Changes in total body and limb composition and muscle strength after a 6–8weeks sojourn at extreme altitude (5000–8000m)

Background: Muscle weakness is a risk factor for mortality in haemodialysis (HD) patients; we wished to determine whether measuring the composition of the arm with bioimpedance was associated with arm muscle strength. Methods: We measured pinch strength (PS) and hand grip strength (HGS) in 250 adult HD patients with corresponding post-dialysis multifrequency bioelectrical assessments with segmental body analysis. Results: Mean age 64.0 ± 15.6, 66% male and 45.6% diabetic. The maximum HGS in the dominant or non-fistula arm was 18.9 ± 9.2 kg and PS 4.09 ± 1.96 kg respectively, with a correlation of r = 0.80, p < 0.001. HGS was associated with body cell mass (β 0.37, p < 0.001) and PS with appendicular muscle mass (β 0.06, p < 0.001). Both HGS and PS were independently associated with the ratio of extracellular water (ECW) to total body water (TBW); β -139.5, p = 0.024, β -44.8, p < 0.001 in the arm. The presence of an arterio-venous fistula increased the ECW/TBW ratio in the arm from 0.383 ± 0.009 to 0.390 ± 0.012, p < 0.05. Conclusion: Muscle strength measured by HGS and PS was associated with both markers of whole body and segmental body composition within the arm, particularly ECW/TBW. Bioimpedance measurements and assessment of muscle strength should be measured in the non-fistula arm.

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Effects of an Alleged Myostatin-Binding Supplement and Heavy Resistance Training on Serum Myostatin, Muscle Strength and Mass, and Body Composition

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.14.4.461 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 461-472 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Darryn S. Willoughby

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Double Blind ◽

Total Body Mass ◽

Before And After ◽

Heavy Resistance Training ◽

Total Body

This study examined 12 wk of resistance training and cystoseim canariensis supplementation on serum levels of myostatin and follistatin-like related gene (FLRG) and muscle strength and body composition. Twenty-two untrained males were randomly assigned to a placebo (PLC) or myostatin binder (MYO) group in a double-blind fashion. Blood was obtained before and after 6 and 12 wk of training. PLC and MYO trained thrice weekly using 3 sets of 6 to 8 repetitions at 85% to 90% 1 repetition maximum. MYO ingested 1200 mg/d of cystoseim canariensis. Data were analyzed with 2-way ANOVA. After training, total body mass, fat-free mass, muscle strength, thigh volume/mass, and serum myostatin and FLRG increased for both groups (P < 0.05); however, there were no differences between groups (P > 0.05). Twelve wk of heavy resistance training and 1200 mg/d of cystoseim canariensis supplementation appears ineffective at inhibiting serum myostatin and increasing muscle strength and mass or decreasing fat mass.

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ACTN3 genotype is associated with muscle phenotypes in women across the adult age span

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.90856.2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 105 (5) ◽

pp. 1486-1491 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

Sean Walsh ◽

Dongmei Liu ◽

E. Jeffrey Metter ◽

Luigi Ferrucci ◽

Stephen M. Roth

Keyword(s):

Muscle Strength ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Isokinetic Dynamometry ◽

Adult Age ◽

Encoding Gene ◽

Total Body ◽

Torque Values ◽

Adult Volunteers

The R577X polymorphism in the α-actinin-3 encoding gene ( ACTN3) has been associated with elite athletic performance, and recently with differences in isometric and dynamic muscle strength and power in the general population. In this study we sought to determine the association of ACTN3 R577X genotype with muscle strength and mass phenotypes in men and women across the adult age span. Eight hundred forty-eight ( n = 848) adult volunteers (454 men and 394 women) aged 22–90 yr were genotyped for ACTN3 R577X. Knee extensor (KE) shortening and lengthening peak torque values were determined using isokinetic dynamometry and fat-free mass (FFM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Women deficient in α-actinin-3 (X/X; n = 53) displayed lower KE shortening peak torque (30°/s: 89.5 ± 3.5 vs. 99.3 ± 1.4 N·m, P = 0.011; 180°/s: 60.3 ± 2.6 vs. 67.0 ± 1.0 N·m, P = 0.019) and KE lengthening peak torque (30°/s: 122.8 ± 5.7 vs. 137.0 ± 2.2 N·m, P = 0.022; 180°/s: 121.8 ± 5.8 vs. 138.5 ± 2.2 N·m, P = 0.008) compared with R/X + R/R women ( n = 341). Women X/X homozygotes also displayed lower levels of both total body FFM (38.9 ± 0.5 vs. 40.1 ± 0.2 kg, P = 0.040) and lower limb FFM (11.9 ± 0.2 vs. 12.5 ± 0.1 kg, P = 0.044) compared with R/X + R/R women. No genotype-related differences were observed in men. In conclusion, our results indicate that the absence of α-actinin-3 protein (i.e., ACTN3 X/X genotype) influences KE peak torque and FFM in women but not men.

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Pre- versus post-exercise protein intake has similar effects on muscular adaptations

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.2825 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. e2825 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Brad Jon Schoenfeld ◽

Alan Aragon ◽

Colin Wilborn ◽

Stacie L. Urbina ◽

Sara E. Hayward ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Equal Dose ◽

Baseline Testing ◽

University Population ◽

Total Body ◽

Anabolic Window ◽

Composition Changes

The purpose of this study was to test the anabolic window theory by investigating muscle strength, hypertrophy, and body composition changes in response to an equal dose of protein consumed either immediately pre- versus post-resistance training (RT) in trained men. Subjects were 21 resistance-trained men (>1 year RT experience) recruited from a university population. After baseline testing, participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 experimental groups: a group that consumed a supplement containing 25 g protein and 1 g carbohydrate immediately prior to exercise (PRE-SUPP) (n = 9) or a group that consumed the same supplement immediately post-exercise (POST-SUPP) (n = 12). The RT protocol consisted of three weekly sessions performed on non-consecutive days for 10 weeks. A total-body routine was employed with three sets of 8–12 repetitions for each exercise. Results showed that pre- and post-workout protein consumption had similar effects on all measures studied (p > 0.05). These findings refute the contention of a narrow post-exercise anabolic window to maximize the muscular response and instead lends support to the theory that the interval for protein intake may be as wide as several hours or perhaps more after a training bout depending on when the pre-workout meal was consumed.

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Comparison of methods to identify individuals with obesity at increased risk of functional impairment among a population of home-dwelling older adults

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114521004128 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Anne Lene Nordengen ◽

Linn Kristin Lie Øyri ◽

Stine Marie Ulven ◽

Truls Raastad ◽

Kirsten Bjørklund Holven ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Functional Impairment ◽

Muscle Quality ◽

Obese Women ◽

Total Body Mass ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Total Body

Abstract Obesity is associated with increased muscle mass and muscle strength. Methods taking into account the total body mass to reveal obese older individuals at increased risk of functional impairment are needed. Therefore, we aimed to detect methods to identify obese older adults at increased risk of functional impairment. Home-dwelling older adults (n 417, ≥ 70 years of age) were included in this cross-sectional study. Sex-specific cut-off points for two obesity phenotypes (waist circumference (WC) and body fat mass (FM %)) were used to divide women and men into obese and non-obese groups, and within-sex comparisons were performed. Obese women and men, classified by both phenotypes, had similar absolute handgrip strength (HGS) but lower relative HGS (HGS/total body mass) (P < 0·001) than non-obese women and men, respectively. Women with increased WC and FM %, and men with increased WC had higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass (P < 0·001), lower muscle quality (HGS/upper appendicular muscle mass) (P < 0·001), and spent longer time on the stair climb test and the repeated sit-to-stand test (P < 0·05) than non-obese women and men, respectively. Absolute muscle strength was not able to discriminate between obese and non-obese older adults. However, relative muscle strength in particular, but also muscle quality and physical performance tests, where the total body mass was taken into account or served as an extra load, identified obese older adults at increased risk of functional impairment. Prospective studies are needed to determine clinically relevant cut-off points for relative HGS in particular.

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CORRELATIONS BETWEEN ISOMETRIC QUADRICEPS MUSCLE STRENGTH AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY

Journal of Musculoskeletal Research ◽

10.1142/s0218957799000300 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 03 (04) ◽

pp. 275-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eva Ribom ◽

Helena Olofsson ◽

Karin Piehl-Aulin ◽

Hans Mallmin ◽

Sverker Ljunghall

Keyword(s):

Lumbar Spine ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Quadriceps Muscle ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Quadriceps Muscle Strength ◽

Significant Relationships ◽

Total Body ◽

The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between isometric quadriceps muscle strength and measurements of bone density (BMD), mass (BMC) and ultrasound properties. A total of 113 individuals were included, 53 men and 60 women aged 22-85 years. Isometric quadriceps muscle strength correlated significantly to BMD of the total body for both men (r=0.63, p=0.02) and women r=0.77, p=0.04) after adjustments for age, weight and height. In women, there was also an association between isometric quadriceps muscle strength and BMD of the lumbar spine (r=0.67, p=0.04). These correlations were evident in premenopausal women for BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total body whereas no significant relationships were seen in postmenopausal women or any age group of men. For isometric quadriceps muscle strength and the ultrasound measurements of the heel, a positive correlation was seen in men and women aged 41-60 years. The findings point to a role of endogenous sex steroids, primarily estrogens, in the correlation between BMD and isometric quadriceps muscle strength.

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Relationship of skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength and bone mineral density in adults with cystic fibrosis

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0990309 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 99 (4) ◽

pp. 309-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Sarah L. ELKIN ◽

Lauren WILLIAMS ◽

Margaret MOORE ◽

Margaret E. HODSON ◽

Olga M. RUTHERFORD

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Peripheral Muscle ◽

Leg Muscle ◽

Total Body

Few studies have investigated peripheral muscle strength and quality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The present study tested the isometric and isokinetic strength of the quadriceps and hamstrings using an isokinetic dynamometer and a strength-testing chair in 25 CF adults and 25 controls. Total body and leg muscle mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and bone mineral density (BMD) was also measured. Both muscle strength and muscle mass (total body and leg) were decreased in the CF group. In both groups there was a highly significant relationship between quadriceps strength and leg muscle mass (CF, r = 0.7, P = 0.0002; controls, r = 0.6, P = 0.0013). When strength was normalized for muscle size, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Total body and leg BMD were significantly reduced in CF subjects compared with controls. However, when corrected for height, the differences disappeared. There was a significant relationship found between leg muscle mass and leg BMD. We conclude that CF adults are significantly weaker than controls. This is due to lower muscle mass, and not to a reduced force-generating capacity of the muscle, implying that there is no decrease in the quality of CF muscle. BMD is also reduced in CF subjects, and this appears to be related to shorter stature in this group.

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A Calorie-Restricted DASH Diet Reduces Body Fat and Maintains Muscle Strength in Obese Older Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010102 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 102

Author(s):

Cydne A. Perry ◽

Gary P. Van Guilder ◽

Alyssa Kauffman ◽

Mosharraf Hossain

Keyword(s):

Muscle Strength ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Total Body Weight ◽

Body Fat Percentage ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Dash Diet ◽

Total Body

This study examined the effect of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet containing lean red meat on measures of body composition and muscle strength in a cohort of obese adults 65 and older; 36 males (n = 15) and females (n = 21) consumed 1800 kcal/day for 12 weeks under controlled feeding conditions. The study diet included daily intakes of 126 g of meat. Measures of body composition and muscle strength were obtained at weeks 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner were provided every day for 12 weeks, and equal portions of meat were distributed at each meal. Significant effects of the study diet were detected across time for total body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat percentage, absolute fat mass (AFM), and blood pressure such that a decrease (p < 0.001) was observed over 12 weeks. Significant effects of the study diet were detected across time for sit/stand (p < 0.001) such that an increase was observed. From baseline to study end, total body weight decreased by 6.3% (p < 0.001), body fat percentage decreased by 2.5% (p < 0.001), and absolute fat mass (AFM) decreased by 4.4 kg (p < 0.001). By the study end, skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was positively correlated with handgrip strength (R2 = 0.75; p = 0.001) and resting energy expenditure (REE) (R2 = 0.29; p = 0.001). Handgrip strength, gait, balance, and resting energy expenditure (REE) were well maintained (p > 0.05) throughout the study. These findings suggest that the DASH diet has the potential to be a tool to preserve muscle strength while reducing fat mass in obese older adults.

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The Relation between Bone Mineral Density, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Lipoprotein (a), Body Composition, and Muscle Strength in Adolescent Males

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.84.9.5950 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 84 (9) ◽

pp. 3025-3029 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Kim Thorsen ◽

Peter Nordström ◽

Ronny Lorentzon ◽

Gösta H. Dahlén

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Peak Bone Mass ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Factor I ◽

Igf I ◽

Total Body

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease. A low peak bone mass is regarded a risk factor for osteoporosis. Heredity, physical activity, and nutrition are regarded important measures for the observed variance in peak bone mass. Lp(a) lipoprotein is a well-known risk factor for atherosclerosis. Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been found to be increased in males with early cardiovascular disease. In this study, we evaluated the association between bone mass, body constitution, muscle strength, Lp(a), and IGF-I in 47 Caucasian male adolescents (mean age, 16.9 yr). Bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry, muscle strength of thigh using an isokinetic dynamometer, IGF-I by RIA, and Lp(a) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IGF-I was only associated with Lp(a) (r = 0.38, P < 0.01). Lp(a) was related to total body (r= 0.40, P < 0.01), skull (r = 0.45, P < 0.01), and femoral neck BMD (r = 0.44, P < 0.01). Lp(a) was also related to fat mass (r = 0.34, P < 0.05) and muscle strength (r = 0.30–0.42, P < 0.05). After multiple regression and principal component (PC) analysis, the so-called PC body size (weight, fat mass, lean body mass, and muscle strength) was the most significant predictor of BMD (β = 0.28–0.51, P < 0.05–0.01), followed by the so-called PC physical activity (β = 0.28–0.38, P < 0.05–0.01, weight-bearing locations). However, the PC analysis confirmed that Lp(a) was an independent predictor of total body, skull, and femoral neck BMD (β = 0.33–0.36, P < 0.01). The present investigation confirms that BMD, body size, and muscle strength are closely related and that the level of physical activity is a major determinant of BMD. However, the positive relation of Lp(a), a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, to BMD has not previously been described. The importance of this observation has to be further investigated.

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