Effect of plough pan thickness on crop growth parameters, nitrogen uptake and greenhouse gas (CO2 and N2O) emissions in a wheat-maize double-crop rotation in the Northern China Plain: A one-year study

Drury, C. F., Reynolds, W. D., Tan, C. S., McLaughlin, N. B., Yang, X. M., Calder, W., Oloya, T. O. and Yang, J. Y. 2014. Impacts of 49–51 years of years of fertilization and crop rotation on growing season nitrous oxide emissions, nitrogen uptake and corn yields. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 421–433. A field study was established in 1959 to evaluate the effects of fertilization and crop rotation on crop yields, soil and environmental quality on a Brookston clay loam. There were two fertilizer treatments (fertilized and not-fertilized) and six cropping treatments including continuous corn (CC), continuous Kentucky bluegrass sod and a 4-yr rotation of corn–oat–alfalfa–alfalfa with each phase present each year. We measured N2O emissions, inorganic N and plant N uptake over three growing seasons (2007–2009) in the corn phase. Nitrous oxide emissions varied over the 3 yr as a result of the seasonal variation in precipitation quantity, intensity and timing and differences in crop growth and N uptake. Fertilized CC lost, on average, 7.36 kg N ha−1 by N2O emissions, whereas the not-fertilized CC lost only 0.51 kg N ha−1. Fertilized rotation corn (RC) lost 6.46 kg N ha−1, which was 12% lower than fertilized CC. The not-fertilized RC, on the other hand, emitted about half as much N2O (2.95 kg N ha−1) as the fertilized RC. Fertilized RC had corn grain yields that averaged 10.0 t ha−1 over the 3 yr followed by fertilized CC at 5.48 t ha−1. Not-fertilized RC corn had yields that were 61% lower (3.93 t ha−1) than fertilized RC, whereas the not-fertilized CC had yields that were 75% lower (1.39 t ha−1) than fertilized CC. Nitrous oxide emissions were found to be dramatically affected by long-term management practices and crop rotation had lower emissions in the corn phase of the rotation even though the N input from fertilizer addition and legume N fixation was greater. These N2O emission and yield results were due to both factors that are traditionally used to describe these processes as well as long-term soil quality factors, which were created by the long-term management (i.e., soil organic carbon, soil physical parameters such as bulk density, and porosity, soil fauna and micro-flora) and that influenced crop growth, N uptake and soil water contents.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Soil Cultivated with Vegetables in Crop Rotation under Integrated, Organic and Organic Conservation Management in a Mediterranean Environment

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9080446 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 446 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Simona Bosco ◽

Iride Volpi ◽

Daniele Antichi ◽

Giorgio Ragaglini ◽

Christian Frasconi

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Mediterranean Environment ◽

Foeniculum Vulgare

A combination of organic and conservation approaches have not been widely tested, neither considering agronomic implications nor the impacts on the environment. Focussing on the effect of agricultural practices on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soil, the hypothesis of this research is that the organic conservation system (ORG+) may reduce emissions of N2O, CH4 and CO2 from soil, compared to an integrated farming system (INT) and an organic (ORG) system in a two-year irrigated vegetable crop rotation set up in 2014, in a Mediterranean environment. The crop rotation included: Savoy cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. sabauda L. cv. Famosa), spring lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Justine), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. cv. Montebianco) and summer lettuce (L. sativa cv. Ballerina). Fluxes from soil of N2O, CH4 and CO2 were measured from October 2014 to July 2016 with the flow-through non-steady state chamber technique using a mobile instrument equipped with high precision analysers. Both cumulative and daily N2O emissions were mainly lower in ORG+ than in INT and ORG. All the cropping systems acted as a sink of CH4, with no significant differences among treatments. The ORG and ORG+ systems accounted for higher cumulative and daily CO2 emissions than INT, maybe due to the stimulating effect on soil respiration of organic material (fertilizers/plant biomass) supplied in ORG and ORG+. Overall, the integration of conservation and organic agriculture showed a tendency for higher CO2 emissions and lower N2O emissions than the other treatments, without any clear results on its potential for mitigating GHG emissions from soil.

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Prediction of Key Crop Growth Parameters in a Commercial Greenhouse Using CFD Simulation and Experimental Verification in a Pilot Study

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11070658 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 658

Author(s):

Subin Mattara Chalill ◽

Snehaunshu Chowdhury ◽

Ramanujam Karthikeyan

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Cfd Simulation ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Hvac System ◽

Implementation Phase ◽

Design And Implementation ◽

Successful Design

Controlled crop growth parameters, such as average air velocity, air temperature, and relative humidity (RH), inside the greenhouse are necessary prerequisites for commercial greenhouse operation. Frequent overshoots of such parameters are noticed in the Middle East. Traditional heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in such greenhouses use axial fans and evaporative cooling pads to control the temperature. Such systems fail to respond to the extreme heat load variations during the day. In this study, we present the design and implementation of a single span, commercial greenhouse using box type evaporative coolers (BTEC) as the backbone of the HVAC system. The HVAC system is run by a fully-automated real time feedback-based climate management system (CMS). A full-scale, steady state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the greenhouse is carried out assuming peak summer outdoor conditions. A pilot study is conducted to experimentally monitor the environmental parameters in the greenhouse over a 20-h period. The recorded data confirm that the crop growth parameters lie within their required ranges, indicating a successful design and implementation phase of the commercial greenhouse on a pilot scale.

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Effect of Organic Amendment Addition on Soil Properties, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Grape Yield in Semi-Arid Vineyard Agroecosystems

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11081477 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1477

Author(s):

Antonio Marín-Martínez ◽

Alberto Sanz-Cobeña ◽

Mª Angeles Bustamante ◽

Enrique Agulló ◽

Concepción Paredes

Keyword(s):

Soil Fertility ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Organic Amendments ◽

Organic N ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

The Impact ◽

Semi Arid ◽

Grape Yield

In semi-arid vineyard agroecosystems, highly vulnerable in the context of climate change, the soil organic matter (OM) content is crucial to the improvement of soil fertility and grape productivity. The impact of OM, from compost and animal manure, on soil properties (e.g., pH, oxidisable organic C, organic N, NH4+-N and NO3−-N), grape yield and direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in vineyards was assessed. For this purpose, two wine grape varieties were chosen and managed differently: with a rain-fed non-trellising vineyard of Monastrell, a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard of Monastrell and a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard of Cabernet Sauvignon. The studied fertiliser treatments were without organic amendments (C), sheep/goat manure (SGM) and distillery organic waste compost (DC). The SGM and DC treatments were applied at a rate of 4600 kg ha−1 (fresh weight, FW) and 5000 kg ha−1 FW, respectively. The use of organic amendments improved soil fertility and grape yield, especially in the drip-irrigated trellising vineyards. Increased CO2 emissions were coincident with higher grape yields and manure application (maximum CO2 emissions = 1518 mg C-CO2 m−2 d−1). In contrast, N2O emissions, mainly produced through nitrification, were decreased in the plots showing higher grape production (minimum N2O emissions = −0.090 mg N2O-N m−2 d−1). In all plots, the CH4 fluxes were negative during most of the experiment (−1.073−0.403 mg CH4-C m−2 d−1), indicating that these ecosystems can represent a significant sink for atmospheric CH4. According to our results, the optimal vineyard management, considering soil properties, yield and GHG mitigation together, was the use of compost in a drip-irrigated trellising vineyard with the grape variety Monastrell.

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Temporal Variations in N2O Emissions in Maize and Wheat Crop Seasons: Impact of N-Fertilization, Crop Growth, and Weather Variables

Journal of Crop Improvement ◽

10.1080/15427528.2015.1095264 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 17-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Harmanjit S. Dhadli ◽

Babu S. Brar ◽

Pavneet K. Kingra

Keyword(s):

Temporal Variations ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Weather Variables

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An efficient and accurate method for obtaining regional scale rice growth conditions based on WOFOST model and satellite images

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10688 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bingyu Zhao ◽

Meiling Liu ◽

Jiianjun Wu ◽

Xiangnan Liu ◽

Mengxue Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Data Assimilation ◽

Growth Model ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Remote Sensing Data ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Crop Growth Model ◽

Parallel Method ◽

Rice Growth

<p>It is very important to obtain regional crop growth conditions efficiently and accurately in the agricultural field. The data assimilation between crop growth model and remote sensing data is a widely used method for obtaining vegetation growth information. This study aims to present a parallel method based on graphic processing unit (GPU) to improve the efficiency of the assimilation between RS data and crop growth model to estimate rice growth parameters. Remote sensing data, Landsat and HJ-1 images were collected and the World Food Studies (WOFOST) crop growth model which has a strong flexibility was employed. To acquire continuous regional crop parameters in temporal-spatial scale, particle swarm optimization (PSO) data assimilation method was used to combine remote sensing images and WOFOST and this process is accompanied by a parallel method based on the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) platform of NVIDIA GPU. With these methods, we obtained daily rice growth parameters of Zhuzhou City, Hunan, China and compared the efficiency and precision of parallel method and non-parallel method. Results showed that the parallel program has a remarkable speedup (reaching 240 times) compared with the non-parallel program with a similar accuracy. This study indicated that the parallel implementation based on GPU was successful in improving the efficiency of the assimilation between RS data and the WOFOST model and was conducive to obtaining regional crop growth conditions efficiently and accurately.</p>

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Perspectives on greenhouse gas emission estimates based on Australian wastewater treatment plant operating data

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2013.572 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 451-463 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

D. W. de Haas ◽

C. Pepperell ◽

J. Foley

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Steady State ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Research Work ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Emission Factors ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Operating Data

Primary operating data were collected from forty-six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located across three states within Australia. The size range of plants was indicatively from 500 to 900,000 person equivalents. Direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions were calculated using a mass balance approach and default emission factors, based on Australia's National Greenhouse Energy Reporting (NGER) scheme and IPCC guidelines. A Monte Carlo-type combined uncertainty analysis was applied to the some of the key emission factors in order to study sensitivity. The results suggest that Scope 2 (indirect emissions due to electrical power purchased from the grid) dominate the emissions profile for most of the plants (indicatively half to three quarters of the average estimated total emissions). This is only offset for the relatively small number of plants (in this study) that have significant on-site power generation from biogas, or where the water utility purchases grid electricity generated from renewable sources. For plants with anaerobic digestion, inventory data issues around theoretical biogas generation, capture and measurement were sometimes encountered that can skew reportable emissions using the NGER methodology. Typically, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions dominated the Scope 1 (direct) emissions. However, N2O still only accounted for approximately 10 to 37% of total emissions. This conservative estimate is based on the ‘default’ NGER steady-state emission factor, which amounts to 1% of nitrogen removed through biological nitrification-denitrification processing in the plant (or indicatively 0.7 to 0.8% of plant influent total nitrogen). Current research suggests that true N2O emissions may be much lower and certainly not steady-state. The results of this study help to place in context research work that is focused on direct emissions from WWTPs (including N2O, methane and carbon dioxide of non-biogenic origin). For example, whereas non-biogenic CO2 contributions are relatively minor, it appears that opportunities to reduce indirect emissions as a result of modest savings in power consumption are at least in the same order as those from reducing N2O emissions. To avoid potentially high reportable emissions under NGER guidelines, particularly for methane, the onus is placed on WWTP managers to ensure that accurate plant monitoring operating records are kept.

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Carbon and nitrogen dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions in constructed wetlands treating wastewater: a review

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-20-109-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 109-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

M. M. R. Jahangir ◽

K. G. Richards ◽

M. G. Healy ◽

L. Gill ◽

C. Müller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Constructed Wetlands ◽

Nutrient Removal ◽

Management Practices ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Knowledge Gaps ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

N Removal ◽

C And N

Abstract. The removal efficiency of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in constructed wetlands (CWs) is very inconsistent and frequently does not reveal whether the removal processes are due to physical attenuation or whether the different species have been transformed to other reactive forms. Previous research on nutrient removal in CWs did not consider the dynamics of pollution swapping (the increase of one pollutant as a result of a measure introduced to reduce a different pollutant) driven by transformational processes within and around the system. This paper aims to address this knowledge gap by reviewing the biogeochemical dynamics and fate of C and N in CWs and their potential impact on the environment, and by presenting novel ways in which these knowledge gaps may be eliminated. Nutrient removal in CWs varies with the type of CW, vegetation, climate, season, geographical region, and management practices. Horizontal flow CWs tend to have good nitrate (NO3−) removal, as they provide good conditions for denitrification, but cannot remove ammonium (NH4+) due to limited ability to nitrify NH4+. Vertical flow CWs have good NH4+ removal, but their denitrification ability is low. Surface flow CWs decrease nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions but increase methane (CH4) emissions; subsurface flow CWs increase N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, but decrease CH4 emissions. Mixed species of vegetation perform better than monocultures in increasing C and N removal and decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but empirical evidence is still scarce. Lower hydraulic loadings with higher hydraulic retention times enhance nutrient removal, but more empirical evidence is required to determine an optimum design. A conceptual model highlighting the current state of knowledge is presented and experimental work that should be undertaken to address knowledge gaps across CWs, vegetation and wastewater types, hydraulic loading rates and regimes, and retention times, is suggested. We recommend that further research on process-based C and N removal and on the balancing of end products into reactive and benign forms is critical to the assessment of the environmental performance of CWs.

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Effects of N and P fertilization on the greenhouse gas exchange in two nutrient-poor peatlands

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-6-4803-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 4803-4828 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Lund ◽

T. R. Christensen ◽

M. Mastepanov ◽

A. Lindroth ◽

L. Ström

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Primary Production ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Nutrient Availability ◽

Gross Primary Production ◽

N Deposition ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

N Availability ◽

P Fertilization ◽

Organic C

Abstract. Peatlands are important ecosystems in the context of biospheric feedback to climate change, due to the large storage of organic C in peatland soils. Nitrogen deposition and increased nutrient availability in soils following climate warming may cause changes in these ecosystems affecting greenhouse gas exchange. We have conducted an N and P fertilization experiment in two Swedish bogs subjected to high and low background N deposition, and measured the exchange of CO2, CH4 and N2O using the closed chamber technique. During the second year of fertilization, both gross primary production and ecosystem respiration were significantly increased by N addition in the northernmost site where background N deposition is low, while gross primary production was stimulated by P addition in the southern high N deposition site. In addition, a short-term response in respiration was seen following fertilization, probably associated with rapid growth of nutrient-limited soil microorganisms. No treatment effect was seen on the CH4 exchange, while N2O emissions peaks were detected in N fertilized plots indicating the importance of taking N2O into consideration under increased N availability. In a longer term, increased nutrient availability will cause changes in plant competitive patterns. The related effect on the future net greenhouse gas exchange is likely dependent on the mixture of nutrients being made available and which plant functional types that benefit from it, in combination with other changes related to global warming.

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The nitrogen, carbon and greenhouse gas budget of a grazed, cut and fertilised temperate grassland

10.5194/bg-2016-221 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stephanie K. Jones ◽

Carole Helfter ◽

Margaret Anderson ◽

Mhairi Coyle ◽

Claire Campbell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Soil Layer ◽

The Body ◽

Sink Strength ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

N Budget ◽

N Losses ◽

Enteric Fermentation ◽

C And N ◽

Ch4 And N2o

Abstract. Intensively managed grazed grasslands in temperate climates are globally important environments for the exchange of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). We assessed the N and C budget of a mostly grazed, occasionally cut, and fertilized grassland in SE Scotland by measuring or modelling all relevant imports and exports to the field as well as changes in soil C and N pools over time. The N budget was dominated by import from inorganic and organic fertilisers (21.9 g N m2 yr−1) and losses from leaching (5.3 g N m2 yr−1), N2 emissions and NOx and NH3 volatilisation (6.4 g N m2 yr−1). The efficiency of N use by animal products (meat and wool) averaged 11 %. On average over nine years (2002–2010) the balance of N fluxes suggested that 7.2 ± 4.6 g N m−2 y−1 (mean ± confidence interval at p > 0.95) were stored in the soil. The largest component of the C budget was the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE), at an average uptake rate of 218 ± 155 g C m−2 y−1 over the nine years. This sink strength was offset by carbon export from the field mainly as harvest (48.9 g C m2 yr−1) and leaching (16.4 g C m2 yr−1). The other export terms, CH4 emissions from the soil, manure applications and enteric fermentation were negligible and only contributed to 0.02–4.2 % of the total C losses. Only a small fraction of C was incorporated into the body of the grazing animals. Inclusion of these C losses in the budget resulted in a C sink strength of 163 ± 140 g C m−2 y−1. On the contrary, soil stock measurements taken in May 2004 and May 2011 indicated that the grassland sequestered N in the 0–60 cm soil layer at 4.51 ± 2.64 g N m−2 y−1 and lost C at a rate of 29.08 ± 38.19 g C m−2 y-1, respectively. Potential reasons for the discrepancy between these estimates are probably an underestimation of C and N losses, especially from leaching fluxes as well as from animal respiration. The average greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of the grassland was −366 ± 601 g CO2 eq m−2 y−1 and strongly affected by CH4 and N2O emissions. The GHG sink strength of the NEE was reduced by 54 % by CH4 and N2O emissions. Enteric fermentation from the ruminating sheep proved to be an important CH4 source, exceeding the contribution of N2O to the GHG budget in some years.

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