scholarly journals Poliomyelitis in Auckland, 1947–1949. An epidemiological study

1950 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Density ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Periodic Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lower Severity ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Rural Dwellers ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

(a) This paper is a study of a poliomyelitis epidemic in the Central Auckland Health District which commenced in November 1947, and by the end of April 1949 had produced 345 cases in a population of about 350,000.(b) Incidence per 10,000 reached 8·0 in the city, 15·4 in the country districts, and 21·5 in certain urban areas lying between city and country.(c) In general, incidence was inversely related to population density. Abnormally high incidences in some urban areas was attributed to influx of rural dwellers in recent years. Unusually low incidence in one city area may have been related to the periodic effect of race meetings in increasing the local density.(d) The three previous Auckland epidemics showed a successively declining incidence, and were linked by periods of grumbling activity. The present epidemic was preceded by a lull, and its toll has approached that of the 1916 epidemic. It is probable that a new cycle has begun which will imitate the first, but on a lower scale.(e) Spot maps showed that the disease was already widespread before the first positive cases revealed its presence. Some ebb and flow, but no actual movement from one area to another, occurred during its course. An interesting feature was the comparative rarity of cases in the neighbourhood of the city's sewage-polluted bathing beaches.(f) An inverse correlation was noted between the ratios of ‘suspect’ to positive cases established in a previous inquiry, and the incidence of cases with paralysis or paresis in various age/sex groups. High ratios indicated lower severity.(g) It was estimated that by the end of April 1949, all boys 10–15 years in Auckland had been affected by poliomyelitis, either ‘suspect’ or positive. Less than half the girls of this age had been affected. Estimates are given for the other age groups.(h) Families of cases showed no significant difference in composition from the average in the area.(i) No correlation, whether inverse or direct, was found between sanitary conditions in schools and the incidence of positive cases.(j) The cycle of poliomyelitis in the community is discussed in the light of these findings.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity and non-opportunistic character of Blastocystis spp.: a hospital-based survey in Central Cameroon

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (05) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Jupsa-Mbiandou ◽  
Samuel Fosso ◽  
Edimo Billé ◽  
Tito T Mélachio-Tanekou ◽  
Gideon Ajeagah-Aghaindum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Blastocystis Spp ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Hiv Negative

Introduction: Blastocystis spp. is a protist found in humans. Although usually the most frequent protozoa found in stool samples of both symptomatic and healthy subjects, its pathogenic or rather opportunistic role is yet to be clearly elucidated. To attempt to fill this gap, a cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the frequency of Blastocystis spp. in HIV positive (HIV+) versus HIV negative (HIV-) individuals in four health facilities of the Center Region of Cameroon. Methodology: Stool samples were collected from 283 HIV positive and 245 HIV negative subjects and analyzed using direct diagnostic tests. Results: A total of 46 (8.7%) individuals were found infected with Blastocystis spp., including 6.7% HIV positive and 11.0% HIV negative. This species was more frequent in urban and semi-urban areas than in rural areas, but evenly distributed among genders and age groups as well as among all sectors of activity. The prevalence of Blastocystis spp. (11.3%) was higher in HIV+ patients with a CD4 count ≥ 500 cells / mm3, but no significant difference was found among HIV clinical stages. Likewise prevalence, the mean number of cysts per gram of stool was similar between HIV positive and HIV negative individuals. People infected with Blastocystis spp. showed diverse clinical signs, but only flatulence was significantly more prevalent. The frequencies of these clinical signs were not related to HIV status. Conclusion: No clear relationship links the infection with Blastocystis spp. to HIV, although its presence was associated with digestive disorder, suggesting that this parasite might not be opportunist.

Maternal Age And Birth Weight Characteristics of Twins Born to Nulliparous Mothers: A Population Study

Twin Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Isaac Blickstein ◽  
Ran D. Goldman ◽  
Ram Mazkereth
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Twin Birth ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractIn order to examine birth weight characteristics of twins delivered to nulliparous mothers in relation to maternal age, we used a population-based cohort of Israeli twins delivered between 1993–98 to select all 4793 (37.6%) nulliparas who delivered twins. Maternal age was subdivided as less than 20 years, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, and 40 years or more. We counted the frequencies of each total twin birth weight (twin A+twin B) in each of three categories (less than 3000, 3000–4999, and more than 5000 g) and the frequency of very low birth weight (VLBW, less than 1500 g) neonates in each of the six maternal age categories. There were significantly more nulliparas in the twin population at age groups less 30 years and significantly less at ages 30 years or more. We found a highly significant inverse correlation between the proportion of nulliparas and maternal age group, decreasing from 71.8% at less than 20 years to 18.6% at age 35–39 years (% nulliparas = 85 − 13.7 × age group, Pearson R2 = 0.98). However, this trend changed abruptly to the observed figure of 25.9% nulliparas aged 40 years or more instead of the expected 2.8%. We failed to reveal any significant difference in birth weight characteristics between the maternal age groups (all p > 0.05, all confidence intervals included 1.0). The more than tenfold deviation of the observed from the predicted frequency of nulliparas aged 40 years or more suggests that a different relationship between parity and age occurs at this age group. Maternal age of nulliparas is not associated with different birth weight characteristics of their twins.

scholarly journals Depression is associated with lower American National Adult Reading Test scores among rural dwellers aged between 50 and 64 years in Texas: A Project FRONTIER Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (21) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Brady Miller ◽  
Catherine Hudson ◽  
Gordon Gong
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Epidemiology Study ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
Reading Test Scores ◽  
Rural Dwellers ◽  
National Adult Reading Test

Background: Previous studies have shown that depression is associated with cognitiveimpairment. However, others have shown that there is no significant difference in the scoresof the National Adult Reading Test (NART), a screening test for intellectual functioning andgeneral level of education, between those with vs. without depression. This study sought toexamine whether depression is associated with the American version of NART (AMNART) ina rural cohort of West Texas.Methods: Participants with IQ and AMNART tests were selected from Project FRONTIER,an ongoing epidemiology study of rural residents in four West Texas counties.Results: AMNART scores were significantly lower in participants with depression(23.3±9.2) vs. those without depression (25.9±9.9) (p<0.05). Analysis by age group showedthat AMNART scores were significantly lower in those with depression (22.0±10.1) comparedwith those without depression (26.2±10.2) in the age group 50 to 64 years (P=0.0322). AlthoughAMNART scores were lower in participants with depression than those without depression inthe age groups 40 to 49 years (25.0±8.6 vs. 26.2±10.2) and 65 years or older (23.6±8.2 vs.25.6±9.5), they were not statistically significantly different.Conclusions: Depression is associated with lower AMNART scores in rural residentsaged between 50 and 64 years in West Texas.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Typhoid Infection among Pregnant Women Attending Specialist Hospital Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Kefas Hellamada Kwala ◽  
Aminu Innocent Asika
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stool Culture ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Typhoid fever is one of the major and common health problem worldwide. Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi may be a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in both the mother and fetus in developing countries, where sanitation facilities, personal and food hygiene are inadequate. Thus, the present research was a cross-sectional study of Salmonella infection among pregnant women in Specialist Hospital Yola, Nigeria. The objectives of this study is to determine the prevalence of typhoid infection among pregnant women in Adamawa state in relation to age, educational level, occupation and location, explore factors associated with the infection and to provide information on its prevention and control strategies. Serological analyses (Widal test) and bacteriological analyses (stool culture) were carried out and compared among 313 participants. The results obtained showed that 209 (66.77%) of the participants were seropositive for typhoid fever, whereas 188 (60.06%) were positive based on bacteriological technique. Participants between age groups; 26-35 years old had the highest prevalence of 64.10%.There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) between the prevalence of typhoid fever among the various age groups of the pregnant women examined. In relation to Educational level, participants with Non-formal education had the highest prevalence of typhoid infection 75.00%. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) between the prevalence of typhoid fever based on the educational level of the pregnant women examined.  Based on occupation of the participants, women who were involved in farming recorded the highest prevalence rate of 88.37%.There was statistically significant difference (P< 0.05) between the prevalence of typhoid fever and the occupation of the pregnant women examined. With respect to the location of the participants, subjects belonging to Semi-urban areas recorded the highest prevalence of 80.98%. There was statistically significant difference (P< 0.05) between the prevalence of typhoid fever and the location of the pregnant women examined. Pregnancy state makes the women more vulnerable to typhoid fever by affecting the physiology of pivotal organs, as such causing complications in pregnant women therefore early and prompt diagnosis of the infection is essential.

scholarly journals Feeding ecology of rock pigeons

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-121
Author(s):  
A. C. Kok ◽  
O. B. Kok
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Food Component ◽  
Feral Pigeons ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Direct Competition ◽  
Males And Females

Cultivated crops such as maize, sunflower and wheat are the dominant food component of rock pigeons near urban areas, but in more remote rural surroundings natural vegetation forms an important part of the diet. No significant difference is apparent in the overall dietary composition of the respective sex and age groups. Likewise, the number and size of separate food items in the crops of adult males and females are remarkably similar. The average crop mass of both sexes is significantly higher in the late afternoon than in the early morning. The conspicuous seasonal variation in crop mass is apparently related to the relative availability of the food supply. Despite a large degree of dietary overlap, direct competition between rock and feral pigeons is limited to a minimum.

scholarly journals A survey of Psychiatric Disorders and Their Comorbidities in Children and Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aazam Sadat Heydari Yazdi ◽  
Mahboubeh Eslamzadeh ◽  
Mohammad Reza Mohammadi ◽  
Ali Khaleghi ◽  
Zahra Hooshyari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Children And Adolescent ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: This community-based study aimed to investigate the psychiatric disorders and their comorbidities according to the kind of psychiatric disorders. Frequency of demographic factors and the prevalence of total psychiatric disorders in term of demographic charactheristics were obtained too. Materials and Methods: The present study focused on 1028 children and adolescent aged 6 to 18 years old across the Razavi Khorasan province by random sampling. The subjects included 496 boys and 532 girls from three age groups (6-9 years, 10-14 years and 15-18 years). Eight clinical psychologists trained to complete the Persian version of K-SADS-PL (Kiddie-SADS present and life time version). This scale measures five diagnostic appendixes of psychiatric disorders. Demographic data of participants were collected too. The data were recorded into the SPSS version 16. The relationship between psychiatric disorders and demographic factors deliberate by descriptive analysis and 95% confidence interval.  Results: The total rate of psychiatric disorders among children and adolescent was estimated as 20.5%, elimination disorders with a rate of 12.9% was the most prevalent disorder in the subjects. The lowest prevalence belongs to psychotic disorder and bulimia nervosa (0.1%). Of participants with mood disorders about 71.4% have behavioral disorders too. Anxiety disorders also commonly occurred in person with mood disorders. The comparison of ORs and their 95% confidence interval revealed that there is a significant difference for total psychiatric disorder among boys and girls (OR=0.6 for girls; 95% CI: 0.44-0.82). The rate of total psychiatric disorders in rural and urban areas was 14.9% and 21.1% respectively. Conclusion: With attention to the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents, it’s necessary that healthcare officials pay more attention to reinforcement of mental health care.[GMJ.2020;9:e1714]

scholarly journals Caries prevalence among Brazilian indigenous population of urban areas based on the 2010 National Oral Health Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 1313-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kênia Cristina de Oliveira Miranda ◽  
Tiago Araújo Coelho de Souza ◽  
Soraya Coelho Leal
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Sample Design ◽  
Sample Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Complex Sample ◽  
Weight Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Complex Sample Design

Abstract It is important to have an epidemiological understanding of oral diseases among indigenous persons, in order to contribute with the organization of health services for these populations. The SB Brasil 2010 database was used to compare the prevalence of dental caries among 308 self-identified indigenous and 37,211 non-indigenous individuals from urban areas, in the following age/age-groups: 5, 12, 15-19, 35-44, 65-74. The study also analyzed the effect of the complex sample design and the sample weight in the outcomes. Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon Scores (Rank Sums), logistic and multiple linear regressions were used for statistical analysis. The mean dmft index for indigenous and non-indigenous children aged five were 4.02 ± 4.01 and 2.41 ± 3.35, respectively, and 46% of non-native and 30.8% of native children were caries-free. The mean DMFT for indigenous and non-indigenous were 10.90 ± 11.69 and 10.93 ± 11.58, respectively, for all age groups when not taking into account the sample weight effect. When considering the complex sample design and the sample weight effect, the study found a statistical significant difference. The results lend credence to suspicions that in Brazil there are disparities in the patterns of caries between self-identified indigenous and non-indigenous individuals.

Liver Elastography in Healthy Children Using Three Different Systems – How Many Measurements Are Necessary?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Batman Mjelle ◽  
Anesa Mulabecirovic ◽  
Roald Flesland Havre ◽  
Edda Jonina Olafsdottir ◽  
Odd Helge Gilja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Transient Elastography ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Liver Stiffness ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pediatric Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Elastography

Abstract Purpose Liver elastography is increasingly being applied in screening for and follow-up of pediatric liver disease, and has been shown to correlate well with fibrosis staging through liver biopsy. Because time is of the essence when examining children, we wanted to evaluate if a reliable result can be achieved with fewer acquisitions. Materials and Methods 243 healthy children aged 4–17 years were examined after three hours of fasting. Participants were divided into four age groups: 4–7 years; 8–11 years; 12–14 years and 15–17 years. Both two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE; GE Logiq E9) and point shear wave elastography (pSWE; Samsung RS80A with Prestige) were performed in all participants, while transient elastography (TE, Fibroscan) was performed in a subset of 87 children aged 8–17 years. Median liver stiffness measurement (LSM) values of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 acquisitions were compared with the median value of 10 acquisitions (reference standard). Comparison was performed for all participants together as well as within every specific age group. We investigated both the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with absolute agreement and all outliers more than 10 %, 20 % or ≥ 0.5 or 1.0 kPa from the median of 10 acquisitions. Results For all three systems there was no significant difference between three and ten acquisitions, with ICCs ≥ 0.97. All systems needed 4 acquisitions to achieve no LSM deviating ≥ 1.0 kPa of a median of ten. To achieve no LSM deviating ≥ 20 % of a median of ten acquisitions, pSWE and TE needed 4 acquisitions, while 2D-SWE required 6 acquisitions. Conclusion Our results contradict recommendations of 10 acquisitions for pSWE and TE and only 3 for 2D-SWE.

The influence of osteopathic correction on the rate of various rhythms of the body

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Chernikova ◽  
Yu. P. Potekhina
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Dispersion Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After

Introduction. An osteopathic examination determines the rate, the amplitude and the strength of the main rhythms (cardiac, respiratory and cranial). However, there are relatively few studies in the available literature dedicated to the influence of osteopathic correction (OC) on the characteristics of these rhythms.Goal of research — to study the influence of OC on the rate characteristics of various rhythms of the human body.Materials and methods. 88 adult osteopathic patients aged from 18 to 81 years were examined, among them 30 men and 58 women. All patients received general osteopathic examination. The rate of the cranial rhythm (RCR), respiratory rate (RR) heart rate (HR), the mobility of the nervous processes (MNP) and the connective tissue mobility (CTM) were assessed before and after the OC session.Results. Since age varied greatly in the examined group, a correlation analysis of age-related changes of the assessed rhythms was carried out. Only the CTM correlated with age (r=–0,28; p<0,05) in a statistically significant way. The rank dispersion analysis of Kruskal–Wallis also showed statistically significant difference in this indicator in different age groups (p=0,043). With the increase of years, the CTM decreases gradually. After the OC, the CTM, increased in a statistically significant way (p<0,0001). The RCR varied from 5 to 12 cycles/min in the examined group, which corresponded to the norm. After the OC, the RCR has increased in a statistically significant way (p<0,0001), the MNP has also increased (p<0,0001). The initial heart rate in the subjects varied from 56 to 94 beats/min, and in 15 % it exceeded the norm. After the OC the heart rate corresponded to the norm in all patients. The heart rate and the respiratory rate significantly decreased after the OC (р<0,0001).Conclusion. The described biorhythm changes after the OC session may be indicative of the improvement of the nervous regulation, of the normalization of the autonomic balance, of the improvement of the biomechanical properties of body tissues and of the increase of their mobility. The assessed parameters can be measured quickly without any additional equipment and can be used in order to study the results of the OC.

The Influence of Age and Gender on Mandibular Indices among the Libyan Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
T Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Libyan Population

Radiographic Mandibular Indices serve as easy and relatively cheap tools for evaluating bone mineralization. Objectives: To examine the effect of age and gender on three mandibular indices: the panoramic mandibular index (PMI), the mandibular ratio (MR) and the mandibular cortical index (MCI), among Libyan population. Methods: The three indices were measured on 317 digital (OPGs) of adult humans (155 males, 162 females). The sample was divided into six age groups (from 18-25 years through 56-65 years). The measurements were analyzed for interactions with age and sex, using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Studies) software version no. 22. The tests employed were two way ANOVA, the unpaired T-test and chi-square test. Results: The mean PMI fluctuated between 0.37 s.d. 0.012 and 0.38 s.d. 0.012. among the sixth age groups. One-way ANOVA statistical test revealed no significant of age on PMI. On the other hand gender variation has effect on PMI, since independent sample t-test disclosed that the difference between the male and female PMI means statistically significant. ANOVA test showed that the means of MR among age groups showed a negative correlation i.e. MR mean declined from 3.01 in 18-25 age groups to 2.7 in 55-65 age groups. In contrary, the gender showed no effect on MR according two sample t-test at p> 0.05. In regards with MCI, statistical analysis showed that it affected by age that is C1 was decreasing by age while C2 and C3 were increased by age. Using chi square test the result indicated that there is a significant difference among the different age group and the two genders in MCI readings. Conclusion: PMI was influenced significantly by age but minimally by the gender. MR is not affected by gender but has a negative correlation with age. MCI is affected by both age and gender

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document