Field experiments of factorial design

1938 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Wishart
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soil Heterogeneity ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Real Effects ◽  
The Third ◽  
Recent Innovation

A recent paper by A. E. Brandt (1937) goes into the details of a type of design in field experimental procedure, where two or more factors are under examination, which has been much elaborated since 1928, when the first 2 × 2 × 2 experiment, involving two levels of each of three factors, nitrogen, potash and phosphate, was carried out at Woburn (Rothamst. Rep. 1927–8) with four-fold replication. Similar experiments, of the 3 × 2 × 2 type, had in fact been conducted at Rothamsted (Rep. 1925–6) two years earlier, but there was here the further complication that no differentiation was possible for two of the factors at one level (no manure) of the third. Details have been given by Fisher (1937) and Yates (1937) of, among others, experiments of the 2n and 3 × 2n types, and it may be said that the recent work has been in the direction of systematizing the lay-out and analysis of such experiments. Further features have been the device of confounding, which dates back to 1927 (Rothamst. Rep. 1927–8), i.e. it is almost contemporaneous with the first introduction by Fisher of randomized blocks and Latin square experiments, and the suggestion that replication may even be dispensed with entirely, a much more recent innovation. Confounding is a method of enlarging the number of blocks between which elimination of soil heterogeneity is possible by sacrificing information on certain of the higher-order interactions, which are considered unlikely to be real effects; with absence of replication an estimate of the experimental error is found by grouping together a number of these higher-order interactions.

Strategies to increase compliance with out-patient aftercare among patients referred to a psychiatric emergency department: a multi-centre controlled intervention study

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 949-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. SPOOREN ◽  
C. VAN HEERINGEN ◽  
C. JANNES
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Treatment Compliance ◽  
Psychiatric Emergency ◽  
Family Presence ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
The Third ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Family ◽  
Referral Compliance ◽  
Motivational Counselling

Background. Compliance with referral for out-patient aftercare of psychiatric emergency patients is limited. This study investigated the efficacy of a combination of several referral strategies (fixed appointment, involvement of the family, presence of the aftercare person, motivational counselling) in increasing referral and treatment compliance of patients referred to the psychiatric emergency department of three general hospitals.Methods. A randomized controlled design was used to assess the effect of this experimental condition on referral compliance and on continuation of aftercare treatment.Results. A significant beneficial effect on compliance with the referral was found in two hospitals and a near-significant effect in the third. After 3 months of aftercare, the influence of the experimental procedure on adherence to therapy was still significant in two hospitals, but not in the third.Conclusions. Helping the patient to attend an initial appointment can be achieved by a combination of practical and organizational arrangements.

Acrolein Reduces Biomass and Seed Production of Potamogeton pectinatus in Irrigation Channels

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego J. Bentivegna ◽  
Osvaldo A. Fernández ◽  
María A. Burgos
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Potamogeton Pectinatus ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
The Third ◽  
Irrigation Channels

Chemical weed control with acrolein has been shown to be a lower cost method for reducing submerged plant biomass of sago pondweed in the irrigation district of the Lower Valley of Rio Colorado, Argentina (39°10′S–62°05′W). However, no experimental data exist on the effects of the herbicide on plant growth and its survival structures. Field experiments were conducted during 3 yr to evaluate the effect of acrolein on growth and biomass of sago pondweed and on the source of underground propagules (i.e., rhizomes, tubers, and seeds). Plant biomass samples were collected in irrigation channels before and after several herbicide treatments. The underground propagule bank was evaluated at the end of the third year. Within each treatment, plant biomass was significantly reduced by 40 to 60% in all three study years. Rapid new plant growth occurred after each application; however, it was less vigorous after repeated treatments. At the end of the third year at 3,000 m downstream from the application point, plant biomass at both channels ranged from 34 to 3% of control values. Individual plant weight and height were affected by acrolein treatments, flowering was poor, and seeds did not reach maturity. After 3 yr, acrolein did not reduce the number of tubers. However, they were significantly smaller and lighter. Rhizomes fresh weight decreased by 92%, and seed numbers decreased by 79%. After 3 yr of applications, operational functioning of the channels could be maintained with fewer treatments and lower concentrations of acrolein.

Oilseed rape

1984 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Scarisbrick ◽  
R. W. Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
World Production ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
The Third ◽  
Important Crop ◽  
The Uk

Oilseed rape is currently the third most important crop in the UK after barley and wheat. Field experiments show that despite the already attractive yields the full potential of the crop has not yet been achieved. However, its future is uncertain in that the area devoted to it within the EEC—representing one-fifth of world production—is strongly influenced by the financial incentives offered. It is suggested that within the Community output should be limited to 3.3m tonnes p.a. for the next five years.

scholarly journals The formation of lactic acid in desiccated amphibian muscles

1930 ◽  
Vol 106 (742) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sartorius Muscle ◽  
Silk Thread ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
The Third ◽  
Uniform State ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Geometrical Form ◽  
Determining Factor

The present paper is the third of a series dealing with the effects of freezing and drying on living amphibian muscle (1, 2). In this paper it is shown that simple drying of muscles causes the production of lactic acid, in amount identical with that produced by the corresponding degree of freezing (2). This finding confirms the view expressed in the earlier communications that the effects of freezing and drying are identical, the determining factor in each case being the removal from the muscle of a certain amount of water. Experimental Procedure . To ensure even drying throughout, it was necessary to use a thin muscle of regular geometrical form. The sartorius muscle of the frog was therefore chosen. The frogs were precooled for some hours at zero. The muscles were then carefully removed at their insertions, wiped on filter paper, and each individual muscle suspended by a silk thread of known weight (see later) in a stoppered bottle, over 0·72 per cent, sodium chloride solution. After standing at 0° C. for 24 hours, to allow of the removal of the lactic acid formed during the manipulation, the muscles were weighed, and rapidly dried by being suspended in bottles over solid calcium chloride. It has already been shown that this method of drying produces a uniform state throughout the muscle (1, p. 187). They were removed at intervals for weighing.

Gescheiden en dan ? :Herpartneren in Vlaanderen anno 2010

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-66
Author(s):  
Inge Pasteels ◽  
Dimitri Mortelmans
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Partner Status ◽  
The Third ◽  
Current Partner ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Unmarried Cohabitation ◽  
Mate Waarin

In deze bijdrage wordt het herpartneren na een scheiding uit een eerste huwelijk beschreven. Met gegevens van “Scheiding in Vlaanderen” verzameld bij 1192 mannen en 1448 vrouwen gescheiden tussen 1981 en 2005, wordt vooreerst de timing van het herpartneren alsook de leefvorm waarvoor men kiest in postmaritale relaties, bestudeerd. We onderscheiden LAT‐relaties, ongehuwd samenwoonrelaties en tweede huwelijken. Daarna wordt de huidige partnerstatus van gescheidenen anno 2010 in kaart gebracht. Ten derde komt de mate waarin partners uit eerste huwelijken of postmaritale relaties gelijkend zijn aan bod. Vervolgens wordt de stabiliteit van LAT‐relaties of ongehuwde samenwoonrelaties na een eerste huwelijk bestudeerd. Een beschrijving van postmaritale relatietrajecten met aandacht voor relatierang en relatietype rondt deze bijdrage af. Alle analyses worden apart uitgevoerd voor mannen en vrouwen van verschillende scheidingscohorten. Abstract : Using surveydata of “Divorce in Flanders” for 1192 men and 1448 women, divorced between 1981 and 2005, we explore repartnering after a first divorce. Firstly, prevalence and timing of repartnering are examined. LAT‐relationships, unmarried cohabitation and remarriage are considered as different types of repartnering. Secondly, the current partner status for divorcees in 2010 is described. Homogamy in first marriages and in higher order relationships is the third topic in this article. At last, stability of postmarital relationships and partnership trajectories are explored. Data are analyzed using a cohort perspective and a gender perspective.

Fatigue Damage From High Mode Number Vortex-Induced Vibration

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kim Vandiver ◽  
Susan B. Swithenbank ◽  
Vivek Jaiswal ◽  
Vikas Jhingran
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Higher Harmonics ◽  
Vortex Induced Vibration ◽  
Third Harmonic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Damage Rate ◽  
Surface Vessels ◽  
Vortex Shedding Frequency ◽  
First Time

This paper presents results from two field experiments using long flexible cylinders, suspended vertically from surface vessels. The experiments were designed to investigate vortex-induced vibration (VIV) at higher than tenth mode in uniform and sheared flows. The results of both experiments revealed significant vibration energy at the expected Strouhal frequency (referred to in this paper as the fundamental frequency) and also at two and three times the Strouhal frequency. Although higher harmonics have been reported before, this was the first time that the contribution to fatigue damage, resulting from the third harmonic, could be estimated with some certainty. This was enabled by the direct measurement of closely spaced strain gauges in one of the experiments. In some circumstances the largest RMS stress and fatigue damage due to VIV are caused by these higher harmonics. The total fatigue damage rate including the third harmonic is shown to be up to forty times greater than the damage rate due to the vibration at the fundamental vortex-shedding frequency alone. This dramatic increase in damage rate due to the third harmonic appears to be associated with a narrow range of reduced velocities in regions of the pipe associated with significant flow-induced excitation.

Extinction, Stimulus Generalization and Partial Reinforcement for Higher-Order Meaning Conditioning

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 288-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam W. Miller ◽  
Wylla D. Barsness
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Stimulus Generalization ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Order Conditioning

This study investigated the degree to which higher-order conditioning of word meaning demonstrated acquisition, stimulus generalization, extinction and differential effects of reinforcement schedules. For 120 Ss, using a 2 × 3 factorial design, only extinction was not demonstrated. S awareness was unrelated to acquisition.

scholarly journals Use of rapeseed and pea grain protein supplements for organic milk production

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. KHALILI ◽  
E. KUUSELA ◽  
E. SAARISALO
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Rapeseed Cake ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Cold Pressed

Grass-red clover silage was fed ad libitum. In experiment 1 a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design was used. A mixture of oats and barley was given at 8 kg (C). Three isonitrogenous protein supplements were a commercial rapeseed meal (218 g kg-1 dry matter (DM); RSM), crushed organic field pea (Pisum sativum L.) (452 g kg-1 DM; P) and a mixture of pea (321 g kg-1 DM) and organic rapeseed (Spring turnip rape, Brassica rapa L. oleifera subv. annua) (155 g kg-1 DM; PRS). Cows on P and PRS diets produced as much milk as cows on the RSM diet. Milk yield was higher but protein content lower with PRS diet than with diet P. In experiment 2 a triplicated 3 x 3 Latin square design was used. A mixture of oats (395 g kg-1 ), barley (395 g kg-1 ) and a commercial heat-moisture treated rapeseed cake (210 g kg-1 ) was given at 8 kg (RSC). The second diet (ORSC) consisted (g kg-1) of oats (375), barley (375) and cold-pressed organic rapeseed cake (250). The third diet (RSCO) consisted (g kg-1) of oat (395), barley (395) and commercial heat-moisture treated rapeseed cake (250) and additional rapeseed oil (0.38 kg) to balance fat content between ORSC and RSCO diets. There was no dietary effect on the yield of energy corrected milk. Milk yield was higher with RSCO diet compared with other diets.;

scholarly journals The Applications of Mathematics and Modular Art in the Education of Interior Design

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Mayyadah Fahmi Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Interior Design ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Pattern Design ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
New Learning ◽  
The Subject

The new learning processes should be piloted therefore; Interior design schools should be updated according to the results of progress in teaching methods. For this reason, the objective of this study is to define the formulation of a mixed learning model for mathematics applications and technical models within the interior educational system. This paper’s main objective is to find explanations of incorporating the cotemporary interior design within the Mathematics & Modular art content, and to seek modern solutions featuring as new methods. This paper was carried out by experimental procedure in University of Petra/Department of Interior Design based on basic design courses in the academic years 2011-2012 where the researcher took a sample of ten student forms based on the models which were chosen in this experiment combining both difficulty & ease. The students have completed these ten shapes by altering mathematical approach (Latin square) to create a new pattern design. Art with Mathematical approaches have been applied in different practical applications as a basic design tool, and conclusions have been reached on the merits of the design. The advantages and disadvantages of teaching interior design have been introduced from Art & mathematical perspective as a method of design based on the results found during the practical applications of basic design projects and from information in publications on the subject. Relying on these proposed models, the proposals will constantly develop design tools. In conclusion, educating future designers to digest the essence of these approaches will make it possible to train professionals who correctly use and understand the developed technologies that can create futuristic designs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document