Oral Microbiome in Dogs and Cats: Dysbiosis and the Utility of Antimicrobial Therapy in the Treatment of Periodontal Disease

Relevance. The modern view of periodontitis as a dysbiotic disease that occurs as a result of changes in the microbial composition of the subgingival region is considered in a systematic review.Purpose. To study a new paradigm of development of generalized periodontitis.Materials and methods. Randomized controlled trials (RCTS) were selected for the study, including cluster RCTS, controlled (non-randomized) microbiological and clinical studies of the oral microbiome in adult patients with generalized periodontitis over the past 10 years.Results. The transition from a symbiotic microflora to a dysbiotic pathogenic community triggers the host's inflammatory response, which contributes to the development of periodontal diseases. Modern ideas about periodontal pathogenic bacteria dictate new requirements for the treatment of periodontal diseases. The second part of the review examines the microbial profiles of periodontal disease in various nosological forms, the mechanisms of the immune response and approaches to the treatment of periodontal disease from the perspective of biofilm infection.Conclusions. As follows from modern literature periodontitis is to a certain extent caused by the transition from a harmonious symbiotic bacterial community to a dysbiotic one. Recent scientific studies have shown that not single microorganism is not able to cause disease but the microbial community as a whole leads to the development of pathology.

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Is There a Link between Oropharyngeal Microbiome and Schizophrenia? A Narrative Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms23020846 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 846

Author(s):

Stanislas Martin ◽

Audrey Foulon ◽

Wissam El Hage ◽

Diane Dufour-Rainfray ◽

Frédéric Denis

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Research Team ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Future Studies ◽

The Subject ◽

The Moment ◽

The Impact ◽

The Brain

The study aimed to examine the impact of the oropharyngeal microbiome in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and to clarify whether there might be a bidirectional link between the oral microbiota and the brain in a context of dysbiosis-related neuroinflammation. We selected nine articles including three systemic reviews with several articles from the same research team. Different themes emerged, which we grouped into 5 distinct parts concerning the oropharyngeal phageome, the oropharyngeal microbiome, the salivary microbiome and periodontal disease potentially associated with schizophrenia, and the impact of drugs on the microbiome and schizophrenia. We pointed out the presence of phageoma in patients suffering from schizophrenia and that periodontal disease reinforces the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Moreover, saliva could be an interesting substrate to characterize the different stages of schizophrenia. However, the few studies we have on the subject are limited in scope, and some of them are the work of a single team. At this stage of knowledge, it is difficult to conclude on the existence of a bidirectional link between the brain and the oral microbiome. Future studies on the subject will clarify these questions that for the moment remain unresolved.

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Development of an oral swab based microbiome test for the detection of feline dental disease

10.1101/2021.04.23.441192 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Damian Kao ◽

Julie Yang ◽

Sean Nisperos ◽

Norma Drew ◽

Polina Berezovskaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Dental Health ◽

Companion Animals ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Dental Disease ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Risk Profiles ◽

Tooth Resorption ◽

Health Test ◽

Dental Conditions

Variations in the microbial composition of the mouth (the oral microbiome) have known associations with dental and systemic disease. While this is relatively well understood in humans, research on this topic in companion animals, and in cats in particular, has been limited. In this study, we used oral microbiome data obtained from shotgun metagenomic sequencing of 38,000 cats (data gathered through a direct-to-consumer cat DNA testing platform) to reveal the staggering diversity of the feline oral microbiome, identifying 8,344 microbial species across the entire cohort. We used a subset of these data points (6,110 cats) to develop a feline dental health test able to assess whether a cat is at risk of having periodontal disease, tooth resorption and halitosis based on their oral microbiome. After filtering out classified microbial reads with low abundance, we were able to detect, on average, 606 microbes per oral microbiome sample, identifying not just bacteria, but also viruses, fungi, archaea and protozoa. Due to the shortage of available published research on the microbial signature of tooth resorption and halitosis in cats, we used our periodontal disease feline cohort (n=570) to validate our approach. We observed microbial compositional abundance trends consistent with previously reported findings from feline, canine and human studies on periodontal disease. We used compositional abundance-based statistical methods relying on pairwise log-ratio (PLR) transformation to identify microbes significantly correlated with each of the three dental conditions of interest. We identified a set of 27 microbes that are predictive for all three dental conditions, as well as microbes specifically predictive of periodontal disease, tooth resorption or halitosis. We used the compositional abundance profiles of predictive microbes to develop a risk score based model assessing the probability that a cat is suffering from each of the three dental conditions. The model had highest sensitivity for halitosis (72%) and highest specificity for tooth resorption (78%). Lastly, we observed relatively consistent dental disease risk profiles when we compared data from sample collection methods targeting the whole mouth versus those targeting the gum line specifically. In contrast, samples collected in triplicates from the same cats using a sampling method targeting the whole mouth showed more variation in the generated risk profiles. This was likely due to a failure to consistently collect sufficient sample material from areas of the mouth where microbes relevant to dental pathology would be found in highest amounts (i.e., the gum line). For this reason, we have modified the instructions of the test to emphasize the importance of targeting the gum line during sample collection. Regular at home or in clinic screening with the feline dental health test described in this study has the potential to facilitate early detection and prevention of dental disease.

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2577. Periodontal Disease and the Oral Microbiome in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2255 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. S895-S896

Author(s):

Brianna K Meeks ◽

Jen Barb ◽

Sarah E Mudra ◽

Narjis Kazmi ◽

Ralph T S Tuason, ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Disease Status ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Moderate Disease ◽

Rdna Sequencing ◽

Severe Periodontitis ◽

Alcohol Dependent

Abstract Background Periodontal disease results from a polymicrobial infection composed of pathogenic bacteria that colonize the oral cavity, resulting in loss of periodontal attachment and alveolar bone. Periodontitis can increase the risk or exacerbate other comorbidities. Alcohol use increases the risk of periodontitis, but there is little knowledge about periodontitis among people who misuse alcohol. Methods As part of a larger oral and gut microbiome study, this analysis examines the oral microbiome in the occurrence and severity of periodontitis among alcohol-dependent (AD) subjects undergoing a 28-day inpatient alcohol treatment program. Tongue brushings were collected from 22 subjects within the first week of admission, and 16S rDNA sequencing was performed. All subjects had a dental examination during the inpatient stay. This analysis divided periodontal disease status into three major groups–no disease, mild or moderate disease, and severe disease. One-way ANOVA was used to compare microbial genera across the 3 groups. Results Nineteen (86%) of the subjects had periodontitis: 16 had mild or moderate disease, and 3 had severe disease. Statistically different microbial genera in at least one of the three groups (P ≤ 0.05 corresponding to FDR ≤ 0.25) that had a relative abundance of at least 0.5% include: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, and Treponema. Surprisingly, the subjects with no periodontitis had increased abundances of genera that are often pathogens, Porphyromonas and Peptostreptococcus. Subjects with severe periodontitis had increased abundances of known pathogens Treponema and Parvimonas, as well as Lactobacillus, which has been associated with dental caries. Conclusion We observed that periodontitis accompanies chronic AD, given that 86% of our subjects had the disease. While some microbiome differences for individuals with and without periodontitis were not consistent with the existing literature, this may have many explanations. Future studies should consider how chronic AD could change the microbial ecology of the mouth and lead to further infection as well as utilizing multiple oral sites and a larger sample size to better understand the relationship between AD and periodontal disease. Intramural funds from NIH Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Antimicrobial and Substantivity Properties of Silver Nanoparticles against Oral Microbiomes Clinically Isolated from Young and Young-Adult Patients

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2019/3205971 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

León Francisco Espinosa-Cristóbal ◽

Carolina Holguín-Meráz ◽

Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras ◽

Rita Elizabeth Martínez-Martínez ◽

Alejandro Donohue-Cornejo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Young Adult ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Dental Plaque ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Oral Biofilms

The dental plaque is an oral microbiome hardly associated to be the etiological agent of dental caries and periodontal disease which are still considered serious health public problems. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have demonstrated to have good antimicrobial properties affecting a wide variety of microorganisms, including oral bacteria; however, there is no scientific information that has evaluated the antimicrobial effect of AgNPs against clinical oral biofilms associated with dental caries and periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial and substantivity effects of AgNPs in oral biofilms isolated clinically from patients with dental caries and periodontal disease. Sixty-seven young and young-adult subjects with dental caries and periodontal disease were clinically sampled through the collection of subgingival dental plaque. The inhibitory effect of AgNPs was performed with standard microbiological assays by triplicate using two sizes of particle. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to identify the presence of specific bacterial species. All AgNPs showed an inhibitory effect for all oral biofilms for any age and, generally, any gender (p>0.05); however, the effectiveness of the antimicrobial and substantivity effects was related to particle size, time, and gender (p<0.05). The identified microorganisms were S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, S. oralis, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and P. intermedia. The AgNPs could be considered as a potential antimicrobial agent for the control and prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease.

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Rapamycin rejuvenates oral health in aging mice

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.54318 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jonathan Y An ◽

Kristopher A Kerns ◽

Andrew Ouellette ◽

Laura Robinson ◽

H Douglas Morris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Tooth Extraction ◽

The Elderly ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Treatment ◽

Periodontal Bone Loss ◽

Bone Inflammation

Periodontal disease is an age-associated disorder clinically defined by periodontal bone loss, inflammation of the specialized tissues that surround and support the tooth, and microbiome dysbiosis. Currently, there is no therapy for reversing periodontal disease, and treatment is generally restricted to preventive measures or tooth extraction. The FDA-approved drug rapamycin slows aging and extends lifespan in multiple organisms, including mice. Here, we demonstrate that short-term treatment with rapamycin rejuvenates the aged oral cavity of elderly mice, including regeneration of periodontal bone, attenuation of gingival and periodontal bone inflammation, and revertive shift of the oral microbiome toward a more youthful composition. This provides a geroscience strategy to potentially rejuvenate oral health and reverse periodontal disease in the elderly.

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Effects of Colocasia antiquorum var. Esculenta Extract In Vitro and In Vivo against Periodontal Disease

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57101054 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (10) ◽

pp. 1054

Author(s):

Seong-Hee Moon ◽

Seong-Jin Shin ◽

Hyun-Jin Tae ◽

Seung-Han Oh ◽

Ji-Myung Bae

Keyword(s):

Bone Loss ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Negative Control ◽

Alveolar Bone Loss ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Control Group

Background and Objectives: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease in which gradual destruction of tissues around teeth is caused by plaque formed by pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of 75% ethanol extract of Colocasia antiquorum var. esculenta (CA) as a prophylactic and improvement agent for periodontal disease in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy of CA against Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis, ATCC 33277) was evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) test, and cytotoxicity was confirmed by CCK-8 assay. For the in vivo study, P. gingivalis was applied by oral gavage to BALB/c mice. Forty-two days after the first inoculation of P. gingivalis, intraoral swabs were taken for microbiome analysis, and the mice were sacrificed to evaluate the alveolar bone loss. Results: The MIC of CA against P. gingivalis was 31.3 μg/mL, the MBC was 62.5 μg/mL, with no cytotoxicity. The diversity of the oral microbiome decreased in the positive control group, while those of the VA (varnish) and VCA (varnish added with CA) groups increased as much as in the negative control group, although the alveolar bone loss was not induced in the mouse model. Conclusions: CA showed antibacterial effects in vitro, and the VA and VCA groups exhibited increased diversity in the oral microbiome, suggesting that CA has potential for improving periodontal disease.

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R/G Value—A Numeric Index of Individual Periodontal Health and Oral Microbiome Dynamics

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.602643 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Lucie Najmanova ◽

Lenka Sabova ◽

Magdalena Lenartova ◽

Tatjana Janatova ◽

Jaroslav Mysak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Taxonomic Composition ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Continuous Series ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Diagnostic Potential ◽

G Value

The dysbiosis of oral microbiome (OM) precedes the clinical signs of periodontal disease. Its simple measure thus could indicate individuals at risk of periodontitis development; however, such a tool is still missing. Up to now, numerous microbial taxa were associated with periodontal health or periodontitis. The outputs of most studies could, nevertheless, be slightly biased from following two reasons: First, the healthy group is often characterized only by the absence of the disease, but the individuals could already suffer from dysbiosis without any visible signs. Second, the healthy/diseased OM characteristics are frequently determined based on average data obtained for whole groups of periodontally healthy persons versus patients. Especially in smaller sets of tested individuals the typical individual variability can thus complicate the unambiguous assignment of oral taxa to respective state of health. In this work the taxonomic composition of OM was evaluated for 20 periodontally healthy individuals and 15 patients with chronic periodontitis. The narrowed selection set of the most diseased patients (confirmed by clinical parameters) and the most distant group of healthy individuals with the lowest probability of dysbiosis was determined by clustering analysis and used for identification of marker taxa. Based on their representation in each individual oral cavity we proposed the numeric index of periodontal health called R/G value. Its diagnostic potential was further confirmed using independent set of 20 periodontally healthy individuals and 20 patients with periodontitis with 95 percent of samples assigned correctly. We also assessed the individual temporal OM dynamics in periodontal health and we compared it to periodontitis. We revealed that the taxonomic composition of the system changes dynamically but generally it ranges within values typical for periodontal health or transient state, but far from values typical for periodontitis. R/G value tool, formulated from individually evaluated data, allowed us to arrange individual OMs into a continuous series, instead of two distinct groups, thus mimicking the gradual transformation of a virtual person from periodontal health to disease. The application of R/G value index thus represents a very promising diagnostic tool for early prediction of persons at risk of developing periodontal disease.

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Old age and other factors associated with salivary microbiome variation

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-021-01828-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joel L. Schwartz ◽

Natalia Peña ◽

Nadia Kawar ◽

Andrew Zhang ◽

Nicholas Callahan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Old Age ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Tooth Surfaces ◽

Multifactor Analysis ◽

And Gender ◽

Oral Conditions ◽

Tobacco Usage

Abstract Background Many factors can contribute to the exact makeup of the salivary microbiome. Differences in the oral microbiome occur with old age, which may be due to oral conditions and diseases associated with old age, such as edentulism, as well as other unknown causes. Methods The salivary microbiome was sampled in patients from a large urban clinic. For all subjects age, gender, periodontal status, caries status, presence of edentulism, medications, and tobacco usage were recorded. Multifactor analysis was used to study variation in salivary microbiome profiles linked to these factors. Results In the population sampled, there were significantly higher numbers of edentulous subjects, and increased levels of polypharmacy found with aging. Large differences in alpha diversity and beta diversity of the salivary microbiome in the old age group were largely linked to edentulism. However, multivariable analysis revealed, even after adjusting for differences in edentulism, polypharmacy, tobacco usage, periodontal disease, caries level, and gender, that old age itself was associated with lower levels of taxa Porphyromonas endodontalis, Alloprevotella tannerae, Filifactor alocis, Treponema, Lautropia Mirabilis and Pseudopropionibacterium sp._HMT_194. Surprisingly, of these taxa, most were ones known to reside on or near tooth surfaces. Conclusions Another factor or factors beyond edentulism, polypharmacy and periodontal disease play a role in the differences seen in oral microbiome with old age. The nature of this factor(s) is not known.

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Interplay Among the Oral Microbiome, Oral Cavity Conditions, the Host Immune Response, Diabetes Mellitus, and Its Associated-Risk Factors—An Overview

Frontiers in Oral Health ◽

10.3389/froh.2021.697428 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Thais de Cássia Negrini ◽

Iracilda Zeppone Carlos ◽

Cristiane Duque ◽

Karina Sampaio Caiaffa ◽

Rodrigo Alex Arthur

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Immune Response ◽

Oral Health ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Host Immune Response ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Associated Risk Factors

This comprehensive review of the literature aimed to investigate the interplay between the oral microbiome, oral cavity conditions, and host immune response in Diabetes mellitus (DM). Moreover, this review also aimed to investigate how DM related risk factors, such as advanced age, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), act in promoting or modifying specific mechanisms that could potentially perpetuate both altered systemic and oral conditions. We found that poorly controlled glycemic index may exert a negative effect on the immune system of affected individuals, leading to a deficient immune response or to an exacerbation of the inflammatory response exacerbating DM-related complications. Hyperglycemia induces alterations in the oral microbiome since poor glycemic control is associated with increased levels and frequencies of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival biofilm of individuals with DM. A bidirectional relationship between periodontal diseases and DM has been suggested: DM patients may have an exaggerated inflammatory response, poor repair and bone resorption that aggravates periodontal disease whereas the increased levels of systemic pro-inflammatory mediators found in individuals affected with periodontal disease exacerbates insulin resistance. SARS-CoV-2 infection may represent an aggravating factor for individuals with DM. Individuals with DM tend to have low salivary flow and a high prevalence of xerostomia, but the association between prevalence/experience of dental caries and DM is still unclear. DM has also been associated to the development of lesions in the oral mucosa, especially potentially malignant ones and those associated with fungal infections. Obesity plays an important role in the induction and progression of DM. Co-affected obese and DM individuals tend to present worse oral health conditions. A decrease in HDL and, an increase in triglycerides bloodstream levels seem to be associated with an increase on the load of periodontopathogens on oral cavity. Moreover, DM may increase the likelihood of halitosis. Prevalence of impaired taste perception and impaired smell recognition tend to be greater in DM patients. An important interplay among oral cavity microbiome, DM, obesity and hypertension has been proposed as the reduction of nitrate into nitrite, in addition to contribute to lowering of blood pressure, reduces oxidative stress and increases insulin secretion, being these effects desirable for the control of obesity and DM. Women with PCOS tend to present a distinct oral microbial composition and an elevated systemic response to selective members of this microbial community, but the association between oral microbiome, PCOS are DM is still unknown. The results of the studies presented in this review suggest the interplay among the oral microbiome, oral cavity conditions, host immune response and DM and some of the DM associated risk factors exist. DM individuals need to be encouraged and motivated for an adequate oral health care. In addition, these results show the importance of adopting multidisciplinary management of DM and of strengthening physicians-dentists relationship focusing on both systemic and on oral cavity conditions of DM patients.

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