SEX COMPOSITION OF TWINS AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH MORBIDITY, MORTALITY AND MATERNAL TREATMENT-SEEKING OUTCOMES IN RESOURCE-POOR SETTINGS

SummarySocietal gender inequality and a preference for male children has been shown to be detrimental to girls’ health. This is despite females’ innate biological advantage early in life. The negative effects of gender inequity on female health are most pronounced in resource-poor countries, where cultural norms supporting a preference for male children are strongest. However, most of what is known about gender inequality and child health comes from studies of singleton births. There is little evidence for how, or if, the disadvantages associated with gender bias and son preference extend to multiple births, a population inherently at risk for a number of health challenges. This analysis examines whether gender bias in health outcomes exists for twins. Data on live twin births from 38 Demographic and Health Surveys were compiled (n=11,528 individuals) and twins were categorized as girl/girl, girl/boy, boy/girl or girl/girl. Gender inequality was measured via the Gender Inequality Index. Multilevel logistic regression models examined associations between twin sex composition, gender inequality and eight outcomes of infant and child morbidity, mortality and mother’s treatment-seeking behaviours. Twin pairs containing girls had significantly lower odds of first-year mortality. Higher country-level gender inequality was associated with higher odds of reporting diarrhoea and fever/cough, as well as an increased odds of post-neonatal mortality. Results suggest that the biological advantage for females may be stronger than son preference and gender inequality in the first year of life. Understanding these relationships has the potential to inform efforts to curb the influence of gender preference on the health of female children in resource-poor settings.

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KETENTUAN PERKAWINAN DALAM KHI DAN IMPLIKASINYA BAGI FIQH MU’ASYARAH: Sebuah Analisis Gender

EGALITA ◽

10.18860/egalita.v0i0.1956 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Umi Sumbulah

Keyword(s):

Gender Bias ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Social System ◽

Social Role ◽

Minority Group ◽

Gender Mainstreaming ◽

Vulnerable Group ◽

Asymmetrical Pattern ◽

The Family ◽

Religious Understanding

Compilation of Islamic laws (KHI) consists of some gender bias points such as point of Wali, Saksi, Nusyuz, Polygamy as well as wife-husband’s right and obligation. It is not only causing various religious understanding which are bias but also to the marriage practice and to the asymmetrical pattern of relation. Those, further, may result in gender inequality problems of which women (mostly wives) and children are the most vulnerable group to experience the problems although men may experience that such kind of problems. Fiqh as the product of Ulama’s interpretation and judgment toward normative doctrines (Qur’an and Hadith) are influenced by socio-cultural and political setting under patriarchal social system. Nurture theory on women and men’ social role contributes also to the marginalization and sub-ordination toward women in husband-wife relation in the family. Then, Counter Legal Draft (CLD) that is compiled by gender mainstreaming working group of Ministry of Religious Affairs (DEPAG) is an alternative Marital Laws formula which are more considering women and marginalized minority group.

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PERSEPSI PEMUKA AGAMA TERHADAP BIAS GENDER DITINJAU DARI LATAR BELAKANG SUKU

Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies ◽

10.30821/jcims.v1i1.321 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dahlia Lubis

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Group ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Studies ◽

Gender Bias ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Field Studies ◽

Research Data ◽

Religious Leaders ◽

Muslim Community

Abstrak: keberadaan berbagai kajian dan literatur tentang gender tidak serta merta merubah pandangan masyarakat tentang keadilan gender. Sebab, kajian gender tetapi memiliki pendukung dan penentang. Ada pendapat bahwa kajian gender berupaya merubah ajaran agama itu sendiri. Dalam kajian gender selama ini, ditemukan banyak pihak yang ikut berkontribusi bagi muncul dan berkembangnya paham yang bias gender dalam masyarakat Muslim, khususnya di Indonesia. Di antara pihak yang bertanggungjawab terhadap kelestarian paham yang diskriminatif terhadap perempuan adalah para pemuka agama yang diwakili oleh para ustaz dan ustazah dimana mereka memainkan peran sebagai penyampai ajaran agama kepada masyarakat Muslim. Artikel ini mengkaji pandangan para ustaz dan ustazah terhadap ketidakadilan gender yang dilihat dari latar belakang suku masing-masing, sehingga akan terungkap perihal adakah kaitan antara latar belakang suku seorang ustaz dan ustazah terhadap persepsi mereka tentang ketidakadilan gender. Didasari oleh studi lapangan, dimana data penelitian diperoleh dari angket dan wawancara, kajian ini menemukan bahwa masih ditemukannya pemahaman bias gender dalam persepsi ustaz dan ustazah di kota Medan. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi bagi kajian gender di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: ustaz, ustazah, ketidakadilan, gender, suku Abstract: The Perception of Islamic Preachers about Gender Bias Reviewed From Ethnic Group Backgrounds. The existence of various studies and literature on gender does not automatically change the society's opinion about gender equality. As such, supporters and opponents of the idea are readily found. One opinion goes as far as saying that gender studies try to alter the teachings of religion itself. In the gender studies has been found that many contributed to the emergence and development of gender biased ideology in Muslim societies, especially in Indonesia. Among those responsible to discriminatory preservation of women are religious leaders who are represented by ustaz and ustazah where they play the role of religious teachings to the Muslim community. This article examines the opinions of ustaz and ustazah on gender inequality realized from the background of each ethnic group, so it will be revealed about whether there is a link between ethnic background of an ustaz and ustazah to their perception of gender injustice. Based on field studies, where the research data was obtained from questionnaires and interviews, this study found that there is an understanding of gender bias in ustaz and ustazah perceptions in Medan city. This study is expected to contribute to gender studies in Indonesia. Keywords: ustaz, ustazah, injustice, gender, ethnic group

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Examining Risk Perceptions Among Daily Smokers Naïve to Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/nty082 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 985-990 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Melissa Mercincavage ◽

Kirsten Lochbuehler ◽

Andrea C Villanti ◽

E Paul Wileyto ◽

Janet Audrain-McGovern ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Perceptions ◽

Regression Models ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Treatment Seeking ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Nicotine Content ◽

Risks And Benefits ◽

Safety Risks ◽

Educational Campaigns

Abstract Introduction The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated its interest in reducing the addictiveness of combustible cigarettes by lowering their nicotine content. Delineating risk perceptions of reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes prior to federal regulation may inform the content of future educational campaigns accompanying this policy. Methods Five hundred non–treatment-seeking, daily smokers naïve to RNC cigarettes (63.0% male, 51.6% nonWhite, mean [SD] cigarettes per day = 15.69 [7.58], age = 43.44 [11.46]) completed a 10-item RNC cigarette risk perception questionnaire at baseline in two, unrelated experimental studies. We used multinomial logistic regression models to identify demographic (eg, gender) and smoking-related (eg, nicotine dependence) correlates of RNC cigarette risk perceptions. Results Although the majority of participants did not misperceive RNC cigarettes as less harmful than regular or high nicotine cigarettes, a large portion of the sample held misperceptions about RNC cigarettes’ addictiveness (56.4%) and cessation aid potential (63.4%). More than 20% of the sample reported being unsure about RNC-related risks, especially tar content (51.8%). NonWhite smokers were 2.5 to 3 times more likely to be incorrect about multiple RNC cigarette risks (p = .002–.006). Conclusions If the FDA mandates a reduced nicotine content standard for cigarettes, educational campaigns will be needed to correct misperceptions about RNC cigarettes’ addictiveness and potential to aid cessation as well as inform consumers about their safety risks. Campaigns tailored toward nonWhite smokers may also be needed to correct misperceptions of RNC cigarette risks held by this subgroup. Implications The FDA has stated its interest in reducing cigarettes’ addictiveness by lowering their nicotine content, enabling smokers to quit. Our findings suggest that most smokers who have not used RNC cigarettes do not perceive these products as less addictive or as cessation tools, stressing a need for future educational campaigns to correct these misperceptions. Campaigns are also needed to educate uninformed smokers about RNC cigarettes and should consider targeting messages toward subgroups likely to hold misperceptions about the risks and benefits of using these products (eg, nonWhite smokers).

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“Die Empörten Weiber”: Gender, Authority and Protestant Modernism in Jeremiah 44

Journal for the Study of the Old Testament ◽

10.1177/03090892211019043 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 030908922110190

Author(s):

Melvin Sensenig

Keyword(s):

Gender Bias ◽

20Th Century ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Religious Activity ◽

Israelite Religion ◽

Social Elite ◽

Elite Status

Because of Protestant modernism’s reconstrual of older Protestant views of inspiration around the Romantic notion of the male charismatic prophet, it unintentionally opened doors for the latent gender inequality of its misogynist cultural context when interpreting female religious activity in the prophets. Because of Protestant modernism’s inability to distinguish itself from its 19th-20th century social elite status, it can end up enabling gender stereotypes of its time and thus engage in unexamined gender bias. Vestiges at times remain in literature that assumes the non- or reduced agency of women in Israelite religion. This is a case study in one of the founders of historical-critical Jeremiah study, Sigmund Mowinckel, focusing not on Protestant modernism broadly but rather on Mowinckel’s clear expression of the modernist Protestant notion of the inspiration of sacred speech.

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Can married or cohabiting women negotiate protective sex? Findings from Demographic and Health Surveys of two West African countries

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932019000798 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 52 (6) ◽

pp. 785-808 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bamikale Feyisetan ◽

Kola A. Oyediran

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Condom Use ◽

Cote D'ivoire ◽

Côte D’Ivoire ◽

Hiv Infections ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

African Countries ◽

Cote D’Ivoire ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Côte D'ivoire

AbstractCan married or cohabitating women in patriarchal societies, who are often disproportionately affected by STI/HIV infections, negotiate protective sex when perceived necessary by refusing sex or asking for condom use during sex? Protective sex negotiation was examined through measures of power relations related to whether or not a woman has a say in sexual activities within marriage. The study hypothesis was that women who are more able to refuse sex or ask for condom use before sexual intercourse will be more able to discuss and reach agreement with their spouses on protective sex practices when needed. The study used data from DHS surveys conducted in Cote d’Ivoire and Nigeria in 2012 and 2013 respectively. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to predict women’s ability to negotiate protective sex in Cote d’Ivoire and Nigeria. The findings show that moderately high percentages of women in both countries reported the ability to negotiate protective sex, with a higher percentage reporting the ability to refuse sex compared with the ability to ask partners to use a condom. The logistic regression results showed that, in the two countries, women’s ability to refuse sex or ask their partners to use a condom, varied by gender- and power-mediating factors, women’s characteristics and behavioural factors. The study draws attention to the need to intensify efforts to promote more-egalitarian relationships between partners through culturally appropriate interventions.

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Recognising and Treatment Seeking for Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Adults and Children in Resource-Poor Settings: A Qualitative Study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0068163 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. e68163 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Nicola A. Desmond ◽

Deborah Nyirenda ◽

Queen Dube ◽

MacPherson Mallewa ◽

Elizabeth Molyneux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Study ◽

Bacterial Meningitis ◽

Acute Bacterial Meningitis ◽

Treatment Seeking ◽

Resource Poor ◽

Adults And Children

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Representasi Relasi Jender dalam Pemakaian Diksi pada Novel “Perempuan Berkalung Sorban” Karya Abidah El Khalieki

Nusa Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra ◽

10.14710/nusa.12.1.55-65 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Suyanto Suyanto ◽

Mujid F Amin

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Gender Bias ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Public Spaces ◽

Material Object ◽

The Novel ◽

Data Display ◽

Gender Relation ◽

Women And Gender ◽

And Gender

This study aims to explain the use of diction which reflects gender relation in four aspects namely leniency, authority, mobility, and attitude. The material object of this research is Abidah El-Khalieki's novel Women to Wear headdress. Data collection using the method refer and note technique. Data analysis was used data reduction, data display, data verification, interpretation and theoretical meanings, and result conclusions. In the aspect of leniency shows the existence of allowances or the opportunity of women to indicate its existence in public spaces. Gender inequality is demonstrated by diction that States that in the wedding were not involved to define himself. Diction in the form of metaphor is dominated by metaphor symbolic stating that the woman just jewelry for her husband. Diction in attitude more widely used to describe the nature of stereotypes of women and gender bias. In general the diction in the novel more gender-equitable tend to PBS. Usage of diction are generally gender bias for comparison that finally found the gender-sensitive nature of the resolution. As for the use in the novel PBS dominated by symbolic figurative.

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Influence of Individual- and National-Level Factors on Attitudes toward Intimate Partner Violence

Sociological Perspectives ◽

10.1177/0731121416662028 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 685-701 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Brittany E. Hayes ◽

Katharine A. Boyd

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Partner Violence ◽

National Level ◽

Social Institutions ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Individual Level ◽

And Gender ◽

The Individual

The study evaluated if individual- and national-level factors influence intimate partner violence (IPV) attitudes. Using Demographic and Health Surveys’ data, multilevel modeling was used to analyze 506,935 females nested in 41 nations. The results indicated that the respondents in nations with higher levels of gender inequality, measured by the Social Institutions and Gender Index, were more likely to agree a husband is justified to abuse his wife when she argues with him. National-level attitudes toward IPV and decision making at the individual level were significant predictors of IPV attitudes. The presence of another female while the survey was administered and differences across nations in question wording significantly affected IPV attitudes. The results confirm that both individual- and national-level factors shape individual IPV attitudes. National policies and programming should address gender inequality and patriarchal attitudes.

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The paradox of water accessibility: understanding the temporal and spatial dimensions of access to improved water sources in Rwanda

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2015.029 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 553-564 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lydia Osei ◽

Jonathan Amoyaw ◽

Godfred Odei Boateng ◽

Sheila Boamah ◽

Isaac Luginaah

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Sources ◽

Regional Disparities ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

The People ◽

Spatial Dimensions ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Over Time

According to the United Nations, the world has met the Millennium Development Goal target of halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water. However, global figures mask massive disparities between regions and countries, and within countries. For instance, only 64% of the people in sub-Saharan Africa have access to improved water sources. Over 40% of all people globally who lack access to drinking water live in sub-Saharan Africa. Rwanda is used as a case in point in this study. Despite the abundance of water resources in the country, access to improved water sources is limited. Using the Rwandan Demographic and Health Surveys (2000–2010), we examined regional disparities in access to improved water sources. Results from logistic regression models show that overall, access to improved water has declined between 2000 and 2010; except in the western region, where access to water marginally improved. Educated individuals, wealthier and urban dwellers were more likely to have access to improved water sources over time compared to their uneducated, poor and rural counterparts. The persistence of regional disparities in access to improved water over time suggests the need for policy to address insufficient investments in water infrastructure in Rwanda.

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