scholarly journals Branched-chain fatty acid content of foods and estimated intake in the USA

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinat Rivka Ran-Ressler ◽  
SangEun Bae ◽  
Peter Lawrence ◽  
Dong Hao Wang ◽  
J. Thomas Brenna
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Branched Chain

Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) are bioactive food components that constitute about 2 % of fatty acids in cows' milk fat. There are few systematic data available on the BCFA content of other foods to estimate dietary intakes. In the present study, we report BCFA distribution and content of fresh and processed foods representing the major foods in the American diet and estimate BCFA intake. BCFA are primarily components of dairy and ruminant food products, and are absent from chicken, pork and salmon. The mean BCFA intake of 500 mg/d was delivered primarily from dairy and beef food products; by comparison, average intake of the widely studied long-chain PUFA EPA and DHA has been estimated to be 100 mg/d. Common adjustments in the diet could double the daily intake of BCFA. The fermented foods sauerkraut and miso had appreciable fractions of BCFA, but, overall, they are low-fat foods providing very small amounts of BCFA in the diet, and other fermented foods did not contain BCFA as might have been expected from the influence of microbial exposure. These data support the quantitative importance of BCFA delivered primarily from dairy and beef food products and highlight the need for research into their effects on health.

scholarly journals Optimization Model of Phenolics Encapsulation Conditions for Biofortification in Fatty Acids of Animal Food Products

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 881
Author(s):  
Roberta Tolve ◽  
Fernanda Galgano ◽  
Nicola Condelli ◽  
Nazarena Cela ◽  
Luigi Lucini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Wide Range

The nutritional quality of animal products is strongly related to their fatty acid content and composition. Nowadays, attention is paid to the possibility of producing healthier foods of animal origin by intervening in animal feed. In this field, the use of condensed tannins as dietary supplements in animal nutrition is becoming popular due to their wide range of biological effects related, among others, to their ability to modulate the rumen biohydrogenation and biofortify, through the improvement of the fatty acids profile, the derivate food products. Unfortunately, tannins are characterized by strong astringency and low bioavailability. These disadvantages could be overcome through the microencapsulation in protective matrices. With this in mind, the optimal conditions for microencapsulation of a polyphenolic extract rich in condensed tannins by spray drying using a blend of maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA) as shell material were investigated. For this purpose, after the extract characterization, through spectrophotometer assays and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-QTOF) mass spectrometry, a central composite design (CCD) was employed to investigate the combined effects of core:shell and MD:GA ratio on the microencapsulation process. The results obtained were used to develop second-order polynomial regression models on different responses, namely encapsulation yield, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and tannin content. The formulation characterized by a core:shell ratio of 1.5:5 and MD:GA ratio of 4:6 was selected as the optimized one with a loading capacity of 17.67%, encapsulation efficiency of 76.58%, encapsulation yield of 35.69%, and tannin concentration of 14.46 g/100 g. Moreover, in vitro release under varying pH of the optimized formulation was carried out with results that could improve the use of microencapsulated condensed tannins in animal nutrition for the biofortification of derivates.

Effect of dietary fish oil on biohydrogenation of fatty acids and milk fatty acid content in cows

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Shingfield ◽  
S. Ahvenjärvi ◽  
V. Toivonen ◽  
A. Ärölä ◽  
K. V. V. Nurmela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Dietary Fish ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Second Period

AbstractMechanisms underlying milk fat conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) responses to supplements of fish oil were investigated using five lactating cows each fitted with a rumen cannula in a simple experiment consisting of two consecutive 14-day experimental periods. During the first period cows were offered 18 kg dry matter (DM) per day of a basal (B) diet formulated from grass silage and a cereal based-concentrate (0·6 : 0·4; forage : concentrate ratio, on a DM basis) followed by the same diet supplemented with 250 g fish oil per day (FO) in the second period. The flow of non-esterified fatty acids leaving the rumen was measured using the omasal sampling technique in combination with a triple indigestible marker method based on Li-Co-EDTA, Yb-acetate and Cr-mordanted straw. Fish oil decreased DM intake and milk yield, but had no effect on milk constituent content. Milk fat trans-11 C18:1, total trans-C18 : 1, cis-9 trans-11 CLA, total CLA, C18 : 2(n-6) and total C18 : 2content were increased in response to fish oil from 1·80, 4·51, 0·39, 0·56, 0·90 and 1·41 to 9·39, 14·39, 1·66, 1·85, 1·25 and 4·00 g/100 g total fatty acids, respectively. Increases in the cis-9, trans-11 isomer accounted for proportionately 0·89 of the CLA response to fish oil. Furthermore, fish oil decreased the flow of C18 : 0(283 and 47 g/day for B and FO, respectively) and increased that of trans-C18 : 1fatty acids entering the omasal canal (38 and 182 g/day). Omasal flows of trans-C18 : 1acids with double bonds in positions from delta-4 to -15 inclusive were enhanced, but the effects were isomer dependent and primarily associated with an increase in trans-11 C18 : 1 leaving the rumen (17·1 and 121·1 g/day for B and FO, respectively). Fish oil had no effect on total (4·36 and 3·50 g/day) or cis-9, trans-11 CLA (2·86 and 2·08 g/day) entering the omasal canal. Flows of cis-9, trans-11 CLA were lower than the secretion of this isomer in milk. Comparison with the transfer of the trans-9, trans-11 isomer synthesized in the rumen suggested that proportionately 0·66 and 0·97 of cis-9, trans-11 CLA was derived from endogenous conversion of trans-11 C18 : 1in the mammary gland for B and FO, respectively. It is concluded that fish oil enhances milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA content in response to increased supply of trans-11 C18:1that arises from an inhibition of trans-C18 : 1reduction in the rumen.

scholarly journals Alterations in the Fatty Acid Composition in Infant Formulas and ω3-PUFA Enriched UHT Milk during Storage

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Miguel Rodríguez-Alcalá ◽  
María V. Calvo ◽  
Javier Fontecha ◽  
Leocadio Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Uht Milk ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Infant Formulae ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are known to have several beneficial effects, such as preventing the occurrence of cardiovascular events in adults and improving the development of the central nervous system during fetal life and childhood. Dairy products enriched in PUFA are now available on the market and can help consumers to meet the ω3-PUFA daily intake recommendations. Although PUFA are prone to oxidation, little information exists regarding the alterations they undergo when products containing PUFA are stored. In this study, five infant formulae (IF) and five ω3-PUFA enriched Ultra High Temperature (UHT)-milk products were examined during storage at room temperature in terms of fatty acid (FA) composition and trans fatty acid (tFA) content until the end of shelf life by chromatography techniques. The IF included two follow-on formulae, two first-age formulae and a special medical purpose formula with different fat contents (from 2.6% to 27.7%). In the ω3-PUFA enriched UHT-milk products the milk fat was replaced by eicosapentanoic fatty acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) rich oils. The fatty acid content of all samples remained stable whereas some variations were observed for the tFA isomer content (p < 0.05) in the UHT-milk samples.

The use of oats in diets for dairy cows as a means of reducing the saturated fatty acid content of milk fat

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 74-74
Author(s):  
P.A. Martin ◽  
P.C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

It is well established that the proportion of saturated fatty acids in cows milk fat can be reduced by dietary inclusion of fats containing a large proportion of C18 fatty acids. Regardless of the individual C18 acids added to the diet, because unsaturated C18 fatty acids are biohydrogenated in the rumen it is principally the amount of 18:0 absorbed by the animal which is increased. This leads to increased mammary uptake and desaturation of 18:0 and to the secretion in milk of greater amounts of 18:0 and 18:1 fatty acids. Intramammary synthesis of 6:0-16:0 fatty acids is concurrently reduced. Of the cereals grown in the UK, oats contain relatively large amounts of C18 fatty acids. For this reason we have examined the potential of dietary inclusion of oats as a simple and inexpensive means of manipulating milk fat composition. In a previous experiment in which hay-based diets were given replacement of barley with oats reduced the saturated (6:0-18:0) fatty acids in milk fat from 753 to 619 g/kg and increased the monounsaturated fatty acids from 211 to 344 g/kg milk fat.

scholarly journals Dietary intakes of n-3 long-chain PUFA and trans-fatty acids in Irish adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (OCE3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Costa Leite ◽  
A. P. Hearty ◽  
A. P. Nugent ◽  
M. J. Gibney
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Trans Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
Long Chain

Milk yield and composition of milk and blood as indicators of energy intake by Jersey cows

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 657 ◽  
Author(s):  
TH Stobbs ◽  
DJ Brett
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Jersey Cows

Jersey cows were used in a change-over design to examine the effect of three levels of energy intake (lucerne hay at 100, 75 and 50% ad lib.) on milk yield, milk composition, fatty acid composition of milk fat, and blood metabolites (non-esterified fatty acids, glucose and total ketones) to determine which measurement was the most accurate indicator of intake of energy. Milk yields averaged 9.9, 8.7 and 7.2 kg/cow/day with relative intakes of 100, 75 and 50% of ad lib. When energy was restricted the proportion of C4–C16 fatty acids in milk fat decreased (72, 69 and 59%), while the proportion of oleic acid increased (15, 18 and 26%). These changes occurred within approximately 6 days on new energy levels. Fore milk and strippings had similar fatty acid proportions. Restriction of energy reduced the solids not fat, protein and casein contents of milk, and increased its butter fat percentage. Non-esterifred fatty acid levels in blood plasma increased with restriction of feed (348, 528 and 579 µ-equiv./l). Glucose and ketone bodies of blood averaged 58 mg/100 ml and 9.1 mg/100 mi respectively, and did not vary between treatments. It is concluded that milk production is the most sensitive indicator of the intake of digestible energy where change-over designs are used. However, when individual animal variation is not removed in the analysis, the intake of energy is most closely correlated with the fatty acid composition of milk fat (r = 0.73 and –0.74 for C4–C16 acids and oleic acid respectively). Significant correlations with the protein to fat and casein to fat ratios of milk were also measured (r = 0.64 and 0.63 respectively). There was a poor relationship between energy intake and blood composition (r = –0.25 for non-esterified fatty acid content).

Effect of feeding protected lipid to dairy cows in early lactation on the composition of blood lipoproteins and secretion of fatty acids in milk

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Storry ◽  
P. E. Brumby ◽  
B. Tuckley ◽  
V. A. Welch ◽  
D. Stead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Low Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Vldl Triglyceride

SummaryEffects of 0, 1·7, 3·3 or 5·0 kg/day of a protected soya bean – tallow supplement, incorporated into a hay:concentrate diet (25:75) and fed ad libitumto Friesian cows, on intake and digestion of fatty acids, on output of milk fatty acids and on blood lipoprotein composition were measured.Most of the increased intake of fatty acids, approximately 1 kg/day, was accounted for by increased intakes of C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1. At low intakes, amounts of all fatty acids apparently digested were linearly related to their respective intakes. At high intakes of C16 and C18 acids, curvilinear relationships were established.Yield of total milk fat was related positively to dietary intakes of total fatty acid and carbohydrate and negatively to live-weight change. Yields of short and intermediate chain acids in milk, synthesized within the mammary gland, were negatively correlated and yields of C18 fatty acids positively correlated with respective dietary intakes of these acids. Decreased proportions of C4–16 and increased proportions of C18:0 and C18:1 fatty acids in milk were associated with increased protected tallow in the diet. Yields of C16:1 and C18:1 were positively related to corresponding outputs of saturated acids and negatively to weeks of lactation. The proportion of C18:1 in milk was positively related to the corresponding proportion of C18:0.The increased intake of fatty acids resulted in increased concentrations of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL, d < 1·019 g/ml), low density lipoproteins (LDL1 + LDL2, 1·019 < d < 1·06 g/ml), high density lipoproteins (d > 1·060 g/ml) and serum free fatty acids. Most of the increase in low density lipoproteins was accounted for by a very large increase in LDL1, whose proportion increased from 17 to 75% (2 to 22% of total serum lipid). The proportion of triglyceride in the combined low density lipoprotein fraction decreased from 11 to 2% whilst phospholipids increased from 29 to 36%. These changes were attributed to the increased proportion of LDL1 present.The proportions of VLDL and LDL triglyceride taken up by the mammary gland averaged 0·79 and 0·34 respectively. The proportion of VLDL+LDL triglyceride taken up by the gland decreased with increased amounts of fatty acid digested. Yields of C18 fatty acids in milk tended to be positively related to apparent uptakes of VLDL triglyceride and to VLDL C18 fatty acids, but negatively related to apparent uptakes of LDL triglycerides and LDL C18 fatty acids. It is suggested that the increased LDL1 resulted from the utilization of VLDL triglyceride for milk fat formation.Protected lipid feeding increased the proportion of C14:0, C16:0 C16:1 and C18:1 and decreased the proportions of C14:1 and C18:0 fatty acids in jugular serum triglycerides. Similar changes were observed in jugular VLDL triglycerides. Differences in the compositions of VLDL and LDL triglycerides across the mammary gland were observed and attributed either to selective uptake or to interchange of fatty acids between triglycerides and free fatty acids.

Effect of substrate on fatty acid production in Nocardia asteroides

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Farshtchi ◽  
N. M. McClung
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Pattern ◽  
Cellular Fatty Acid ◽  
Nocardia Asteroides ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
The Media ◽  
Branched Chain

Cellular fatty acids of the six Nocardia asteroides strains grown on glucose, glucose and amino acids, glycerol, and Dubos oleic albumin complex were determined by gas–liquid chromatography. Cells grown on each medium contained saturated, unsaturated, and branched-chain fatty acids. The fatty acids consisted of normal saturated C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, and C18; monoenoic C16 and C18; branched-chain C14, C15, and 10-methyl C18. Composition of the media affected cellular fatty acid content of N. asteroides strains qualitatively and quantitatively. Five of the six strains closely resembled each other, but one strain appeared to be different. The fatty acid pattern of Nocardia may be a useful criterion in differentiation of this genus from the closely related Mycobacterium and Streptomyces, which have a different fatty acid composition.

Factors affecting the intake and digestion of roughage by sheep fed maize straw supplemented with maize grain

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope A. Henning ◽  
Yvonne Van Der Linden ◽  
Mary E. Mattheyse ◽  
Wilfried K. Nauhaus ◽  
Helen M. Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Total Daily Intake ◽  
Maize Straw ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Branched Chain

SummaryAfter a preliminary period in which they were all fed maize straw plus a proteinmineral supplement, 18 Merino wethers were divided into six groups and fed straw, proteins and minerals as before, plug pellets containing maize grain so that these constituted 0, 78, 156, 235, 313 and 393 g/kg of the total daily intake.The diets provided sufficient protein so that NH3and branched-chain volatile fatty acids were not limiting for growth of the fibre-digesting bacteria in the rumen.The intake of straw, the digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose, and the mass of cellulose and hemicellulose digested per day declined linearly as the proportion of pellets in the diet increased above 78 g/kg. This decline was not related to the pH of the ruminal contents which was unaffected by the feeding of up to and including 235g pellets/kg diet, and which, with one exception, was only 2–6 pH-hours below pH 6 when more grain was fed.As the proportion of pellets in the diet increased the number of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen declined to an extent which correlated well with the decrease in mass of cellulose digested per day. There was no change in the relative proportions of the predominant genera.There was no decrease in the number of xylanolytic bacteria in the rumen as more pellets were fed, but there was an indication of a change in the predominant genera producing diffusible xylanases.It is concluded that some factor, in addition to nutrient limitation and pH, may play a role in the decrease in intake and digestion of roughage when starch is fed. It is suggested that starch or sugars derived from it mayper seinhibit the synthesis and/or activity of the rumen cellulases and hemicellulases.

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