated, and the nature of the active reports and recommendations are discussed.

Een Duits netwerk bij de voorbereiding van de Militärverwaltung in België (1939-1940)

2011 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-305
Author(s):  
Etienne Verhoeyen
Keyword(s):  
Study Groups ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Student Group ◽  
German Army ◽  
The Future ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
First World ◽  
Preparatory Work

Nadat Hitler in oktober 1939 beslist had een aanval in het Westen te ondernemen, werden in Keulen twee studiegroepen opgericht, die het toekomstig bezettingsregime van België en Nederland moesten voorbereiden. Er was een studiecommissie die geleid werd door de toekomstige leider van het Duits Militair Bestuur in België, Regierungspräsident Reeder, en daarnaast bestond een geheime studiegroep die de Sondergruppe Student werd genoemd. Deze bijdrage belicht het voorbereidend werk van de leden van deze studiegroep op het gebied van handel, industrie, recht, Volkstum en cultuur in België. De groep legde een grote belangstelling voor de Flamenfrage aan de dag en trok daarbij lessen uit de ervaringen met de bezetting van België tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog. Ofschoon er van diverse zijden in Duitsland werd op aangestuurd, hebben zowel de 'commissie Reeder' als de Sondergruppe de wederinvoering van de bestuurlijke scheiding van het Vlaams en Franstalig landsgedeelte, één van de 'verworvenheden' van het Vlaams activisme uit 1914-18, beslist afgewezen. De bijdrage laat ook de tegenstellingen zien die in Duitsland bestonden op het gebied van de beïnvloeding (ten voordele van Duitsland) in de te bezetten gebieden. ________ A German network in the preparation of the Militärverwaltung (Army administration) in Belgium (1939-1940)After Hitler had decided in October 1939 to carry out an attack on the West, two study groups were set up in Cologne in order to prepare the future occupational regime of Belgium and the Netherlands.  The future leader of the German Army Administration in Belgium, President of the Government Reeder chaired the study group, and in addition there was a secret study group called the Sondergruppe Student (Special Student Group).This contribution illuminates the preparatory work of the members of this study group in the area of trade, industry, law, Volkstum (nationality) and culture in Belgium. The group demonstrated a lot of interest in the Flamenfrage (Flemish question) and in doing so drew lessons from the experience of the occupation of Belgium during the First World War.Although people from various quarters in Germany aimed for the reintroduction of the governmental separation between  the Flemish and French speaking parts of the country, one of the 'achievements' of Flemish activism from the period of 1914-1918, both the 'Reeder committee' and the 'Sondergruppe' definitely dismissed it. This contribution also demonstrates the contradictions present in Germany in the area of influencing the territories to be occupied (in favour of Germany).

scholarly journals The graph neural networking challenge

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
José Suárez-Varela ◽  
Miquel Ferriol-Galmés ◽  
Albert López ◽  
Paul Almasan ◽  
Guillermo Bernárdez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Computer Networks ◽  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Educational Resources ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Broad Audience

During the last decade, Machine Learning (ML) has increasingly become a hot topic in the field of Computer Networks and is expected to be gradually adopted for a plethora of control, monitoring and management tasks in real-world deployments. This poses the need to count on new generations of students, researchers and practitioners with a solid background in ML applied to networks. During 2020, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has organized the "ITU AI/ML in 5G challenge", an open global competition that has introduced to a broad audience some of the current main challenges in ML for networks. This large-scale initiative has gathered 23 different challenges proposed by network operators, equipment manufacturers and academia, and has attracted a total of 1300+ participants from 60+ countries. This paper narrates our experience organizing one of the proposed challenges: the "Graph Neural Networking Challenge 2020". We describe the problem presented to participants, the tools and resources provided, some organization aspects and participation statistics, an outline of the top-3 awarded solutions, and a summary with some lessons learned during all this journey. As a result, this challenge leaves a curated set of educational resources openly available to anyone interested in the topic.

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