195. Urea as a protein substitute in the diet of young cattle

1938 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bartlett ◽  
A. G. Cotton
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Substitute ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Additional Nitrogen

1. A 142-day feeding experiment with twenty-one dairy heifers aged 7–17 months is described.2. The addition of 0·127 lb. per animal per day of urea to a diet supplying a limited amount of protein resulted in an extra daily live-weight increase of 0·24 lb. per day. This increase was statistically significant and the animals appear therefore to have utilized the urea nitrogen in their metabolism.3. Animals receiving the same quantity of additional nitrogen in the form of protein showed slightly better live-weight gains than those receiving the urea; although the difference was not significant it seems probable that the protein was a more efficient nitrogen supplement than urea.

Probable Error in Pig-Feeding Trials

1915 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Charles Crowther
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Probable Error ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Feeding Trials

In an earlier issue of this Journal, Robinson and Halnan have communicated the results of a statistical analysis of three sets of pig-feeding experiments from which they conclude that “the probable error of one animal in a pig-feeding experiment is in the region of 10 per cent, of the average live-weight increase.”

The effects of implanting prepuberal dairy heifers with anabolic steroids on live-weight gain, blood and urine composition and milk yield

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Little ◽  
R. M. Kay ◽  
D. J. Harwood ◽  
R. J. Heitzman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Urine Composition ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYTwenty-seven British Friesian heifer calves were housed as a group but fed individually barley-lucerne pellets according to a scale related to body weight. At 16 weeks and again at 31 weeks of age nine calves were implanted subcutaneously at the base of the ear with 300 mg trenbolone acetate (group T), nine calves were similarly implanted with 140 mg trenbolone acetate and 20 mg oestradiol-17/? (group TE) and the remaining nine calves were sham implanted (group C).As a result of increased feed conversion ratios, body-weight gains were significantly greater in group T (0–80 kg/day) and group TE (0–87 kg/day) than in group C (0–72 kg/ day) during the 15 weeks following the second implant, but there was no significant difference between groups following the first implant.Following both implants in groups T and TE the mean concentrations of urea and albumin in serum decreased, and that of globulin increased. The mean urea: creatinine ratio in the urine of animals in groups T and TE relative to that in group C also decreased.The heifers were served by an Aberdeen Angus bull at the first and, when they occurred, subsequent oestruses. Following calving the mean milk yields in the first lactation in group T (641 kg in 96 days) and group TE (1993 in 212 days) was considerably lower than in group C (3636 kg in 293 days). The udder size in both groups of animals treated with the anabolic steroids was markedly reduced. It is concluded that despite an improvement in feed conversion ratios and body-weight gains, trenbolone acetate should not be administered to prepuberal heifers which will be retained for breeding and milk production.

Comparative evaluation of beef cattle breeds of African, European and Indian origins. 2. Resistance to cattle ticks and gastrointestinal nematodes

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Frisch ◽  
C. J. O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tick Counts ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Parasite Challenge

AbstractCattle breeds of African, European and Indian origins are being evaluated at Rockhampton for their suitability for beef production in northern Australia. In the current study, Belmont Adaptaur (HS), Belmont Red (AX) and Belmont BX (BX) dams were mated to produce straightbreds, and crossbred progeny by Brahman (B), Boron (Bo) and Tuli (Tu) sires. B dams were mated to produce straightbreds, and crossbred progeny by AX, BX, Bo, Charolais (Ch), HS and Tu sires. All animals were reared together in the presence of cattle ticks and gastrointestinal nematodes (‘worms’). Over a 10-month period, half of each genotype was treated every 3 weeks to control ticks and worms. The resistance of each genotype to these parasites was estimated from direct counts of maturing female ticks (‘tick counts’) and from a combination of worm eggs in fresh faeces (‘worm egg counts’) and response to treatment to control the parasites.The ranking of the sire breeds for tick resistance was B, Bo > BX > AX, HS, Tu > Ch and for worm resistance was B > Bo, BX > AX, Ch, HS, Tu. Only the B × BX and B × Bo could match the resistance of the B to ticks and worms combined.All genotypes responded to treatment to control parasites but at the low to moderate levels of infestation recorded throughout the study the response of the more resistant genotypes was too low to warrant the cost of treatment. However, the ranking of the genotypes for live-weight gains changed with parasite challenge. Progeny by B and by Bo bulls from each of the dam breeds had higher live-weight gains than the corresponding straightbreds irrespective of the level of parasite challenge but gains of Tu-sired progeny exceeded those of the corresponding straightbreds only at lower levels of parasite challenge. The difference in resistance between the B and the more resistant F2s was small and even at twice the parasite challenge experienced throughout the study, the Fts would still be expected to outgain the B. For those genotypes for which it was measured, heterosis was consistently significant for live-weight gains and for tick counts but not for worm egg counts. Heterosis for live-weight gain was consistently higher for control than for treated groups. Potential roles of the different breeds for crossbreeding is discussed in relation to the effects of different levels of parasite challenge on growth rates of their progeny.

scholarly journals The effect of fishmeal supplementation of a straw-based diet on growth and calorimetric efficiency of growth in heifers

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Ortigues ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
M. Gill ◽  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
N. W. Yarrow
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Energy Retention

Thirty-two 160 kg dairy heifers were used to measure the effects of increasing dietary protein content on growth and heat production. A basal diet containing (g/kg) 550 sodium hydroxide-treated straw, 220 barley, 220 sugarbeet pulp and 10 urea was offered with 0, 76 and 152 g fishmeal/kg dry matter of the basal diet (F0, F1 and F2 levels respectively). The three diets were each given at two levels of feeding (low, L; high, H): 57.6 g/d per kg metabolic body-weight (W0.75) for the LF0 diet and 74.7 g/d per kg W0.75 for the HFO diet. Apparent digestibility of the diets increased in response to the addition of fishmeal. Mean dry matter digestibility values were 0.67, 0.67, 0.69, 0.66, 0.68 and 0.69 and those for acid-detergent fibre digestibility were 0.60, 0.63, 0.66, 0.58, 0.60 and 0.65 for diets LF0, LF1, LF2, HF0, HF1 and HF2 respectively. Nitrogen retention increased in response to both fishmeal and feeding level. Live-weight gains were 170, 296, 434 g/d for the LF0, LF1 and LF2 diets and 468, 651 and 710 g/d for the HF0, HF1 and HF2 diets respectively. There were significant effects of increasing the plane of feeding and the level of fishmeal in the diet on live-weight gain. Dietary effects on live-weight gains were accompanied by increases in mean energy retention of 23, 45, 82, 94, 160 and 152 kJ/d per kg W0.75 for diets LF0, LF1, LF2, HF0, HF1 and HF2 respectively, but no definite evidence was obtained that dietary supplementation with fishmeal modified the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for growth.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF PRESENCE OF LOLIUM ENDOPHYTE ON GROWTH RATES OF WEANED LAMBS, GROWING ON TO HOGGETS, ON VARIOUS RYEGRASSES

1983 ◽  
pp. 237-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.R. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Lower Weight ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Difference

Weaned lambs when growing to hoggets on old pasture acotype ryegrass, had shown significantly lower weight gains immediately prior to clinical signs of FIGS, than those on Ruanui ryegrass pasture. The difference was not correlated to quantity of harbaga on offer. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay of plant tissue showed higher concentration of Lolium endophyte in that period than prior to subsequent periods. Keywords: ryegrass staggers, Lolium andophyte, live weight

Intensification of the spring-calving single-suckler herd

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Gross Margins ◽  
Friesian Cows

SUMMARY1. For four consecutive years, each one of four herds of 13 cows and calves grazed land stocked and fertilized at one of the following combinations of rates (ha/cow, kg N/ha): 0·61, 82; 0·51, 82; 0·51,203 and 0·40, 203.2. The Devon and Devon × British Friesian cows present in each herd reared calves by Devon bulls. Calving occurred indoors over the period February to April, the cows having been housed in early December.3. Live-weight gains of calves to weaning in mid-October did not differ between herds in any year. Live-weight increase of cows over the grazing season was similar and substantial in all herds. On average pure-bred calves were 25 kg lighter at weaning than the cross-bred calves.4. The main difference between treatments was in quantity of grass conserved and it was only in the herd kept at 0·51 ha/cow, 203 kg N/ha that enough was made to supply all the energy needs of the herd for a 150-day winter.5. Gross margins/ha were greatest at the higher rate of nitrogen application but no further improvement was evident at the maximum stocking rate. The importance of maximizing output/animal is discussed.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CALF REARING IN DIFFERENT FARMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-593
Author(s):  
C.M. Sat ◽  
◽  
E.S. Oorzhak ◽  
C.K. Oorzhak ◽  
G.L. Oyun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Daily Gain

Numerous studies have shown that animals with the same genetic potential can differ in productiveness. In this regard, specialists in this industry, when predicting the milk productivity of adult animals in the process of raising young cattle, divide rearing into separate periods. In order to study the conditions for growing dairy calves, a comparative analysis of the conditions for keeping and feeding calves in two farms of the Republic of Tyva was carried out. The conditions of growing calves in the dairy period in the conditions of different farms with the same breed composition of cattle were studied. A comparative analysis of the influence of the composition and level of the diet on the growth of young animals is given. Calves of both groups by birth weight at birth did not have significant differences: they were 0.05-0.07 kg. In dairy farms MUP “KaaKhemsky” and “OOO Turanskoye” young cattle from birth to 6 months are kept in separate rooms. There are no significant differences in the calf feeding schedule. In the Municipal Unitary Enterprise “Kaa-Khemsky” feeding with haylage of young animals is introduced from two months of age; at the farm of “OOO Turanskoye” silage has been given to calves from 4 months. However, from 4 months to six months of age, they showed a significant difference in the increase in live weight. At 4 months, the difference averaged 4.27 kg, at 5 and 6 months – 6.39 and 8.59 kg, respectively. As a result of the studies, it was concluded that a decrease in the drinking of whole milk and the introduction of a substitute at its early, three-month-old age, which are compensated by a large intake of hay, feed and silage, do not provide a high average daily gain in live weight of the growing organism of young cattle.

scholarly journals Reduction of body-weight gain enhances in vitro embryo production in overfed superovulated dairy heifers

Reproduction ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Freret ◽  
B Grimard ◽  
A A Ponter ◽  
C Joly ◽  
C Ponsart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of our study was to test whether a reduction in dietary intake could improve in vitro embryo production in superovulated overfed dairy heifers. Cumulus–oocyte complexes of 16 Prim’ Holstein heifers (14 ± 1 months old) were collected by ovum pick-up (OPU), every 2 weeks following superovulation treatment with 250 μg FSH, before being matured and fertilized in vitro. Embryos were cultured in Synthetic Oviduct Fluid medium for 7 days. Heifers were fed with hay, soybean meal, barley, minerals and vitamins. From OPU 1 to 4 (period 1), all heifers received individually for 8 weeks a diet formulated for a 1000 g/day live-weight gain. From OPU 5 to 8 (period 2), the heifers were allocated to one of two diets (1000 or 600 g/day) for 8 weeks. Heifers’ growth rates were monitored and plasma concentrations of metabolites, metabolic and reproductive hormones were measured each week. Mean live-weight gain observed during period 1 was 950 ± 80 g/day (n = 16). In period 2 it was 730 ± 70 (n = 8) and 1300 ± 70 g/day (n = 8) for restricted and overfed groups respectively. When comparing period 1 and period 2 within groups, significant differences were found. In the restricted group, a higher blastocyst rate, greater proportions of grade 1–3 and grade 1 embryos, associated with higher estradiol at OPU and lower glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate, were observed in period 2 compared with period 1. Moreover, after 6 weeks of dietary restriction (OPU 7), numbers of day 7 total embryos, blastocysts and grade 1–3 embryos had significantly increased. On the contrary, in the overfed group, we observed more <8 mm follicles 2 days before superovulation treatment, higher insulin and IGF-I and lower nonesterified fatty acids in period 2 compared with period 1 (no significant difference between periods for embryo production). After 6 weeks of 1300 g/day live-weight gain (OPU 7), embryo production began to decrease. Whatever the group, oocyte collection did not differ between period 1 and 2. These data suggest that following a period of overfeeding, a short-term dietary intake restriction (6 weeks in our study) may improve blastocyst production and embryo quality when they are low. However, nutritional recommendations aiming to optimize both follicular growth and embryonic development may be different.

scholarly journals PSVII-17 Program Chair Poster Pick: Reproductive function of cows depending on lipid metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 293-294
Author(s):  
Murat Baymishev ◽  
Sergey Eremin ◽  
Kirill Plemyashov ◽  
Khamidulla Baymishev ◽  
Igor Konopel’tsev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation Products ◽  
Synthetic Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Oxidized Products

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the etiopathogenesis of reproductive dysfunction in highly productive cows. Studies were conducted on cows of black-motley breed, aged 3–5 lactations, with a live weight of 480–520 kg. Cows were divided into two groups. The first group included 20 cows effective inseminated after the first insemination. The second group included 17 cows that did not fertilize after the first insemination. Blood samples (n = 253) were taken from 4–7; 14–17; 24–34; 35–50; 88–95; 195–210 days of pregnancy; during the beginning of dry period (DP); 1–4 days before calving and on the first day after calving. The content of total serum lipids in pregnant animals was 15.8% higher compared to unfertilized animals. In non-pregnant cows, a decrease in free cholesterol (by 28.65%), especially in its ether-bound fraction (14.91%), indicates a lower synthetic function of the liver, which is confirmed by the low serum levels of vitamins A and E (a difference of 11.3 and 23.65%). The DP was characterized by a significant increase in the products of lipid peroxidation - malondialdehyde by 12–17%, diene and triene conjugates - by 10–15 and 8–15%, respectively, and 1–4 days before calving in cows, which subsequently had a pathological calving, in particular - retention of placenta (5 cows), were characterized by an increased content in the blood plasma of lipid peroxidation products. Thus, the difference in the number of dienes, trienes, and malondialdehyde products was 14.0, 12.0, and 23.5%, compared with animals without obstetric pathology. On the first day after calving, this difference increased even more. Cows with retention of placenta had a significantly higher level of lipid peroxidation products and were characterized by a predominance of oxidized products over the antiradical thiol disulfide and ascorbate systems restored in the antioxidant balance.

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