Water status and yield of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) subjected to water stress during four stages of development

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sionit
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Head Formation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

SummaryThe effects on seed yield of two levels of water stress at four stages of development were investigated in two varieties of sunflower, Krasnodarets and Record. The plants were grown from seed in large pots in an air-conditioned glasshouse at 26/20 °C and 70% relative humidity, with natural summer illumination. They were subjected to water stress before head formation, during head formation, during flowering, and during seed development.The leaf water potential of plants subjected to a water stress of – 16 bars returned to normal after rewatering, but plants subjected to – 23 bars did not return to their prestress level and some leaves died. A water stress of – 16 bars caused no significant reduction in dry weight of the vegetative structures, but stress at all stages of growth reduced seed yield. A water stress of – 23 bars reduced both total dry weight and seed yield at all stages of growth, seed yield being reduced more by a stress of – 23 bars than of – 16 bars. Oil content was slightly reduced by water stress.Water stress during anthesis reduced sunflower seed yield more than during later stages of development.

scholarly journals High Phosphorus Acquisition and Allocation Strategy Is Associated with Soybean Seed Yield under Water- and P-Limited Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 574
Author(s):  
Yun-Yin Feng ◽  
Jin He ◽  
Yi Jin ◽  
Feng-Min Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
P Acquisition ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Water Treatments

Both water stress and P deficit limit soybean seed yield, but the effects of water regimes and P application rates, their interaction on P status, acquisition, and partitioning, and their roles in yield performance have not been well-studied. Two soybean genotypes (Huangsedadou (HD) and Zhonghuang 30 (ZH)) with contrasting seed yield and root dry weight (DW) were used to investigate the P status, P acquisition, P partitioning, and yield formation under two water regimes (well-watered (WW) and cyclic water stress (WS)) and three P rates (0 (P0), 60 (P60), and 120 (P120) mg P kg−1 dry soil). The results show that increased P and water supply increased the seed yield, shoot and root DW and P concentrations and accumulations in different organs. Cultivar ZH had a significantly higher seed yield than HD at P60 and P120 under WS and at P0 under WW, but a lower seed yield at P60 and P120 under WW. Cultivar ZH had a significantly higher P harvest index and P acquisition efficiency, but a significantly lower shoot and root DW than HD. The interaction between water treatments and P rates had significant effects on leaf and stem P concentration. Cultivar ZH had significantly lower P partitioning to leaves and stems but significantly higher P partitioning to seeds than HD. The seed yield was positively correlated with leaf and seed P accumulations and P acquisition efficiency under WS. We conclude that (1) adequate water supply improved the P mobilization from leaves and stems at maturity, which may have improved the seed yield; and (2) the high P acquisition efficiency is coordination to high P partition to seeds to produce a high seed yield under water- and P-limited conditions.

scholarly journals Water-Stress Influences on Three New Promising HLB-Tolerant Citrus Rootstocks

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Lidia Aparicio-Durán ◽  
Frederick G. Gmitter ◽  
Juan M. Arjona-López ◽  
Rocío Calero-Velázquez ◽  
Áurea Hervalejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Chlorophyll Index ◽  
Stress Influences ◽  
Water Treatments

Drought and flooding conditions are increasingly common abiotic factors that affect citrus crops in both the Mediterranean Basin and Florida. Furthermore, emerging diseases, such as Huanglongbing (HLB), are a potential risk for these crops in those producing areas. This study aimed to evaluate the behavior under water-stress treatments of three new citrus rootstocks (UFR-6, B11R5T60, and 2247 x 6070-02-2) with reported tolerance of HLB, comparing them with a common commercial citrus rootstock (Carrizo citrange). Four water conditions were established: Control, Medium Water Stress (MWS), Drought, and Flooding. Chlorophyll index (SPAD), growth in height, relative growth rate, biomass (fresh and dry weight) and plant water status were evaluated. Citru rootstock response were different for each genotype; Carrizo citrange was negatively affected by all water treatments in the chlorophyll index (SPAD) and biomass production. By contrast, UFR-6 showed a positive response in SPAD and growth under MWS and Drought, B11R5T60 displayed similar behavior to Control under all water stresses, and the response of 2247 x 6070-02-2 under MWS treatment was adequate but was not under Drought or Flooding conditions. Our study describes the behavior of these promising new citrus rootstocks against water stress; B11R5T60 exhibiting the best performance. These results can be useful for the citrus industry to address water-stress problems in these crops.

scholarly journals Improved tolerance of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) to drought stress and rewatering by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus claroideum: effect on growth and cell membrane stability

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Beltrano ◽  
Marta G. Ronco
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Severe Water Stress ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants ◽  
Total Dry Weight

The aim of this paper was to investigate the contribution of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus claroideum to drought stress tolerance in wheat plants grown under controlled conditions in a growth chamber, and subjected to moderate or severe water stress and rewatering. Water stress tolerance was determined through total dry weight, leaf relative water content, leakage of solutes and leaf chlorophyll and protein concentrations in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal wheat plants. Total dry weight and leaf chlorophyll concentrations were significantly higher in mycorrhizal plants after moderate or severe water stress treatments compared with non-mycorrhizal ones. Electrolyte leakage was significantly lower in water-stressed inoculated plants. Compared to non-inoculated plants, leaf relative water content and total protein concentration of inoculated individuals increased only under severe water stress. When irrigation was re-established, mycorrhizal plants increased their total dry weight and leaf chlorophyll concentration, and recovered cell membrane permeability in leaves compared with non-mycorrhizal plants. In conclusion, root colonization by G. claroideum could be an adequate strategy to alleviate the deleterious effects of drought stress and retard the senescence syndrome in wheat.

scholarly journals Biostimulation of Maize (Zea mays) and Irrigation Management Improved Crop Growth and Water Use under Controlled Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin ◽  
Lin ◽  
Wu ◽  
Chang
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Stress Tolerance ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Water deficits during the growing season are a major factor limiting crop production. Therefore, reducing water use during crop production by the application of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is crucially important in water resources. There are few reports on the biostimulants used for growth and water use efficiency (WUE) in maize (Zea mays Linn.) under RDI. Therefore, the influence of betaine and chitin treatments, alone and in combination, on maize cultivar ‘White Pearl’ was assessed by observing changes in the physiology and morphology of plants exposed to RDI. Plants were grown in plastic pots in greenhouses and maintained under full irrigation (FI) for 1 week until imposing RDI and biostimulants. Plants were then subjected to FI (no water deficiency treatment, field capacity >70%) and RDI (field capacity <50%) conditions until the end of each experiment. Plant agronomic performance, photosynthesis parameters, and WUE values were recorded weekly for 8 weeks and three individual experiments were carried out to assess the efficacy of biostimulants and irrigation treatments. Betaine (0, 50, and 100 mM/plant) was foliage-treated every 2 weeks during Experiment 1, but chitin (0, 2, and 4 g/kg) was applied to the soil at the beginning of Experiment 2. The optimal concentration of each chemical alone or in combination was then applied to the plants as Experiment 3. A factorial experiment design of two factors with different levels under a completely randomized arrangement was used in this investigation. Betaine (50 mM) or chitin (2 g/kg) treatments alone significantly elevated total fresh weight (63.03 or 124.07 g/plant), dry weight (18.00 or 22.34 g/plant), and cob weight (3.15 or 6.04 g/plant) and boosted the water-stress tolerance of the maize under RDI compared to controls. However, a combination treatment of 50 mM betaine and 2 g/kg chitin did not increase plant height, fresh shoot and root weights, dry cob weight, and total dry weight under RDI compared to controls. Soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) values (>30) were effective in detecting plant growth performance and WUE values under RDI. These findings may have greater significance for farming in dry lands and offer information for further physiological studies on maize WUE and water stress tolerance

Morphophysiological determinants of yield in rapeseed (Brassica campestris and Brassica napus). I. Growth and morphological characters

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 697 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Thurling
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Final Harvest

Variation in sowing date was found to have a marked effect on the seed yield and different morphological and growth characteristics of spring cultivars of the oilseed rape species Brassica campestris and Brassica napus. The two species differed appreciably, however, in their responses to successive delays in sowing date. In B. napus, there was a significant and continuous decline in seed yield with later sowings. This decline in seed yield was associated primarily with a reduction in the total dry weight of the plant at the final harvest which, in turn, was most closely correlated with the duration of the vegetative phase of growth. The total dry weight of the plant and the seed yield were greatest in the first sowing where flowering was substantially later than in either of the later sowings. Since earlier-flowering cultivars of B. napus would be better adapted to Western Australian conditions, where there is a rapid decline in soil moisture reserves during the spring, significant improvements in seed yield could depend largely on increasing the rate of pre-anthesis growth. In this experiment, however, no significant variation in the relative rate of growth prior to flowering was observed because of the marked negative association between net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio. Further studies of the variation in growth amongst a far wider range of genotypes will, nevertheless, be necessary to properly assess the feasibility of increasing relative growth rates by selection. The seed yield of B. campestris was substantially greater in the second sowing than in either the first or third sowings. Although seed yield was significantly correlated with both total dry weight of the plant at final harvest and the harvest index, the latter appeared to be the most important determinant of seed yield in this species. By contrast with B. napus, most of the dry weight of the plant at the final harvest was accumulated during the post-anthesis phase of growth. Accordingly, the character leaf area duration between anthesis and final harvest was found to be the most significant determinant of the total dry weight of the plant in B. campestris. The leaf weight ratio of the plant at anthesis also contributed significantly to total dry weight at the final harvest; this indicates that the pattern of dry matter distribution in the plant during the vegetative phase could prove a useful criterion for selecting potentially high-yielding strains of this species.

scholarly journals Response of Short Duration Tropical Legumes and Maize to Water Stress: A Glasshouse Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossain Sohrawardy ◽  
Md. Lokman Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Water Stress Condition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
And Performance

The study was conducted as a pot experiment in the tropical glasshouse to evaluate the response of grain legumes (Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, andLablab purpureus) in comparison to maize (Zea mays) and estimate their potential and performance. Two experiments were established using completely randomized design. Physiological measurements (stomatal conductance, photosynthetic activities, and transpiration rates) were measured using LCpro instrument. Scholander bomb was used for the measurement of plant cell water potential. Significant difference was observed in different plant species with increase of different water regimes. Among the legumes,L. purpureusshowed better response in water stressed conditions. At the beginning, in dry watered treatment the photosynthetic rate was below 0 µmol m−2 s−1and in fully watered condition it was 48 µmol m−2 s−1. In dry treatment, total dry weight was 10 g/pot and in fully watered condition it was near to 20 g/pot inP. vulgaris. The study concludes that water stress condition should be taken into consideration for such type of crop cultivation in arid and semiarid regions.

scholarly journals Impact of water stress under ambient and elevated carbon dioxide across three temperature regimes on soybean canopy gas exchange and productivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shardendu K. Singh ◽  
Vangimalla R. Reddy ◽  
Mura Jyostna Devi ◽  
Dennis J. Timlin
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Temperature Regimes

AbstractThe present study investigated the interactive effects of three environmental stress factors elevated CO2, temperature, and drought stress on soybean growth and yield. Experiments were conducted in the sunlit, controlled environment Soil–Plant–Atmosphere–Research chambers under two-level of irrigation (WW-well water and WS-water stress-35%WW) and CO2 (aCO2-ambient 400 µmol mol−1 and eCO2-elevated 800 µmol mol−1) and each at the three day/night temperature regimes of 24/18 °C (MLT-moderately low), 28/22 °C (OT-optimum), and 32/26 °C (MHT-moderately high). Results showed the greatest negative impact of WS on plant traits such as canopy photosynthesis (PCnet), total dry weight (TDwt), and seed yield. The decreases in these traits under WS ranged between 40 and 70% averaged across temperature regimes with a greater detrimental impact in plants grown under aCO2 than eCO2. The MHT had an increased PCnet, TDwt, and seed yield primarily under eCO2, with a greater increase under WW than WS conditions. The eCO2 stimulated PCnet, TDwt, and seed yield more under WS than WW. For instance, on average across T regimes, eCO2 stimulated around 25% and 90% dry mass under WW and WS, respectively, relative to aCO2. Overall, eCO2 appears to benefit soybean productivity, at least partially, under WS and the moderately warmer temperature of this study.

scholarly journals Effect of salicylic acid concentrations and spray dates on growth of coriander plant (Coriandrum sativum L.) and essential oil content of its seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qasim Ajel Al-Zyadi
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Coriandrum Sativum ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Oil Percentage ◽  
Essential Oil Yield

"The experiment was carried out in fields of Agricultural Research and Experiments Station (2) affiliated with the College of Agriculture / Al-Muthanna University during growth season 2018-2019 to study the effect of spraying three different concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 100 and 200 mg.L-1) and spray date it at three different dates (60 , 90 and 120 days after planting) on growth of Coriandrum sativum L. and a volatile oil content in seeds. The experiment was applied using a randomized complete block design RCBD with three replications. The results showed that plants treated with salicylic acid (200 mg.L-1) was significantly outperformed of dry weight shoot, the weight of 100 seeds and seed yield gave (21.76 g.plant-1, 1.22 g and 7.79 g.plant-1) respectively. While, the plants treated with salicylic (100 mg.L-1) was significantly outperformed and gave highest values of essential oil percentage (0.87%) and essential oil yield (6.32 μl.plant-1). The plants that were sprayed with salicylic after 120 days of cultivation outperformed significantly in the weight of 100 seeds, seed yield and essential oil yield were gave (1.12 gm., 7.54 gm.plant-1 and 5.53 μl.plant-1). While, the highest values were recorded in the dry weight of the shoot total (20.51 g.plant-1) and in essential oil percentage (0.787%) in plants that were sprayed after 90 days of cultivation."

scholarly journals Growth, nodulation, and yield of soybean and associated weeds as affected by weed management

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. Abdelhamid ◽  
I.M. El-Metwally
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Two field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of the National Research Centre at Shalakan, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt, during 2006 and 2007 seasons, to study the effect of three pre-emergence herbicides, prometryn [at the rate of 0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 kg ha-1], oxadiargyl [at the rate of 240, 480 and 720 g ha-1] and butralin [at the rate of 1.20, 2.40 and 3.36 kg ha-1], two hand hoeing treatments and a nonweeded check, on weed infestation, nodulation, growth, yield and yield attributes of soybean plants. Two hand hoeing treatments resulted in the highest weed depression expressed as the lowest fresh and dry weights of broadleaved, grassy and total weeds. The reduction percentage in weed dry matter compared to the nonweeded treatment was 98.3, 92.64 and 96.9% in broadleaved, grassy and total weeds, respectively. Application of the three herbicides at higher or recommended doses significantly reduced fresh and dry weight of the weeds compared to the nonweeded treatment. The results indicated that all the three herbicides at rates higher than the recommended markedly decreased the number, fresh and dry weight of nodules as well as root, shoot and total dry weight plant-1, while application of two hand hoeing treatments significantly increased these traits. Two hand hoeing treatments and pre-emergence herbicides at the recommended rates markedly increased soybean yield and its attributes. Two hand hoeing treatments gave the highest values of number of pods per plant-1, weight of pods per plant-1 and number of seeds per plant-1 by 140.7, 150.0 and 59.8%, respectively, compared to the nonweeded treatment. On the other hand, oxadiargyl at the recommended rate (480 g ha-1) was the best treatment for promoting seed yield (g plant-1), seed yield (kg ha-1) and biological yield (g plant-1) compared to the nonweeded treatment by 87.3, 85.0 and 88.2%, respectively. Prometryn at the rate of 1.50 kg ha-1, followed by two hand hoeing treatments, produced the highest shoot and seed protein percentage as well as seed oil percentage, compared to the other weed control treatments.

scholarly journals Effects of water stress applied at different phenological phases of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
L Mekonnen
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Days To Flowering ◽  
Filling Water

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of two chickpea varieties to water stress at the College of Agriculture campus, Hawassa University under greenhouse from January to June 2017. Three water stress levels i.e. without stress (control), vegetative water stress and seed filling water stress were assigned as main plot, chickpea varieties Habru (Kabuli type) and Mastewal (Desi type). The treatments were laid in split plot design with four replications. The results showed that water stress significantly affected all parameters studied in this experiment. The seed filling water stress resulted greater reductions in the value of all tested parameters studied compared to optimum watering and vegetative stress except number of primary branches and harvesting index, which were significantly lower under vegetative water stress. As well, the two varieties significantly differed for all observed parameters except number of nodules per plant and nodule dry weight. Days to flowering, pod maturity, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and harvest index were significantly higher for Mastewal variety while, plant height, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, dry biomass, seed yield per plant, hundred seed weight and root dry weight were greater for Habru variety. Days to flowering, plant height, seed yield per plant, hundred seed weight, number of pods per plant and harvest index were significantly affected (p<0.05) due to all two way interactions. Water management schemes that ensure to avoid especially terminal water stress could help to maintain chickpea production, which is usually grown with residual moisture by the majority of Ethiopian farmers. Given the fact that the results are obtained from a pot experiment there is a need to substantiate the findings with field experiments conducted under contrasting moisture environments. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 13-21, June 2020

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