Cessation from cigarette smoking: Changes in body weight, body composition, resting metabolism, and energy consumption

Metabolism ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Moffatt ◽  
Scott G. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Resting Metabolism

Effectiveness of a Multidisciplinary Lifestyle Intervention to Reduce Obesity among Children and Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Md Rizwanul Ahsan ◽  
Sabrina Makbul ◽  
Probir Kumar Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Waist To Height Ratio ◽  
Family Based

Background: Now a days unhealthy lifestyle primarily responsible for the dramatic increase obesity among children and adolescents. Objective: The purpose of the study is to see the effects of a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention to reduce obese children and adolescents. The main outcome was cardiometabolic risk based on the waist-to-height ratio (WHTR) measurement. Secondary outcomes were (1) changes in body composition; (2) adherence to a Mediterranean diet; and (3) physical performance. Methods: The study involved 64 overweight/obese children or adolescents conducted at Dhaka Shishu Hospital from October 2017 to September 2018. The intervention was multidisciplinary including nutrition, exercise, and psychological aspects based on a family-based approach; it was delivered for six months for children and three months for adolescents. Before and after the intervention, several anthropometric measures height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and body composition, cardiometabolic risk index waist-to-height ratio (WHTR), and dietary habits of the participants and their families were evaluated. In addition, a set of functional motor fitness tests was performed to evaluate physical performance measures. Results: After the intervention both children and adolescents showed a significant reduction in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, and WHTR index and an improvement of fat-free mass, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and physical fitness performance. Conclusion: A short term family-based multidisciplinary approach is effective in ameliorating the health status, dietary habits, and physical performance in children and adolescents. DS (Child) H J 2019; 35(2) : 111-118

scholarly journals European Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults with a Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Obesity Facts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-245
Author(s):  
Giovanna Muscogiuri ◽  
Marwan El Ghoch ◽  
Annamaria Colao ◽  
Maria Hassapidou ◽  
Volkan Yumuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Obesity Management ◽  
Weight Loss Interventions

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) has been recently proposed as an appealing nutritional strategy for obesity management. The VLCKD is characterized by a low carbohydrate content (&#x3c;50 g/day), 1–1.5 g of protein/kg of ideal body weight, 15–30 g of fat/day, and a daily intake of about 500–800 calories. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The aim of the current document is to suggest a common protocol for VLCKD and to summarize the existing literature on its efficacy in weight management and weight-related comorbidities, as well as the possible side effects. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This document has been prepared in adherence with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Literature searches, study selection, methodology development, and quality appraisal were performed independently by 2 authors and the data were collated by means of a meta-analysis and narrative synthesis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 645 articles retrieved, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed, revealing 4 main findings. First, the VLCKD was shown to result in a significant weight loss in the short, intermediate, and long terms and improvement in body composition parameters as well as glycemic and lipid profiles. Second, when compared with other weight loss interventions of the same duration, the VLCKD showed a major effect on reduction of body weight, fat mass, waist circumference, total cholesterol and triglyceridemia as well as improved insulin resistance. Third, although the VLCKD also resulted in a significant reduction of glycemia, HbA1c, and LDL cholesterol, these changes were similar to those obtained with other weight loss interventions. Finally, the VLCKD can be considered a safe nutritional approach under a health professional’s supervision since the most common side effects are usually clinically mild and easily to manage and recovery is often spontaneous. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The VLCKD can be recommended as an effective dietary treatment for individuals with obesity after considering potential contra-indications and keeping in mind that any dietary treatment has to be personalized. <b><i>Prospero Registry:</i></b> The assessment of the efficacy of VLCKD on body weight, body composition, glycemic and lipid parameters in overweight and obese subjects: a meta-analysis (CRD42020205189).

Body Composition Modifications Due to the “Search, Rescue and Survival Training” in Male Military Firefighter Cadets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Ramos de Barros ◽  
Verônica Pinto Salerno ◽  
Thalita Ponce ◽  
Míriam Raquel Meira Mainenti
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Fat Percentage

ABSTRACT Introduction To train and prepare cadets for a career as firefighters in Rio de Janeiro, the second-year students of the Officers Training Course are submitted to a Search, Rescue, and Survival Training (SRST) course, which is characterized by long periods of high physical exertion and sleep restriction during a 9-day instruction module, and food restriction during a 7-day survival module. The present study investigated changes in the body composition of 39 male cadets submitted to SRST during training and 4 weeks of recovery with no restrictions in food consumption. Materials and Methods Each cadet was evaluated by anthropometric measurements at six time points: pre-SRST; after the first module; after the second module; and after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of recovery. Measurements included body girths and skinfolds, to estimate trunk (chest and waist) and limbs (arm and thigh) dimensions, as well as body composition. Repeated measures ANOVA and Friedman test were applied (depending on each data distribution). Results Statistically significant decreases in body weight (76.2; 69.8-87.2 to 63.9; 58.9-73.5 kg) and fat free mass (FFM, 69.2; 63.7-77.2 to 60.1; 56.2-68.0 kg) were observed following the second module of SRST. Following a single week of recovery, the FFM returned to pre-SRST values. Body weight returned to pre-training levels in 2 weeks. Body fat percentage and mass also significantly decreased during SRST (9.0; 7.7-12.3 to 6.5; 5.1-9.3% and 6.9; 5.6-10.0 to 6.9; 5.6-10.0 kg, respectively), which showed a slower and more gradual recovery that reached pre-SRST values after 4 weeks. The girths of arm, thigh, chest and waist significantly decreased due to SRST. The girths of the limbs (arm and thigh) returned to pre-training values after one month of recovery, while the girths of the trunk (chest and waist) did not return to pre-SRST values during the study period. Conclusions The findings suggest that men who experience periods of high energy demands and sleep restriction followed by a period of food restriction will endure unavoidable physical consequences that can be mostly reversed by a 1-month recovery.

scholarly journals Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Diet Quality Profile of the Lithuanian Team of Deaf Women’s Basketball Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6749
Author(s):  
Marius Baranauskas ◽  
Valerija Jablonskienė ◽  
Jonas Algis Abaravičius ◽  
Rimantas Stukas
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physical Working Capacity ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Women's Basketball ◽  
Basketball Team

There are about 466 million people with hearing impairments in the world. The scientific literature does not provide sufficient data on the actual nutrition and other variables of professional deaf athletes. The objectives of this study were to investigate and evaluate the body composition, the physical working capacity, the nutrition intake, and the blood parameters of iron and vitamin D in the Lithuanian high-performance deaf women’s basketball team players. The female athletes (n = 14) of the Lithuanian deaf basketball team aged 26.4 ± 4.5 years were recruited for an observational cross-sectional study. A 7-day food recall survey method was used to investigate their actual diet. The measurements of the body composition were performed using the BIA (bioelectrical impedance analysis) tetra-polar electrodes. In order to assess the cardiorespiratory and aerobic fitness levels of athletes, ergo-spirometry (on a cycle ergometer) was used to measure the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the physical working capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats per minute (PWC170). The athletes’ blood tests were taken to investigate the red blood cells, hemoglobin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ferritin, transferrin, iron concentrations, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). The consideration of the VO2peak (55.9 ± 6.1 mL/min/kg of body weight, 95% CI: 51.8, 58.9) and the low VO2peak (56–60 mL/min/kg of body weight) (p = 0.966) in the deaf women’s basketball team players revealed no differences. For the deaf female athletes, the PWC170 was equal to 20.3 ± 2.0 kgm/min/kg of body weight and represented only the average aerobic fitness level. The carbohydrate and protein intakes (5.0 ± 1.3 and 1.3 ± 0.3 g/kg of body weight, respectively) met only the minimum levels recommended for athletes. The fat content of the diet (38.1 ± 4.1% of energy intake) exceeded the maximum recommended content (35% of energy intake) (p = 0.012). The mean blood serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and ferritin (24.1 ± 6.6 nmol/L and 11.0 ± 4.1 µg/L, respectively) predicted vitamin D and iron deficits in athletes. Female athletes had an increased risk of vitamin D and iron deficiencies. Regardless of iron deficiency in the body, the better cardiorespiratory fitness of the deaf female athletes was essentially correlated with the higher skeletal muscle mass (in terms of size) (r = 0.61, p = 0.023), the lower percentage of body fat mass (r = −0.53, p = 0.049), and the reduced intake of fat (r = −0.57, p = 0.040).

scholarly journals Effect of Mixed Nuts on Body Weight and Composition, and Gut Microbiome (P08-054-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih Lung Woo ◽  
Dina Ben-Nissan ◽  
Zahra Ezzat-Zadeh ◽  
Jieping Yang ◽  
Lijun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Tree Nuts

Abstract Objectives This study was designed to assess the effects of mixed nut consumption on body weight and composition, and gut microbiome in obese individuals. Primary outcome was change in body weight and composition. Secondary outcomes include gut microbiome composition, inflammatory markers, and plasma lipids. Methods The reported results are from an interim analysis (n = 50) of a randomized, placebo controlled, parallel study. Total enrollment target is 154 overweight/obese subjects (BMI 27–35 kg/m2). Participants were randomly assigned to consume either 1.5oz mixed tree nuts or pretzels with equal calorie content daily for 24 weeks. The study included a 12-week weight loss phase (500 kcal per day less than total daily energy expenditure), followed by a 12-week weight maintenance phase. Body composition, fasting blood, and stool samples were collected at baseline, week 12 and 24. Body composition, and vitals were analyzed, whereas plasma lipid profile, fecal microbiome, and microbiome metabolites analysis is still pending. Results At week 12, subjects from both the pretzel (n = 15, 10 dropouts; P = 0.009) and nut group (n = 22, 3 dropouts; P = 0.038) lost significant amount of weight. The trend of weight changes did not differ between groups (P = 0.530). Subjects from both groups were able to sustain weight loss through 24 weeks (pretzel: 81.43 ± 3.85 kg at baseline vs. 79.43 ± 4.08 kg at week 24, P = 0.028; nut: 84.26 ± 3.78 kg at baseline vs. 82.38 ± 3.72 kg at week 24, P = 0.026). At week 12, fat mass in both groups was significantly decreased (pretzel: P = 0.002; nut: P = 0.012). The trend of fat changes did not differ between groups (P = 0.547). Subjects from both groups were able to sustain fat loss through 24 weeks (pretzel: 30.84 ± 1.75 kg at baseline vs. 29.25 ± 2.12 kg at week 24, P = 0.024; nut: 31.51 ± 1.56 kg vs 30.21 ± 1.81 kg at week 24, P = 0.04). Muscle mass, and blood pressure were not significantly different between both groups. Conclusions Our data suggested that tree nuts could be consumed as part of a healthy weight loss meal plan without concern of causing weight gain. Further analysis of the remaining samples is needed to confirm results. Due to higher dropouts in the pretzel group, future intention-to-treat analysis is also needed to eliminate bias. Funding Sources This study is supported by the International Tree Nut Council.

scholarly journals Differential Effects of Short-term Ketogenic, High Fat and Fructose-enriched Diets on Metabolic Parameters in Mice (P08-042-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Cortez ◽  
John Solitro ◽  
Brian Hong ◽  
Emily Villarreal ◽  
Gerardo Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
Glucose Levels

Abstract Objectives Dietary composition influences multiple facets of human health and is inextricably linked to chronic metabolic conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a ketogenic (KD), a high fat (HF), and a fructose-enriched (FR) diets on glucose homeostasis, body composition and grip strength performance in mice. Methods Healthy C57BL/6 J mice (5–6 mice/group) were fed, either a control diet containing approximately 16% total calories from fat (CT), a diet containing 89% fat (KD), a diet with 50% total calories from fat (HF), or a diet with 32% fructose as carbohydrate source (FR). All diets contained 10% protein and all mice were fed ad libitum for 8 weeks. At baseline and 8 weeks, we evaluated body composition using NMR relaxometry, grip strength, non-fasting glucose levels, and ketone levels. In addition, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted by administering glucose by oral gavage (1 g/kg body weight) after 15 hour-fasting and blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after glucose administration. Results All mice, irrespectively of their experimental diet groups, increased their body weight, fat mass and adiposity without significant differences among them. After 4 weeks, the HF (P < 0.05) and FR (P < 0.01) groups had significantly higher glucose levels than control. At 8 weeks, the KD groups showed an improved glucose homeostasis compared to CT group, as determined by OGTT. Moreover, compared to the CT group, grip strength performance increased (although did not reached significance) in the KD group (P = 0.054), and decreased in the FR group (P < 0.05). Moreover, when compared to their respective baseline values, grip strength performance increased in KD-fed mice and decreased in FR-fed mice, but differences among them were not statistically significant (P = 0.07). Conclusions Our preliminary findings indicate that altering macronutrient composition can lead to metabolic and physiological changes. Among the three diets tested, the KD showed an improved glucose utilization and better grip strength performance in mice. Additional mechanistic studies are warranted to better understand these metabolic differences among the experimental diets. Funding Sources funds from the University of California, Davis.

scholarly journals Composition of the human foetus

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharad V. Apte ◽  
Leela Iyengar
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Foetus ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Ca:P Ratio

1. The body composition was determined of forty-one fetuses of different gestational ages born to mothers belonging to a low socio-economic group of the population.2. With increasing gestational age the water content fell from 88% at 28 weeks to 76% at term; the fat content increased from 2.1% to 11.2% and the protein content increased from 6.9 to 9.3%.3. The changes in body composition were more closely related to body-weight than to gestational age.4. The calcium, Phosphorus and magnesium contents of the body per unit fat-free weight progressively increased with gestational age, and at term the values appeared to be considerably lower than those reported in the literature. The Ca:P ratio was constant at different body-weights.5. The body iron content per unit of fat-free weight increased marginally with increasing gestational age. The value was almost 30% lower than the values reported from elsewhere.6. It is suggested that chemical composition and nutrient stores of the developing foetus can be considerably influenced by the state of maternal nutrition.

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