scholarly journals Optimization Model of Phenolics Encapsulation Conditions for Biofortification in Fatty Acids of Animal Food Products

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 881
Author(s):  
Roberta Tolve ◽  
Fernanda Galgano ◽  
Nicola Condelli ◽  
Nazarena Cela ◽  
Luigi Lucini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Wide Range

The nutritional quality of animal products is strongly related to their fatty acid content and composition. Nowadays, attention is paid to the possibility of producing healthier foods of animal origin by intervening in animal feed. In this field, the use of condensed tannins as dietary supplements in animal nutrition is becoming popular due to their wide range of biological effects related, among others, to their ability to modulate the rumen biohydrogenation and biofortify, through the improvement of the fatty acids profile, the derivate food products. Unfortunately, tannins are characterized by strong astringency and low bioavailability. These disadvantages could be overcome through the microencapsulation in protective matrices. With this in mind, the optimal conditions for microencapsulation of a polyphenolic extract rich in condensed tannins by spray drying using a blend of maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA) as shell material were investigated. For this purpose, after the extract characterization, through spectrophotometer assays and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-QTOF) mass spectrometry, a central composite design (CCD) was employed to investigate the combined effects of core:shell and MD:GA ratio on the microencapsulation process. The results obtained were used to develop second-order polynomial regression models on different responses, namely encapsulation yield, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and tannin content. The formulation characterized by a core:shell ratio of 1.5:5 and MD:GA ratio of 4:6 was selected as the optimized one with a loading capacity of 17.67%, encapsulation efficiency of 76.58%, encapsulation yield of 35.69%, and tannin concentration of 14.46 g/100 g. Moreover, in vitro release under varying pH of the optimized formulation was carried out with results that could improve the use of microencapsulated condensed tannins in animal nutrition for the biofortification of derivates.

scholarly journals Streamlined Methods for the Resolution and Quantification of Fatty Acids Including Trans Fatty Acid Isomers in Food Products by Gas Chromatography

2009 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 1301-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Alain Golay ◽  
Francesca Giuffrida ◽  
Fabiola Dionisi ◽  
Frédéric Destaillats
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Response Factors ◽  
Geometrical Isomers ◽  
Cost Constraints ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract To support labeling, claims, and authenticity of food products, industry needs reliable methods for the analysis of fatty acids, including Trans fatty acids (TFA). In finished products, precise quantification of TFA can be problematic due to the occurrence of various positional and geometrical isomers originating from different sources, such as animal fats or processed vegetable oils and fats. The risk of underestimating TFA amounts is particularly high when inappropriate GC conditions are used. Complex sample preparation procedures involving purification of TFA isomers by silver ion chromatography have been well-documented and used for research purposes. However, in the food industry, time and cost constraints do not permit multiple analytical steps; therefore, streamlined methods are necessary. Direct methods include preparation of fatty acid methyl esters directly from food samples without prior extraction. The appropriate resolution is obtained using high-resolution GC with a highly polar 100 m capillary column, and quantification is achieved using experimentally determined response. We found that it is possible to quantify TFA in the range of 0.01 to 5.00 g/100 g of lipids in a wide range of food products. In addition, the use of direct transmethylation, response factors, and high-resolution GC allow accurate quantification of other fatty acids, including polyunsaturated and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

scholarly journals Branched-chain fatty acid content of foods and estimated intake in the USA

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinat Rivka Ran-Ressler ◽  
SangEun Bae ◽  
Peter Lawrence ◽  
Dong Hao Wang ◽  
J. Thomas Brenna
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Branched Chain

Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) are bioactive food components that constitute about 2 % of fatty acids in cows' milk fat. There are few systematic data available on the BCFA content of other foods to estimate dietary intakes. In the present study, we report BCFA distribution and content of fresh and processed foods representing the major foods in the American diet and estimate BCFA intake. BCFA are primarily components of dairy and ruminant food products, and are absent from chicken, pork and salmon. The mean BCFA intake of 500 mg/d was delivered primarily from dairy and beef food products; by comparison, average intake of the widely studied long-chain PUFA EPA and DHA has been estimated to be 100 mg/d. Common adjustments in the diet could double the daily intake of BCFA. The fermented foods sauerkraut and miso had appreciable fractions of BCFA, but, overall, they are low-fat foods providing very small amounts of BCFA in the diet, and other fermented foods did not contain BCFA as might have been expected from the influence of microbial exposure. These data support the quantitative importance of BCFA delivered primarily from dairy and beef food products and highlight the need for research into their effects on health.

scholarly journals The use of algae in animal nutrition

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. CHRISTAKI (Ε. ΧΡΗΣΤΑΚΗ) ◽  
M. KARATZIA (Μ. ΚΑΡΑΤΖΙΑ) ◽  
P. FLOROU-PANERI (Π. ΦΛΩΡΟΥ-ΠΑΝΕΡΗ)
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Wide Range

In this review article the use of algae as feed in animal nutrition is being examined. The algae evolved on earth 3.5 billion years ago. They are primitive, generally aquatic and photosynthetic organisms, which range in size from 0,2-2,0 μιτι in diameter -microalgae (phytoplankton) up to 60 m length- macroalgae and may divide once or more per day. Algae are classified using a combination of characteristics in the chlorophyta, phaeophyta, chrysophyta, rhodophyta (all of them are macroalgae), pyrrhophyta and cyanophyta (they are microalgae). The chemical composition of algae varies over a wide range and depends on environmental conditions. Algae are necessary in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. They can be used as biodisel from their bio-lipid oil, as feed additives (alginates, carrageenans, agar, pigments), as therapeutic agents, as cosmetics, as organic fertilizer. Moreover, edible algae are considered sources of minerals and a complementary source of food protein for human -especially infunctional foods and animal nutrition, both in ruminants and monogastric animals. Algae in the rations of lactating cows increased milk production, the average milk protein, the amount of lactose, and prolonged the lactation period, while algae rich in (n-3) fatty acids effected positively on this fatty acid content of milk. In calves the dietary algae en-hanced immune function and improved carcass characteristics. Regarding the ewes, the algae nutrition affected milk fat composition and their dairy products. Researches on monogastric animals showed that the dietary supplementation of algae rich in docosqexaenoic acid increased its content in muscle tissue of rabbits, heavy pigs (live weight around 160 kg) and in the egg yolk of laying hens. In addition, algae in poultry diets can be used effectively as pigment sources both in egg yolk and in broiler skin and shanks. Algae have been found also to be a valuable food for fish farmed by acquaculture. However, further investigation is needed concerning the use of algae in human and animal nutrition.

The simple method of vegetable oils and oleochemical products acid value determination

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
S.O. Zubenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Color Transfer ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Value Determination ◽  
Visual Indication

Acid value is one of the key technical characteristic of vegetable oils and oleochemicals, obtaining on its basis. The existing standard methods of acid value measurement are relatively complicated and have some disadvantages. There are including utilization of the significant amounts of solvents, throwing out as wastes, and necessity in special equipment for determination. Also, a special issue is visual indication of the equivalence point of indicator transfer from acid to alkali form for intensive colored oils’ samples. Visual indication of the color transfer of phenol-phthalein as indicator (from colorless to pink) is quite difficult. The color transfer of thymolphthalein (from yellow to green) in such condition is not determined. Using of alkali blue 6B is complicated by the necessity of use ethanol and aromatic compounds mixture. In current work the rapid and simple method of acid value determination was proposed. It consists in alkali-acid titration of the sample by sodium butoxide solution in n-butanol with bromothymol blue, n-butanol is also using as solvent. The method was tested on 3 series of the mixtures of the refined sunflower oil and free fatty acids (distilled fatty acids of sunflower and rapeseed oils and chemical grade oleic acid). The fatty acid content in tested mixtures was in range 1-50 % wt. Some disadvantages of traditional methods, such as the necessity of mixed solvents’ and relatively complicated laboratory equipment use, titration in a hot state, effect of temperature changes in the laboratory and difficulties with visual indication of color transfer, were overcame. Proposed method requires only the simplest laboratory glassware (conic flasks, non-calibrated pipettes, hermetically sealed glass vessels for titrant) and technical laboratory scales (weighting accuracy ±0.01 g). The method allows to determine the acid value in wide range of samples, including the samples with intense coloration. The relatively high accuracy of acid value determination was shown. The method sensitivity is 0.02-0.10 mg KOH/g. The time for analyze is enough short (about 5-15 minutes).

Characterization of Whey Cheese Packaged under Vacuum

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
MANUELA E. PINTADO ◽  
F. XAVIER MALCATA
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Vacuum Packaging ◽  
Concomitant Increase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Microbial Groups

Vacuum packaging was assayed at 4°C and was tested in comparison to unpackaged counterparts, in both microbiological and physicochemical terms, in studies pertaining to the preservation of Requeijão, a traditional Portuguese whey cheese. Bacteria were absent (i.e., <10 CFU/g) in whey cheeses on the day of manufacture as a result of thermal processing. After storage, both unpackaged and packaged cheeses exhibited high viable counts of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae, and lactic acid bacteria (especially lactococci). Yeasts, staphylococci, enterococci, and spore-forming clostridia were severely inhibited by the package vacuum combined with the increasing acidification developed therein. Whey cheeses packaged under vacuum underwent substantial acidification, slight depletion of lactose, and no significant variation in moisture content or texture; conversely, unpackaged whey cheeses exhibited substantial loss of water and a concomitant increase in rigidity. Vacuum packaging strongly inhibited lipolysis (even if viable counts of some microbial groups were high); saturated fatty acids (mainly C16:0 and C14:0) accounted for ca. 73% of the total free–fatty acid content, whereas the most concentrated unsaturated fatty acids were C18:1 and C18:2 (ca. 14% each). The conclusions generated in our study are, in general, useful for a wide range of whey cheeses worldwide: i.e., Requéson (Spain), Ricotta (Italy), Broccio (France), and Anthotyro (Greece). In addition, our conclusions are particularly helpful in terms of improving the safety of Requeijão, a widely acclaimed dairy specialty.

scholarly journals Nutritional change due to climate warming: an analysis of fatty acid content of pasture plants common to Southern Ontario

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Morris
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Homeoviscous Adaptation ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Climate change will produce a wide range of challenges for grassland ecosystems, including increased global surface air temperature. Increased temperature can increase cell membrane fluidity in plants and other organisms; a response known as homeoviscous adaptation. However, this phenomenon has not been extensively studied in grassland plant species and has not been widely observed in plants from a climate warming perspective. I exposed seven species of agricultural forage plants to a temperature gradient consistent with climate change estimates for Southern Ontario. I compared relative fatty acid composition between temperature conditions, paying particular attention to the relative content of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and essential fatty acids. For most species, I found saturated fatty acid content decreased with increasing temperature, while polyunsaturated fatty acid content and essential fatty acid content increased with increasing temperature. My thesis provides insights into the effects of climate warming on pasture ecosystems.

The Synthesis of Renewable Hydrocarbons from Different Vegetable Oils and Soapstock by Hydrotreatment over High Metal Loading Supported Ni Catalyst

2021 ◽  
Vol 903 ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
Kristaps Māliņš ◽  
Ilze Malina ◽  
Mara Legzdina
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Ni Catalyst ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Hydrocarbon Production ◽  
Metal Loading ◽  
Supported Ni Catalyst ◽  
Wide Range

The catalytic hydrotreatment of sunflower (SO), linseed (LO), coconut (CO), rapeseed (RO), and its soapstock derived acid oil (RS) over commercial Ni65%/SiO2-Al2O3 catalyst was investigated to evaluate utilization feasibility of various vegetable oil feedstocks with different fatty acid content, composition, and saturation for marketable hydrocarbon production. The active metal loading of catalyst was characterized by XRF and its textural properties by N2 sorption analysis. The hydrotreatment tests of different vegetable oils were carried out in solvent free medium, under initial H2 pressure 10 MPa, at operating temperature 340 oC, and residence time 15 min using catalyst amount 5%. GC-FID and GC-MS analysis were used for estimation of dominant n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, n-heptadecane, n-octadecane, and other hydrocarbon contents in obtained samples. Under studied hydrotreatment conditions complete conversion of different vegetable oils into marketable liquid renewable hydrocarbons without presence of oxygen containing substances was achieved. Highly active Ni65%/SiO2-Al2O3 has remarkable selectivity to hydrocarbons produced by reaction pathways, where elimination of carbonyl groups occurs. The saturation of fatty acids in feedstock determines H2 consumption, but influence on produced hydrocarbon production is insignificant. Depending on the fatty acid composition different saturated linear hydrocarbons with wide range of carbon chain length C5-C19 and similar calorific value 47.16-47.34 MJ/kg were produced in process. Overall liquid hydrocarbon yields were from 44.6 % to 78.1 %. The highest overall liquid saturated linear hydrocarbon yield was observed for feedstock with high amount of long chain fatty acids – SO, LO, RO and RS. Pure hydrocarbons obtained from vegetable oils depending on hydrocarbon composition can be used in various areas.

scholarly journals Nutritional change due to climate warming: an analysis of fatty acid content of pasture plants common to Southern Ontario

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Morris
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Homeoviscous Adaptation ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Climate change will produce a wide range of challenges for grassland ecosystems, including increased global surface air temperature. Increased temperature can increase cell membrane fluidity in plants and other organisms; a response known as homeoviscous adaptation. However, this phenomenon has not been extensively studied in grassland plant species and has not been widely observed in plants from a climate warming perspective. I exposed seven species of agricultural forage plants to a temperature gradient consistent with climate change estimates for Southern Ontario. I compared relative fatty acid composition between temperature conditions, paying particular attention to the relative content of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and essential fatty acids. For most species, I found saturated fatty acid content decreased with increasing temperature, while polyunsaturated fatty acid content and essential fatty acid content increased with increasing temperature. My thesis provides insights into the effects of climate warming on pasture ecosystems.

scholarly journals Chemoproteomic profiling reveals cellular targets of nitro-fatty acids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyu Fang ◽  
Kuan Hsun Huang ◽  
Wei-Ju Tu ◽  
Yi-Ting Chen ◽  
Pei-Yun Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Toll Like Receptor 2 ◽  
Global Identification ◽  
Covalent Adducts ◽  
Retinoid X Receptor Alpha ◽  
Transcription 3

Nitro-fatty acids are a class of endogenous electrophilic lipid mediators with anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects in a wide range of inflammatory and fibrotic disease models. While these beneficial biological effects of nitro-fatty acids are mainly attributed to their ability to form covalent adducts with proteins, only a small number of proteins are known to be nitro- alkylated and the scope of protein nitro-alkylation remains undetermined. Here we describe the synthesis and application of a clickable nitro-fatty acid probe for the detection and first global identification of mammalian proteins that are susceptible to nitro-alkylation. 184 high confidence nitro-alkylated proteins were identified in human macrophages, majority of which are novel targets of nitro-fatty acids, including Extended synaptotagmin 2 (ESYT2), Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) and Glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1). In particular, we showed that 9- nitro-oleate covalently modified and inhibited dexamethasone binding to NR3C1. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that nitro-alkylated proteins are highly enriched in endoplasmic reticulum and transmembrane proteins, and are overrepresented in lipid metabolism and transport pathways. This study significantly expands the scope of protein substrates targeted by nitro-fatty acids in living cells and provides a useful resource towards understanding the pleiotropic biological roles of nitro-fatty acids as signaling molecules or as multi-target therapeutic agents.

scholarly journals Importance of utilization of omega-3 fatty acids in human and animal nutrition

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (5-6-1) ◽  
pp. 439-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lj. Sretenovic ◽  
V. Pantelic ◽  
Z. Novakovic
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Therapy Effect ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Normal Metabolism

Life of modern people in urban conditions is characterized by lack of movement, which is main condition for maintenance of health, presence of large amount of additives and pesticide residua in food of plant and animal origin and polluted air and water. If the presence of oxidative stress is added as part of normal metabolism occurring during degradation of nutritive substances, when great quantity of free radicals is released, which organism in these conditions often is not capable of neutralizing, the homeostatic mechanisms are disturbed and this leads to health disturbances and even severe illnesses. In such complex living conditions, science is facing the challenge of finding out the way to prevent diseases and slow the aging process using food, primarily basic food stuffs - milk and meat, enriching them with certain substances which are of vital importance to our health. One of the ways is use of functional food which should contain not only its main nutritive value but also such ingredients which have impact on improvement of general health condition, i.e. they have preventive and therapy effect. In this paper, a review of the significance of omega-3 fatty acids in human nutrition is presented. As essential substances they cannot be synthesized in the organism, but have to be introduced through diet. Also, the significance of some essential omega-6 fatty acids as well as their mutual relation, are presented. The role of omega-3 fatty acids in animal nutrition is also pointed out in this paper, introduced or consumed by animals either by grazing or as diet supplement, which influence improvement of their production, reproduction and health performances.

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