scholarly journals Towards a Theory for Unintended Consequences in Engineering Design

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3411-3420
Author(s):  
Hannah Walsh ◽  
Andy Dong ◽  
Irem Tumer
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Bifurcation Analysis ◽  
Real World ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
New Class ◽  
Failure State ◽  
Engineered Systems ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractConventional failure analysis ignores a growing challenge in the responsible implementation of novel technologies into engineered systems - unintended consequences, which impact the engineered system itself and other systems including social and environmental systems. In this paper, a theory for unintended consequences is developed. The paper proposes a new definition of unintended consequences as behaviors that are not intentionally designed-into an engineered system yet occur even when a system is operating nominally, that is, not in a failure state as conventionally understood. It is argued that the primary cause for this difference is the bounded rationality of human designers. The formation of unintended consequences is modeled with system dynamics, using a specific real-world example, and bifurcation analysis. The paper develops propositions to guide research in the development of new design methods that could mitigate or control the occurrence and impact of unintended consequences. The end goal of the research is to create a new class of failure analysis tools to manage unintended consequences responsibly to facilitate engineering design for a more sustainable future.

Resolution and measurement in the scanning electron microscope

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 534-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Postek
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Instrument Resolution ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Better Than

The term ultimate resolution or resolving power is the very best performance that can be obtained from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) given the optimum instrumental conditions and sample. However, as it relates to SEM users, the conventional definitions of this figure are ambiguous. The numbers quoted for the resolution of an instrument are not only theoretically derived, but are also verified through the direct measurement of images on micrographs. However, the samples commonly used for this purpose are specifically optimized for the measurement of instrument resolution and are most often not typical of the sample used in practical applications.SEM RESOLUTION. Some instruments resolve better than others either due to engineering design or other reasons. There is no definitively accurate definition of how to quantify instrument resolution and its measurement in the SEM.

Social Failure Modes in Technology and the Ethics of AI

2020 ◽  
pp. 441-461
Author(s):  
Jason Millar
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Physical Defects ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter argues that, just as technological artefacts can break as a result of mechanical, electrical, or other physical defects not fully accounted for in their design, they can also break as a result of social defects not fully accounted for in their design. These failures resulting from social defects can be called social failures. The chapter then proposes a definition of social failure as well as a taxonomy of social failure modes—the underlying causes that lead to social failures. An explicit and detailed understanding of social failure modes, if properly applied in engineering design practice, could result in a fuller evaluation of the social and ethical implications of technology, either during the upstream design and engineering phases of a product, or after its release. Ideally, studying social failure modes will improve people’s ability to anticipate and reduce the rate or severity of undesirable social failures prior to releasing technology into the wild.

Personalised attraction recommendation for enhancing topic diversity and accuracy

2021 ◽  
pp. 016555152199980
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Lin ◽  
Chao Huang ◽  
Wei Yao ◽  
Yifei Shao
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Misclassification Cost ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Low Visibility ◽  
Recommendation Diversity ◽  
Optimisation Model ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Improved Methods

Attraction recommendation plays an important role in tourism, such as solving information overload problems and recommending proper attractions to users. Currently, most recommendation methods are dedicated to improving the accuracy of recommendations. However, recommendation methods only focusing on accuracy tend to recommend popular items that are often purchased by users, which results in a lack of diversity and low visibility of non-popular items. Hence, many studies have suggested the importance of recommendation diversity and proposed improved methods, but there is room for improvement. First, the definition of diversity for different items requires consideration for domain characteristics. Second, the existing algorithms for improving diversity sacrifice the accuracy of recommendations. Therefore, the article utilises the topic ‘features of attractions’ to define the calculation method of recommendation diversity. We developed a two-stage optimisation model to enhance recommendation diversity while maintaining the accuracy of recommendations. In the first stage, an optimisation model considering topic diversity is proposed to increase recommendation diversity and generate candidate attractions. In the second stage, we propose a minimisation misclassification cost optimisation model to balance recommendation diversity and accuracy. To assess the performance of the proposed method, experiments are conducted with real-world travel data. The results indicate that the proposed two-stage optimisation model can significantly improve the diversity and accuracy of recommendations.

scholarly journals Betweenness centrality for temporal multiplexes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Zaoli ◽  
Piero Mazzarisi ◽  
Fabrizio Lillo
Keyword(s):  
Information Flow ◽  
Real World ◽  
Betweenness Centrality ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Shortest Paths ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Distance Metric ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractBetweenness centrality quantifies the importance of a vertex for the information flow in a network. The standard betweenness centrality applies to static single-layer networks, but many real world networks are both dynamic and made of several layers. We propose a definition of betweenness centrality for temporal multiplexes. This definition accounts for the topological and temporal structure and for the duration of paths in the determination of the shortest paths. We propose an algorithm to compute the new metric using a mapping to a static graph. We apply the metric to a dataset of $$\sim 20$$ ∼ 20 k European flights and compare the results with those obtained with static or single-layer metrics. The differences in the airports rankings highlight the importance of considering the temporal multiplex structure and an appropriate distance metric.

INTERPRETATION IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES EDUCATION: PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Vera B. Tsarcova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Real World ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Foreign Language Education ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Personal Meanings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Educational Potential

The article is devoted to one of the problems of foreign language education – the definition of the role of interpretation in preparing students of special (language) directions to participate in the dialogue of cultures. Interpretation is considered as a phenomenon and as a way of comprehending reality, which allows the subjects of the dialogue of cultures to reach mutual understanding. The main characteristic of interpretation, which is necessary for the purposes of foreign language education, is its psychological character. It is determined by the psychology of the author, the psychology of the work, as well as the psychology of the reader-interpreter. It is proved that the interpretation of a work of art, which has universal, historical and personal plans, has huge epistemological and axiological possibilities. They activate the entire educational potential of interperetation (educational, developmental, cognitive, and educational). Russian Russian poet A. A. Fet (1820–1892) uses the poem “Wir saßen am Fischerhaus” by the famous German poet and publicist Heinrich Hein (1797–1856) and the translation of this poem into Russian to illustrate the interpretation technology. The poem is considered as a space of personal meanings of the author. They are the ones that are subject to interpretation and bring the reader-interpreter back from the poet's world to the modern real world. And the real world is full of unexpected cultural facts, closely related to the content of the work of G. Heine, with distant Lapland and the life of modern lapps. Thus, interpretation is presented as an educational strategy. Together with the strategies of contextualization, philologization and argumentation, it ensures the achievement of the main goal of foreign language education – the creation of an individual who can act as a genuine subject of the dialogue of cultures. The article also emphasizes the importance of the teacher as the organizer of the educational process and the subject of the dialogue of cultures.

SOCIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF RITUAL: SOME REFLECTIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Zh.K. Madalieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Real World ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Traditional Society ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Human Community ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

The article discusses in detail the essence and meaning of ritual as a social action. The study of the nature of this phenomenon involves, first of all, the study of various approaches to the definition of the concept of "ritual" and related phenomena. Analyzing the existing definitions, the author comes to the conclusion that "ritual" is a certain set of actions that have symbolic meaning. The symbolism of the ritual is manifested in its connecting role with the world of the sacred, sacred. The article emphasizes that in the consciousness of a person in a traditional society, the sacred world is present in the real world through ritual. As an archaic form of culture, ritual was also a way of regulating and maintaining collective life. The ritual served as a means of integrating and maintaining the integrity of the human community, giving it stability. Therefore, the article focuses on the social functions of the ritual in both public and individual life.

scholarly journals Some Inequalities for LR-$$\left({h}_{1}, {h}_{2}\right)$$-Convex Interval-Valued Functions by Means of Pseudo Order Relation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bilal Khan ◽  
Muhammad Aslam Noor ◽  
Khalida Inayat Noor ◽  
Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar ◽  
Khadiga Ahmed Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Applied Mathematics ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Order Relation ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
New Class ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Interval Valued Function ◽  
Fejér Inequality ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Interval Valued

AbstractIn both theoretical and applied mathematics fields, integral inequalities play a critical role. Due to the behavior of the definition of convexity, both concepts convexity and integral inequality depend on each other. Therefore, the relationship between convexity and symmetry is strong. Whichever one we work on, we introduced the new class of generalized convex function is known as LR-$$\left({h}_{1}, {h}_{2}\right)$$ h 1 , h 2 -convex interval-valued function (LR-$$\left({h}_{1}, {h}_{2}\right)$$ h 1 , h 2 -IVF) by means of pseudo order relation. Then, we established its strong relationship between Hermite–Hadamard inequality (HH-inequality)) and their variant forms. Besides, we derive the Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér inequality (HH–Fejér inequality)) for LR-$$\left({h}_{1}, {h}_{2}\right)$$ h 1 , h 2 -convex interval-valued functions. Several exceptional cases are also obtained which can be viewed as its applications of this new concept of convexity. Useful examples are given that verify the validity of the theory established in this research. This paper’s concepts and techniques may be the starting point for further research in this field.

scholarly journals UKRAINIAN REALIA OF THE XIX CENTURY AND ITS TRANSLATION (BASED ON THE POEM “KATERINA” BY TARAS SHEVCHENKO)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
E.I. Panchenko
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Real World ◽  
Species Replacement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
General Meaning ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Entire Array

The article is written in line with current research, since the problem of studying Ukrainian realities is of unquestionable interest for several reasons. First, understanding the realities will promote bettermutual understanding of different peoples; and secondly, the definition of optimal means of translating the realities is a definite contribution to the general theory of translation. Different types of real-world classifications are proposed, the difficulties associated with the adequate transfer into the translated text of an entire array of cultural information encoded in the realities contained in the origina text are investigated. Basing on the analysis of numerous translations of literary works, Ukrainian researchers (R. Zorivchak, V. Koptilov, O. Kundzich, O. Cherednichenko, etc.) show ways to overcome linguistic obstacles caused by cultural differences. But, as far as we know, the problem of the translation of Ukrainian realities in the works of T. Shevchenko is not yet exhaustively highlighted. The purpose of this article is to analyze the peculiarities of the use of realities in the work of Taras Shevchenko "Katerina" and their translation into English. We have given an ideographic classification of lexical units - Ukrainian realities in fiction and analyzed such means of their translation as calque, renomination, transcription with explanation, the introduction of neologism, the principle of generic-species replacement, which allows  conveying (approximately) the content of the realities by a broader, general meaning, that is, the reception of generalization. The results of our analysis allow us to make an ideographic classification of Ukrainian realities that are used in fiction, as well as to summarize the prevalence of their means of translation. Prospects for further research are seen in the analysis of certain translation failures in the translation of realities and to offer the best options for their translation.

Generating Pseudo-Data to Enhance the Performance of Classification-Based Engineering Design: A Preliminary Investigation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianping Du ◽  
Onur Bilgen ◽  
Hongyi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Real World ◽  
Surrogate Model ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Machine Learning Model

Abstract Machine learning for classification has been used widely in engineering design, for example, feasible domain recognition and hidden pattern discovery. Training an accurate machine learning model requires a large dataset; however, high computational or experimental costs are major issues in obtaining a large dataset for real-world problems. One possible solution is to generate a large pseudo dataset with surrogate models, which is established with a smaller set of real training data. However, it is not well understood whether the pseudo dataset can benefit the classification model by providing more information or deteriorates the machine learning performance due to the prediction errors and uncertainties introduced by the surrogate model. This paper presents a preliminary investigation towards this research question. A classification-and-regressiontree model is employed to recognize the design subspaces to support design decision-making. It is implemented on the geometric design of a vehicle energy-absorbing structure based on finite element simulations. Based on a small set of real-world data obtained by simulations, a surrogate model based on Gaussian process regression is employed to generate pseudo datasets for training. The results showed that the tree-based method could help recognize feasible design domains efficiently. Furthermore, the additional information provided by the surrogate model enhances the accuracy of classification. One important conclusion is that the accuracy of the surrogate model determines the quality of the pseudo dataset and hence, the improvements in the machine learning model.

Extending Proximity Measures to Attributed Networks for Community Detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-455
Author(s):  
Rinat Aynulin ◽  
◽  
Pavel Chebotarev ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Community Detection ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Real World ◽  
Adjacency Matrix ◽  
Attribute Information ◽  
Node Attributes ◽  
Proximity Measures ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Attributed Networks

Proximity measures on graphs are extensively used for solving various problems in network analysis, including community detection. Previous studies have considered proximity measures mainly for networks without attributes. However, attribute information, node attributes in particular, allows a more in-depth exploration of the network structure. This paper extends the definition of a number of proximity measures to the case of attributed networks. To take node attributes into account, attribute similarity is embedded into the adjacency matrix. Obtained attribute-aware proximity measures are numerically studied in the context of community detection in real-world networks.

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