scholarly journals The Development of the Grain of Wheat

1909 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Brenchley ◽  
A. D. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Ripening Process ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Main Period ◽  
Three Stages

A study during 1907 and 1908 of various plots of wheat cut at three-day intervals leads to the following general conclusions:(1) The whole plant, and with it the nitrogen, ash, and phosphoric acid it contains, increases in weight until about a week before it would be regarded as ready to cut. Some decrease of dry weight takes place during the last week.(2) In the formation of the grain three stages may be distinguished:(a) a period during which the pericarp is the most prominent feature,(b) the main period during which the endosperm is filled,(c) the ripening period characterised by the desiccation of the grain.(3) For the filling of the endosperm each plant possesses as it were a special mould, and continually moves into the grain uniform material cast in that mould, possessing always the same ratio of nitrogenous to non-nitrogenous materials and ash. The character of the mould possessed by each plant is determined by variety, soil, season, &c.(4) The main feature of the ripening process is desiccation rather than the setting in of such chemical changes as the conversion of sugars into starch, non-protein into protein, though the latter change also takes place.(5) The maximum dry weight of grain is attained a day or two before the grain would be regarded as ripe by the farmer. Allowing for the fact that the tillered shoots are a little behind the central shoots, no loss of weight in the crop will be incurred by cutting before the corn appears quite ripe, while a number of accidental mechanical losses due to birds, shedding, weather, may thus be avoided. Other experiments have shown that, though there may be no gain, there will be no loss in the quality of the wheat due to such early cutting.

scholarly journals Contributions to the Chemistry of Cheddar Cheese

1912 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nierenstein
Keyword(s):  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Secondary Products ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Ripening Process ◽  
Actual Working ◽  
Main Protein ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

The ‘ripening’ of cheese consists of a number of chemical changes affecting the fats, proteins and carbohydrates. The protein changes are of the general proteolytic character and are produced by bacteria, fungi, rennet-enzymes and other enzymes formed by bacteria and fungi during their growth in the cheese. The products derived from casein—the main protein-constituent of cheese—are intermediate digestive substances together with aminoacids, and secondary products formed by bacteria from the aminoacids. In a thorough study of the cheeseripening process it is of fundamental importance to ascertain what specific compounds are formed. Such knowledge must be possessed before the actual working of the process can be fully understood. It is well known to everybody connected with the manufacture of cheese that the quality of the final product depends on the nature of the ripening process.

scholarly journals A Highly Effective Route for Real-Time Traffic Using an IoT Smart Algorithm for Tele-Surgery Using 5G Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Radwan S. Abujassar ◽  
Husam Yaseen ◽  
Ahmad Samed Al-Adwan
Keyword(s):  
Live Streaming ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Real Time Traffic ◽  
Medical Quality ◽  
Optimal Smoothing ◽  
Patient Will ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Exchange Data

Nowadays, networks use many different paths to exchange data. However, our research will construct a reliable path in the networks among a huge number of nodes for use in tele-surgery using medical applications such as healthcare tracking applications, including tele-surgery which lead to optimizing medical quality of service (m-QoS) during the COVID-19 situation. Many people could not travel due to the current issues, for fear of spreading the covid-19 virus. Therefore, our paper will provide a very trusted and reliable method of communication between a doctor and his patient so that the latter can do his operation even from a far distance. The communication between the doctor and his/her patient will be monitored by our proposed algorithm to make sure that the data will be received without delay. We test how we can invest buffer space that can be used efficiently to reduce delays between source and destination, avoiding loss of high-priority data packets. The results are presented in three stages. First, we show how to obtain the greatest possible reduction in rate variability when the surgeon begins an operation using live streaming. Second, the proposed algorithm reduces congestion on the determined path used for the online surgery. Third, we have evaluated the affection of optimal smoothing algorithm on the network parameters such as peak-to-mean ratio and delay to optimize m-QoS. We propose a new Smart-Rout Control algorithm (s-RCA) for creating a virtual smart path between source and destination to transfer the required data traffic between them, considering the number of hops and link delay. This provides a reliable connection that can be used in healthcare surgery to guarantee that all instructions are received without any delay, to be executed instantly. This idea can improve m-QoS in distance surgery, with trusted paths. The new s-RCA can be adapted with an existing routing protocol to track the primary path and monitor emergency packets received in node buffers, for direct forwarding via the demand path, with extended features.

scholarly journals Ultraviolet Transparency of Plastic Films Determines the Quality of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Grown in a Greenhouse

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 358
Author(s):  
Deissy Giovanna Quintero-Arias ◽  
John Fabio Acuña-Caita ◽  
Carlos Asensio ◽  
Juan Luis Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
High Solar Radiation ◽  
Cycle Growth

The quality of red lettuce is based on the content of anthocyanin pigments, and the content of these pigments increases when the plant receives ultraviolet radiation. Lettuce crops are increasingly being grown in greenhouses to provide better quality fresh lettuce; however, both quality and productivity are affected by the type of cover used. The effects of UV-transparent and UV-blocking plastic films on the growth and quality of three lettuce cultivars (‘Casabella’ and ‘Vera’, which are both green leaf, and ‘Lollo Rosso’, which is red leaf) were investigated. The crop was cultivated at an altitude of 2576 m a.s.l. to naturally expose it to high ultraviolet radiation. The height and diameter of plants, fresh and dry weight, leaf area index, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf colour were determined throughout the crop cycle. Growth characteristics were not significantly influenced by the plastic film in all cultivars, probably due to the high altitude and the high solar radiation received. The UV-transparent film could increase the red colour in ‘Lollo Rosso’, and a higher commercial quality was achieved. No effect of the plastic film on the yield component was observed in the ‘Casabella’ and ‘Vera’ cultivars. The findings of this study provide guidance on what cultivar and plastic film must be used in high-altitude areas where the solar and UV radiation is high.

Stabilité phénotypique de la croissance en hauteur et cinétique journalière de la pression de sève et de la transpiration chez le pin maritime (Pinuspinaster Ait.)

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 936-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Guyon ◽  
A. Kremer
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dune ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Coastal Sand Dune ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Coastal Sand ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Physiologic Activity ◽  
Response To Environmental Change ◽  
Pin Maritime

A study of geographic variation of maritime pine (Pinuspinaster Ait.) 9 years old, regarding height growth, transpiration and sap pressure daily kinetics has been performed in two sites, one in coastal sand dune and the other one in a more interior well-drained sandy moor. Successive height increments were measured from the 4th to the 9th year of growth and the year × provenance interaction was investigated. Transpiration and sap pressure were measured on 2-year-old needle fascicles. Results show discriminant variations between provenances and suggest some hypotheses about the possible ways of natural selection concerning drought resistance. The provenances North Landes (France) and Leiria (Portugal) grow best and strongly react to any variation of environmental factors as reflected by the high value of the slope of their regression lines (regression of their annual mean on the overall annual mean). Such a genotypie instability coincides with an intense physiologic activity (large flux of water correlated with a strong loss of weight by transpiration, reaching after 3 min 2% of the total dry weight of the separated needles and associated with the lowest sap pressure when the sun is around zenith). On the contrary, the Morocan provenance Tamjoute shows a large stability; its daily curves of transpiration and sap pressure reach early their maximum and minimum and therefore express a stress avoidance. Between these two extreme behaviours, the provenances Cazorla (south Spain) and Porto-Vecchio (Corsica) have intermediate values of transpiration and sap pressure, and their height growth shows a relative stability of response to environmental change.

The Policy Context for the Evolution of Teacher Education Reform in New Jersey

2017 ◽  
Vol 119 (14) ◽  
pp. 1-64
Author(s):  
Gary Natriello
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Quality Of Education ◽  
Teacher Education Programs ◽  
Teacher Education Reform ◽  
Policy Context ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
General Concern

This article examines the genesis of the New Jersey Provisional Teacher Program, also known as the New Jersey Alternate Route Program, in three stages. First, the motivation to consider alternative ways of recruiting and preparing teachers for New Jersey schools began with general concern about the quality of education in the state and soon moved to consideration of means of strengthening teachers and teacher education. Second, the interest in improving the preparation of teachers led directly to changes in the regulations governing college-based teacher education programs. Third, the principles that were first applied to the reform of college-based programs were then adopted to structure and regulate an alternative route to teaching and the Provisional Teacher Program.

Developing English Front Office Materials for Eleventh Grade Students in Second Semester at SMK N 2 Singaraja

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
I Gusti Putu Satria Wibawa ◽  
Nyoman Karina Wedanthi ◽  
Kadek Sintya Dewi ◽  
I Gede Budasi
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
English Language ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Office Staff ◽  
Good Material ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Front Office ◽  
Three Stages

This study aims to develop English language materials of front office for second semester students of the eleventh grade at SMK N 2 Singaraja. This study adopts the Design and Development (D&D) which is guided by data collection through six instruments, namely questionnaires for teacher and front office staff, Google form for teachers and students, checklist for students, and checklist for expert judges. There are three stages that the researcher takes to complete this study, namely designing, developing, and evaluating the quality of the teaching materials (product) so that it can be categorized as a good material. The result is that there are four topics developed by the researcher, namely (1) Renewal of reservations, (2) Cancellation of reservations, (3) Handling of group reservations orally and in writing, and (4) Handling of individual reservations orally and in writing.

scholarly journals Production of cabbage grown in pots containing legumes' root and shoot

Revista CERES ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago de Oliveira Vargas ◽  
Ellen Rúbia Diniz ◽  
Ricardo Henrique Silva Santos ◽  
Alysson Roberto de Almeida ◽  
Segundo Urquiaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Whole Plant

Roots effect is not generally considered in studies assessing the performance of crops in response to green manuring. However, such effect can contribute to a better understanding of crop rotation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of root and shoot of two legumes on the production of cabbage. The experiment was conducted in pots of 10 liters containing substrate of 2:1 soil/sand. The experiment was arranged in a factorial scheme (2x3 + 2) in a randomized block design with five replicates using two legume species (Crotalaria juncea L. and Canavalia ensiformis L), three plant parts (root, shoot, or whole plant), and two additional treatments (mineral fertilization with 100% and 50% of the recommended dose of N for growing cabbage). Pots with legume treatments received mineral fertilizer with 50% of the recommended dose of N for growing cabbage. The experimental plot consisted of a pot containing one plant of cabbage. Legumes were grown in pots and harvested at 78 days. The root biomass was determined in extra pots. Production was assessed using head fresh and dry weight. The application of the whole plant of both legume species reduced cabbage production. However, root or shoot of both legume species was equivalent to 50% of mineral N fertilization required for the cultivation of cabbage.

scholarly journals Formation of ‘Crioula’ guava rootstock under saline water irrigation and nitrogen doses

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 739-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro de P. Souza ◽  
Reginaldo G. Nobre ◽  
Evandro M. da Silva ◽  
Geovani S. de Lima ◽  
Francisco W. A. Pinheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Saline Water Irrigation ◽  
N Dose

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the growth and formation of fresh and dry weight of ‘Crioula’ guava rootstock irrigated with waters of different saline levels and nitrogen (N) doses, in an experiment conducted in plastic tubes under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme with four replicates, and the treatments consisted of five levels of water electrical conductivity - ECw (0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7 and 3.5 dS m-1) and four N doses (70, 100, 130 and 160% of the N dose recommended for the cultivation of guava seedlings, cv. ‘Paluma’). The dose referring to 100% corresponds to 773 mg of N dm-3. The highest growth of ‘Crioula’ guava rootstock was obtained with ECw of 0.3 dS m-1 and fertilization of 541.1 mg N dm-3 of soil; increasing N doses did not reduce the deleterious effect of the salt stress on the growth and phytomass formation of ‘Crioula’ guava rootstock; irrigation with water of up to 1.75 dS m-1, in the production of guava rootstocks, promotes acceptable reduction of 10% in growth and quality of the seedlings.

Effects of initial concentration and irradiation dose to degradation of di butyl phthalate from phosphoric acid (30 % P2O5)

2018 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 909-916
Author(s):  
Louisa Bounemia ◽  
Abdelhamid Mellah
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Optimal Recovery ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Butyl Phthalate

Abstract The pretreatment of the phosphoric acid is a stage of utmost importance leading to an optimal recovery of the uranium present in this acid. To this end, the degradation of the organic matter which obstructs considerably this recovery was tested by γ irradiation. This study lies within the scope of the radiation/matter interaction; concerning the use of the γ irradiator as proceed of phosphoric acid purification by the degradation of di butyl phthalate (DBP). Studies of the interaction of γ radiation with phosphoric acid solutions polluted by an organic matter concern the study of the influence of some parameters such as: dose rate (0.5–35 kGy), initial concentration (50–500 mg/L) of the pollutant, pH and % in P2O5 on the degradation of organic matter by γ irradiation. The reactions followed pseudo first order kinetics for different initial concentrations. The results made it possible to say that the degradation of di butyl phthalate by γ irradiation is dependent on the amount of the concentration of DBP and pH. The G-values decreased with absorbed doses, and increased with higher initial concentrations.Purification of phosphoric acid by γ radiation does not degrade the quality of this acid.

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