Breast-feeding: motivation and outcome

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donelda J. Ellis ◽  
Roberta J. Hewat
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Hospital Records ◽  
Feeding Motivation ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Insufficient Milk

SummaryTo determine patterns of infant feeding and influencing factors, 131 women, interested in breast-feeding and giving birth in one hospital in British Columbia, Canada, were followed for 6 months post-partum. Data were collected from hospital records and each participant completed mail-in questionnaires when their babies were 1, 3 and 6 months old. At 6 months 3·9% were exclusively breast-feeding, 26·5% were feeding their infants breast-milk and semi-solids and 26·5% were combining breast-feeding with formula and/or semi-solids. Over 50% discontinued breast-feeding before their stated intentions. Most women had chosen to breast-feed because of benefits to the baby, and most gave up breastfeeding because of perceived insufficient milk.

Executive Summary

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-583
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attitudinal Factors ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Breast Fed

Domestic Although the rate of breast-feeding is increasing in the United States, it appears that the rate of increase has been much slower among less well educated and economically disadvantaged women. Relatively little is known about the behavioral and attitudinal factors that affect the decisions to breast-feed or to stop if already breast-feeding. Breast-feeding does appear to decrease an infant's risk of gastrointestinal infection and otitis media. The effect of method of infant feeding on risk of other infections and allergic illness is less certain. International The rate of breast-feeding in developing countries appears to have declined, especially among urban women. Although some sociodemographic correlates of infant-feeding choice have been examined, little is known about the behavioral and attitudinal factors that influence choice and duration of infant-feeding practices. Milk insufficiency, maternal employment, and pregnancy frequently are given as reasons for terminating breast-feeding. Rates of gastrointestinal illness are lower among breast-fed infants and when such illness is an important cause of death, infant mortality from this cause appears to be reduced. A randomized clinical trial carried out among high-risk infants found a significantly lower rate of infections among those given breast milk than those fed with infant formula. The evidence of the effect of breast-feeding on respiratory tract and other infections from other studies was less clear. Direct comparison of the growth of predominately breast-fed v artificially fed infants in the same populations from developing countries generally show faster growth for the breast-fed infants for the first 6 months of life. After 6 months, severe growth faltering occurs regardless of the method of feeding. In communities where the nutritional adequacy of supplementary foods is poor, breast milk is an extremely important, high-quality food during the second half of infancy and beyond.

Review of Research on the Factors Associated with Choice and Duration of Infant Feeding in Less-Developed Countries

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-694
Author(s):  
Michele R. Forman
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Breast Milk Substitute

Research on factors associated with infant-feeding choice and duration has the following objectives: to describe the associated factors; to determine the degree of association; and to determine factors that are amenable to intervention in order to plan and implement infant nutrition programs. Underlying these objectives are a series of questions including: (1) What are the factors associated with the decision to breast-feed and/or bottle-feed at birth? (2) Among less-developed groups, in particular, what are the factors associated with use of prelacteal feeds before or in combination with breast-feeding or feeding by breast and bottle? (3) What are the factors associated with duration of exclusive breast-feeding, time of introduction of liquid breast milk substitutes, time of introduction of solids, and duration of partial breast-feeding? These questions are addressed in this review. This review encompasses research from a variety of disciplines—anthropology, epidemiology, nutrition, economics, and demography, for example. This is because infant feeding can be considered a behavior, a perception, a nutritional pattern, and a risk factor in infant growth and development. When infant feeding is classified as a behavior, the objective is to describe the infant's actions as he/she feeds at the breast or from the container for the breast milk substitute. The focus is on measuring the sucking action; the ability of the infant to latch onto the breast; and the frequency of, interval between, and duration of feeds. To examine a mother's perception of her infant-feeding practice requires answers to the following: Does the mother consider herself an exclusive breast-feeder, a breast-feeder and bottle-feeder, or an exclusive bottle-feeder? Does she feed on demand or on schedule? The focus of this research is on the mother's perception of her infant-feeding status rather than on the actual practice of infant feeding; the correlation between perception and practice may be examined but is commonly assumed.

Trends in Breast-Feeding

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-602
Author(s):  
Gerry E. Hendershot
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Market Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Disadvantaged Women ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Short Section

Starting from very high levels in the 1940s, breast-feeding declined steadily to low levels in the early 1970s, and then began an upward trend which has apparently continued until the present (Fig. 1). In the 1940s, breast-feeding was more common among disadvantaged women. The subsequent decline was also more rapid among the disadvantaged, however, so that by the early 1970s, disadvantaged women were considerably less likely than others to breast-feed. Because the increase since the early 1970s has not been so pronounced among the disadvantaged, they continue to have relatively low levels of breast-feeding. The causes of these trends and differentials are not well understood. These are the principal conclusions drawn from a review of statistical studies of trends and differentials in breast-feeding in the United States. The studies included national health surveys conducted by the federal government, market research surveys conducted by infant formula manufacturers, and infant feeding surveys conducted by medical researchers. The studies differed markedly in their methods—a fact that affects their validity, reliability, and comparability. The first section of this paper discusses these data sources and their limitations. The next two sections discuss the downward trend in breast-feeding from the 1940s to the early 1970s, and the upward trend since. Each of these sections examines demographic differences in these trends. A short section that addresses possible causes of the trends and differentials follows those two sections. SOURCES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA The principal sources of data on trends and differentials in breast-feeding are national fertility surveys, market research surveys, and special purpose infant-feeding surveys.

Supporting Breast-Feeding

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
Sidney R. Kemberling
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Elderly Woman ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Simple Solution ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Spanish Family ◽  
Good Nutrition

For those interested in another approach to breast-feeding, Jelliffe and Jelliffe have recently published an elegant paper titled " Breast Is Best."4 Developing skills that enhance breast-feeding can be learned by reading the books listed at the end of this article. If pediatricians want to be strong advocates of breast-feeding, they must be convinced of the advantages of breast milk. Many physicians say that they support breast-feeding but will, for instance, send formula bottles to the bedside of a breast-feeding mother. The antagonistic physician or member of the office team may make remarks such as "Are you going to breast-feed until your child goes to school?" " Are you still breast-feeding?" or " The baby needs solid foods for good nutrition." These innuendos can defeat and demoralize the breast-feeding mother. Unless the physician provides strong support against these remarks, the mother will lose her confidence. Many husbands who are advocates of breast-feeding will defend her against these discouraging remarks. Group sessions of lactating mothers also bolster morale. Many mothers find duenna substitutes whom they can communicate with by telephone. (A duenna is an elderly woman who has charge of young unmarried women in a Spanish family.) However, when breast-feeding mothers confront a serious problem for which they have no simple solution, the pediatrician has to provide the ultimate backup support.

The sleeper effect of perceived insufficient milk supply in US mothers

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mackenzie DM Whipps ◽  
Jill R Demirci
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
First Time Mothers ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Insufficient Milk ◽  
First Time

Abstract Objective: To test whether perception of insufficient milk (PIM) supply in the breast-feeding relationship of one child predicts how long mothers breast-feed subsequent children, and whether this association differs for first-time mothers v. mothers with previous children. Design: Secondary analysis of Infant Feeding Practices Study II (ordinary least squares regression) and Year 6 follow-up. Setting: Mailed, self-report survey of US mother–infant dyads, 2005–2012. Participants: Women pregnant with a singleton were recruited from a consumer opinion panel. Exclusion criteria included: mother age <18; infant born <5 lbs, born before 35 weeks or with extended NICU stay, and mother or infant diagnosed with condition that impacts feeding. A subsample with PIM data (n 1460) was analysed. Results: We found that women who weaned because of PIM with the index child stopped breast-feeding 5·7 weeks earlier than those who weaned due to other reasons (4·9 weeks earlier for multiparas, P < 0·001; 7·1 weeks earlier for primiparas, P < 0·001). Using Year 6 follow-up data (n 350), we found subsequent child 1 weaned 9·2 weeks earlier if the mother experiences PIM as a multipara (P = 0·020) and 10·6 weeks earlier if the mother experiences PIM as a primipara (P = 0·019). For subsequent child 2 (n 78), the magnitude of association was even larger, although insignificant due to low power. Conclusions: These findings indicate that PIM may carry forward in the reproductive life course, especially for first-time mothers. Perceptions of breast milk insufficiency and contributors to actual inadequate milk supply with the first child should be targeted, rather than intervening later in the reproductive life course.

scholarly journals Yield and nutrient content of milk in eight women breast-feeding twins and one woman breast-feeding triplets

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Saint ◽  
P. Maggiore ◽  
P. E. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Total Energy Intake

1. The milk yield of eight mothers each breast-feeding twins was determined by test weighing the mothers. Milk yield was determined at 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post partum; however, only one mother was studied at all these times.2. At 6 months post partum the milk yield for individual breasts of three mothers fully breast-feeding and four mothers partially breast-feeding their infants ranged from 0.84 to 2.16 kg/24 h and 0.42 to 1.39 kg/24 h respectively. The average frequency of breast-feeding for the mothers studied at 6 months post partum was 15.4 feeds124 h.3. The milk yield of one mother fully breast-feeding 2.5-month-old triplets was 3.08 kg/24 h and the infants were fed twenty-seven times in 24 h.4. The concentration of lactose, protein and mixed fat in the milk from individual breasts of mothers fully breast-feeding their infants ranged from 65.6 to 82.2, 7.8 to 15.7 and 16.7 to 46.2 g/1 respectively. For the three mothers partially breast-feeding 12-month-old infants the values ranged from 54.8 to 71.8, 14.2 to 19.9 and 4.7 to 40.5 g/l respectively.5. At 6 and 12 months of age, the proportion of the total energy intake of the infants which was derived from breast milk ranged from 64 to 100% and 6 to 13% respectively.6. It is concluded that the maximum potential milk yield for women may be higher than the often quoted value of 70–800 m1/24 h.

Studies on perceived breast-milk insufficiency: relation to attitude and practice

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Hillervik-Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Home Visits ◽  
Sexual Life ◽  
Negative Direction ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Attitude Changes ◽  
Breastfeeding Attitude

SummaryFifty-one mother-infant pairs were followed prospectively by home visits and telephone contacts during the first 6 months post-partum. Comparisons between mothers who experienced lactation crises because of perceived breast-milk insufficiency (crisis group) and those who did not (non-crisis group) revealed differences in attitudes to breast-feeding, breast-feeding behaviour and sexual life. The crisis group tended to initiate breast-feeding for infant-related reasons more frequently than the non-crisis group, which more frequently gave mother-related reasons. During the course of breastfeeding attitude changes in a negative direction were significantly more common in the crisis group. No difference was found between the groups in the resumption of sexual life, but 59% of all the women claimed that they experienced less or no desire compared to before pregnancy and, of these, a significantly higher proportion belonged to the crisis group.

scholarly journals Pattern and influencing factors of breastfeeding of working mothers in several areas in Jakarta

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rifan Fauzie ◽  
Rulina Suradi ◽  
Sri Rezeki S. Hadinegoro
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Working Mothers ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Knowl Edge ◽  
Breastfeeding Rate ◽  
Insurance Business

Background Breast milk contains many essential nutrition factorsbest for babies. The 1997 Indonesian Health Demography foundthat the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding was still low (52%)and increased to 55.1% in 2002. Due to increasing number ofworking mothers, promoting breast feeding among them should beperformed properly. There are no data on exclusive breastfeedingrate and pattern among working mothers in Indonesia.Objective To describe exclusive breastfeeding rate and patternamong working mothers in several areas in Jakarta and the influ-encing factors.Methods A descriptive study using a questionnaire was conductedfrom October 2005 to February 2006. Subjects were workingmothers who had 6 to 12 month old baby and breastfed and thebaby had no congenital or chronic disease.Results Among 290 mothers interviewed, 40% worked at banksor insurance business, 34% were private employees, 25% medicalstaffs, and 2% were teachers. Almost 80% have exclusivelybreastfed for less than 4 months, 17% for 4 months, and only 4%for 6 months. Maternal leave, family support, mothers’ knowl-edge, facilities at workplace, media influences, and working hoursseemed to have no relations to breastfeeding rate. There were122 (42%) mothers who had good knowledge about physiologyof lactation, 155 of them (53%) had fair knowledge, and only45% of them had poor knowledge.Conclusions The proportion of working mothers in several areasin Jakarta who have exclusively breastfed for 4 months is 17%, andonly 4% of subjects do exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. Mostsubjects have a good to fair knowledge about the physiology oflactation but it does not seem to influence the decision to exclu-sively breastfed their babies.

scholarly journals Assessment of Knowledge and Practice about Self Expressed Breast Milk among Saudi Mothers in Jazan Region, KSA, 2016

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Karimah Mohammad Qutah ◽  
Safar A. Alsaleem ◽  
Abdullah Ahmed Najmi ◽  
Muteb Bawwah Zabbani
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge And Practice

Aim: To assess mother's knowledge and attitude regarding self-expressed milk in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: Study Area: An observational and cross sectional study done in Obstetric Department (Well Baby and immunization Clinics) in King Fahd Central Hospital (KFCH), Jazan, Saudi Arabia and in six PHCCs in Jazan (randomly selected) from  December 2016 - March 2017.  Pregnant women who delivered babies before and post-partum women in Obstetric departments, Obstetric outpatient clinic, mother’s in well baby, and immunization clinics in mentioned areas were included in the study. Stratified multistage sampling techniques were used.  N = 499 Saudi mothers calculated according to survey system with confidence level % 95.  The questionnaire was self-administering questionnaire (in Arabic language).  All data processed via Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19. Shapiro-Wilk test. Kruskal-Wallis test used to see the association between level of knowledge and practice with demographic variables that contains more than 2 variables. Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation were used. Results: Total of 499 mothers was participating aged 30±7 years with mean number of kids 2.98 ± 2. Mothers heard about self-expressed breast milks accounts 73.5% and 236 mothers of them were practice it. Both level of knowledge and practice accuracy were inadequate. Around one third of mothers heard about it from social media. More than third of the women practice it because of work related issues. The higher the educational level was the higher knowledge (p<0.001). Age and number of kids, has no statistically significant effect on the knowledge level (P = 0.417, 0.285).  Working mothers have higher knowledge level than house wife and students (p<0.001), nurses especially who toke breast feeding teaching have higher knowledge level than physicians then teachers (p<0.001). Mothers who toke their knowledge from breast feeding courses have the highest knowledge level followed by medical stuffs other than physicians followed by social media and internet websites then physicians then mothers and last are friends (p<0.001). Mothers with more accurate practice were more knowledgeable than mothers with less accurate practices (p<0.001). Conclusion: Mothers knowledge and practice regarding self-expressed breast milk needed to be improved in order to give the babies better chance for exclusive breast feeding. Breast feeding courses for mothers give better results in term of accuracy of mother’s knowledge and practice of expressed breast milk.

Formula and complementary feeding

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mark Beattie ◽  
Anil Dhawan ◽  
John W.L. Puntis
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Bacterial Proliferation ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Expressed Breast Milk ◽  
P Type

Bottle-feeding 32Type of formula feed 33Complementary feeding 34Although the WHO recommends exclusive breast-feeding for 6 months and partial breast-feeding thereafter, it was recognized that some mothers would be unable, or would choose not to breast-feed, and that these mothers also deserved support to optimize their infant's nutrition. It is important that formula feeds are made up according to instructions and that both formula milk and expressed breast milk is handled in a way that minimizes the risk of bacterial proliferation in the feed. Some simple guidelines are given below: ...

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