A construction for multi-modal processes, and a potential memory device

1990 ◽  
Vol 27 (01) ◽  
pp. 146-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Whittle
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Distribution ◽  
State Dependence ◽  
Memory Device ◽  
Transition Intensity ◽  
Current State ◽  
New Process ◽  
The Status ◽  
Transition Rules ◽  
Extra State ◽  
Parameter Values

It is shown that if parameters occurring linearly in the transition intensity of a Markov process are replaced by their respective ‘Bayesian estimates' then the new process thus generated has an equilibrium distribution which is a mixture (over parameter values) of the original parametrised equilibrium distribution. One effectively then has an extra state dependence in that one selects from a given class of transition rules those rules which are most consistent with the value of current state. The effect of this is thus to preserve the status quo, in that unlikely transitions are made even less likely. By this means one can construct processes which show several distinct and metastable modes of behaviour, and which can serve as models for memory devices.

A construction for multi-modal processes, and a potential memory device

1990 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Whittle
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Distribution ◽  
State Dependence ◽  
Memory Device ◽  
Transition Intensity ◽  
Current State ◽  
New Process ◽  
The Status ◽  
Transition Rules ◽  
Extra State ◽  
Parameter Values

It is shown that if parameters occurring linearly in the transition intensity of a Markov process are replaced by their respective ‘Bayesian estimates' then the new process thus generated has an equilibrium distribution which is a mixture (over parameter values) of the original parametrised equilibrium distribution.One effectively then has an extra state dependence in that one selects from a given class of transition rules those rules which are most consistent with the value of current state. The effect of this is thus to preserve the status quo, in that unlikely transitions are made even less likely. By this means one can construct processes which show several distinct and metastable modes of behaviour, and which can serve as models for memory devices.

On the Development of Islamic Jurisprudence

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Murad Wilfried Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Current State ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sensitive Issues ◽  
Status Of Women ◽  
Islam And Democracy

This article examines the state of Islamic jurisprudence with regard to many sensitive issues, such as the status of women and minorities in Islam, Islam and Democracy, hudud punishments. The author explores the current state of Islamic discourse on jurisprudence and identifies three approaches-traditional, secular and reformist. The paper explores the positions of the traditional ulama and the reformist muj­tahids on the mentioned topics and finds the reformist position more sensible and closer to the position of ihe Qur'an and Sunnah. This paper while advocating neo-ijtihad, makes an impressive case for the merit???? and Islamic credibility of the reformist jurisprudence.

scholarly journals β-Lactoglobulin Adsorption Layers at the Water/Air Surface: 5. Adsorption Isotherm and Equation of State Revisited, Impact of pH

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Georgi G. Gochev ◽  
Volodymyr I. Kovalchuk ◽  
Eugene V. Aksenenko ◽  
Valentin B. Fainerman ◽  
Reinhard Miller
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Description ◽  
Fluid Interfaces ◽  
Interfacial Behavior ◽  
Current State ◽  
Air Interface ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dilational Viscoelasticity ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

The theoretical description of the adsorption of proteins at liquid/fluid interfaces suffers from the inapplicability of classical formalisms, which soundly calls for the development of more complicated adsorption models. A Frumkin-type thermodynamic 2-d solution model that accounts for nonidealities of interface enthalpy and entropy was proposed about two decades ago and has been continuously developed in the course of comparisons with experimental data. In a previous paper we investigated the adsorption of the globular protein β-lactoglobulin at the water/air interface and used such a model to analyze the experimental isotherms of the surface pressure, Π(c), and the frequency-, f-, dependent surface dilational viscoelasticity modulus, E(c)f, in a wide range of protein concentrations, c, and at pH 7. However, the best fit between theory and experiment proposed in that paper appeared incompatible with new data on the surface excess, Γ, obtained from direct measurements with neutron reflectometry. Therefore, in this work, the same model is simultaneously applied to a larger set of experimental dependences, e.g., Π(c), Γ(c), E(Π)f, etc., with E-values measured strictly in the linear viscoelasticity regime. Despite this ambitious complication, a best global fit was elaborated using a single set of parameter values, which well describes all experimental dependencies, thus corroborating the validity of the chosen thermodynamic model. Furthermore, we applied the model in the same manner to experimental results obtained at pH 3 and pH 5 in order to explain the well-pronounced effect of pH on the interfacial behavior of β-lactoglobulin. The results revealed that the propensity of β-lactoglobulin globules to unfold upon adsorption and stretch at the interface decreases in the order pH 3 > pH 7 > pH 5, i.e., with decreasing protein net charge. Finally, we discuss advantages and limitations in the current state of the model.

Current state-of-the-art antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johny Nicolas ◽  
Victor Razuk ◽  
Gennaro Giustino ◽  
Roxana Mehran
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Anticoagulation Therapy ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Current State ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Status ◽  
Artery Disease

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease that leads to long-term damage to various organ systems. Among the numerous cardiovascular disease-related complications, thrombotic events frequently occur in patients with diabetes. Although guidelines exist for treating and preventing most diabetes-related co-morbidities, the evidence on antithrombotic therapy in primary and secondary prevention is limited due to the scarcity of randomized trials dedicated to patients with diabetes mellitus. Most of the available data are derived from studies that only included a small proportion of patients with diabetes. The present review provides an overview of the status of knowledge on antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy in patients with diabetes, focusing on the risk–benefit balance of these therapies and future treatment strategies.

What Library 2.0 has taught libraries in Taiwan about e-learning

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1121-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien-Chi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Educational Value ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Feedback Model ◽  
Learning Platform ◽  
Current State ◽  
Library Resources ◽  
The Status ◽  
Library Development ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Definition Of

Purpose – This paper aims to review the four elements of Library 2.0, which represents a major innovation, and adopts several pedagogical concepts to investigate other innovations libraries in Taiwan could implement to become ideal libraries. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents an overview of the essential principles of Library 2.0 and examines the current state of libraries in Taiwan. The authors then present a reciprocal feedback model of Library 2.0+. Findings – A Library 2.0+ model and a concept map of the mutualism between e-learning education and Library 2.0+ were proposed to diminish the gap between the status quo and Library 2.0. Two recommendations are provided: to develop a library learning platform to maximize the education value of the library, and to regard library development as part of the overall community’s development. Users can access library resources anytime/anywhere by visiting the library learning platform without visiting the library. Allowing an individual approach is necessary to realize the social educational value of the library. Moreover, a Library 2.0 library engages more in community development and invites participation with participation in community first. Universities in the community would be good technology partners when developing a Library 2.0 library. Originality/value – Although there has been extensive research of library development in view of Library 2.0, such a topic has never been explored with an educational perspective, especially an e-learning perspective. Given that the definition of Library 2.0 is abstract and fairly broad, the authors take the view of an e-learning platform to make Library 2.0 more figurative. Moreover, through interdisciplinary exploration, concrete suggestions regarding library development are provided to librarians, especially those with similar conditions as those in Taiwan.

scholarly journals Characteristics of the world and Russian production of fruits products (apples and pears)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
Lyubov Georgievna Demenina ◽  
Anna Borisovna Petrova ◽  
Kristina Andreevna Savitskaya ◽  
Lyudmila Mikhailovna Kavelenova
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Rosaceae Family ◽  
Active Substances

The paper deals with the peculiarities of the biological characteristics of the most important fruit crops of temperate climates - apple and pear (Rosaceae family, subfamily Maloideae), taking into account the world, national and regional cultivation. Both cultures are characterized by significant food and commodity value, have some differences in the chemical composition of the fruit, including the leading components of the mass and biologically active substances, which determine the peculiarities of their use in the human diet. In both global and national fruit-growing, pears play a secondary role compared to apple, giving way to the number of varieties, the volume of production and the areas occupied. Based on the analysis of available statistical data of the FAO database, the dynamics of changes from 1990 to 2016 of the world production of apple and pear fruits with visualization on the continents, identifying world leaders and major trends are considered. For the USSR (from 1962 to 1990) and in Russian Federation (from 1992 to 2016) the paper presents a picture of changes in the volume of fruit production, discusses the status of fruit production in the country. The features of the historical development and current state of fruit growing in the Samara Region and prospects are discussed.

scholarly journals DIALOGICAL LINGUISTICS IN RUSSIA: THE HISTORY OF FORMATION AND THE CURRENT STATUS

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
N. N. Shpilnaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Interactional Theory ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Formation

The article is an outline of the development of Dialogical Linguistics in Russia. It represents its milestones of formation and the current state. Dialogical Linguistics is considered to be an integral linguistic branch, claiming the status of a distinct «research program» and comprises such sections as follows: Linguistics of Dialogical Text, Linguistic Theory of Replication, Interactional Theory of Dialogue, General Theory of Dialogue. In the final part of the article, the principles of dialogical modeling of linguistic objects are being formulated.

scholarly journals Constitutional-Legal and Administrative-Legal Bases of the Status of Migrants

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-267
Author(s):  
S. Popova ◽  
Yu. Chernov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Theoretical Aspect ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Status ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
The Russian Federation

The study of the constitutional and legal basis of the status of migrants will allow to determine and summarize the rights and obligations of these persons, which significantly affect the formation of legal social order. This article discusses the constitutional, legal and administrative basis of the status of migrants, regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Considering the issue of the current state of the migration legislation of the Russian Federation, the theoretical aspect of migration as the mobilization of people to change their permanent residence is highlighted. The causes of this phenomenon and the classification of categories of migrants are determined. The definitions of external and internal migrants are differentiated, on the basis of which the constitutional norms of foreign persons who entered the territory of the Russian Federation are further studied. According to Federal laws, the basic rights and obligations of immigrants who entered the Russian Federation for different definitions of reasons and circumstances are distinguished. The article considers the administrative and legal basis of the status of migrants in the context of violation of the rule of law according to the norms of the Code of administrative violations. The Institute of citizenship is singled out as a status that directly affects the scope of individual rights and freedoms, which allows it to be singled out as a special status of a migrant. In conclusion, the above topic is summarized.

scholarly journals Ethical issues on artificial intelligence in radiology: how is it reported in research articles? The current state and future directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. e513
Author(s):  
Tomasz Piotrowski ◽  
Joanna Kazmierska ◽  
Mirosława Mocydlarz-Adamcewicz ◽  
Adam Ryczkowski
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ethical Status ◽  
The Status ◽  
Clinical Questions ◽  
Almost All

Background. This paper evaluates the status of reporting information related to the usage and ethical issues of artificial intelligence (AI) procedures in clinical trial (CT) papers focussed on radiology issues as well as other (non-trial) original radiology articles (OA). Material and Methods. The evaluation was performed by three independent observers who were, respectively physicist, physician and computer scientist. The analysis was performed for two groups of publications, i.e., for CT and OA. Each group included 30 papers published from 2018 to 2020, published before guidelines proposed by Liu et al. (Nat Med. 2020; 26:1364-1374). The set of items used to catalogue and to verify the ethical status of the AI reporting was developed using the above-mentioned guidelines. Results. Most of the reviewed studies, clearly stated their use of AI methods and more importantly, almost all tried to address relevant clinical questions. Although in most of the studies, patient inclusion and exclusion criteria were presented, the widespread lack of rigorous descriptions of the study design apart from a detailed explanation of the AI approach itself is noticeable. Few of the chosen studies provided information about anonymization of data and the process of secure data sharing. Only a few studies explore the patterns of incorrect predictions by the proposed AI tools and their possible reasons. Conclusion. Results of review support idea of implementation of uniform guidelines for designing and reporting studies with use of AI tools. Such guidelines help to design robust, transparent and reproducible tools for use in real life.

scholarly journals Environmental Sustainability in New Zealand Museums: A Case Study of Te Manawa Museum, Gallery and Science Centre

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nina Helen Finigan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Current State ◽  
Science Centre ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Many

<p>Environmental sustainability is becoming an increasingly essential component of modern life. The contemporary museums’ role as public educators, and as guardians of tangible and intangible culture, places them in a unique position to address the various issues surrounding environmental sustainability, from climate change, to bio-diversity loss, to conservation. There is increasing momentum behind the idea that museums should not only engage with environmental sustainability, but that they indeed have a responsibility to. Although museums throughout New Zealand are addressing environmental sustainability, there is currently no thorough examination of how they are doing this. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation was so find out the current state of environmental sustainability in New Zealand museums, and specifically how staff are approaching it. Through engaging in a case study of Te Manawa Museum, Gallery and Science Centre, Palmerston North, and specifically the environmentally themed exhibition Te Awa/The River: Heart of the Manawatu, this dissertation analyses and discusses the realities of addressing institutional environmental sustainability. While the previous literature surrounding this topic has addressed the many reasons why museums should engage with environmental sustainability, this dissertation has expanded on this by analysing and discussing the realities of addressing environmental sustainability from a staff perspective. Through interviews with five Te Manawa staff members, this dissertation has revealed that while museum professionals agree that engagement with environmental sustainability should become part of bottom line holistic sustainable development, the status of museums as trusted democratic institutions can place them in a conflicted space ‘in-between’ when dealing with polarising issues such as the environment. This is particularly relevant to the discussion around new-museological theory, and the importance of local context and reflexive community engagement, where the community essentially help drive museological direction and content.</p>

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