Abstract. This study presents a dataset on long-term
multidisciplinary glaciological, hydrological, and meteorological observations
and isotope sampling in a sparsely monitored alpine zone of the North
Caucasus in the Djankuat research basin. The Djankuat glacier, which is the
largest in the basin, was chosen as representative of the central North
Caucasus during the International Hydrological Decade and is one of 30
“reference” glaciers in the world that have annual mass balance series
longer than 50 years (Zemp et al., 2009). The dataset features a
comprehensive set of observations from 2007 to 2017 and contains yearly
measurements of snow depth and density; measurements of dynamics of snow and ice melting; measurements of water runoff, conductivity, turbidity, temperature, δ18O,
δD at the main gauging station (844 samples in total) with an hourly
or sub-daily time step depending on the parameter; data on δ18O
and δ2H sampling of liquid precipitation, snow, ice, firn, and
groundwater in different parts of the watershed taken regularly during
melting season (485 samples in total); measurements of precipitation amount, air
temperature, relative humidity, shortwave incoming and reflected radiation,
longwave downward and upward radiation, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed and
direction – measured at several automatic weather stations within the basin
with 15 min to 1 h time steps; gradient meteorological measurements to
estimate turbulent fluxes of heat and moisture, measuring three components
of wind speed at a frequency of 10 Hz to estimate the impulse of
turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat over the glacier surface by the
eddy covariance method.
Data were collected during the ablation period
(June–September). The observations were halted in winter. The dataset is
available from PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.894807, Rets et al., 2018a) and will be
further updated. The dataset can be useful for developing and verifying
hydrological, glaciological, and meteorological models for alpine areas, to
study the impact of climate change on hydrology of mountain regions using
isotopic and hydrochemical approaches in hydrology. As the dataset includes
the measurements of hydrometeorological and glaciological variables during
the catastrophic proglacial lake outburst in the neighboring Bashkara valley
in September 2017, it is a valuable contribution to study lake outbursts.
The ground-level ozone concentration is inversely correlated with the number of COVID-19 cases in Warsaw, Poland