A playmaker and moderator: Lord Reid and the framing of the Malayan federal constitution

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-449
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Diverse Population ◽  
Competing Interests ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
Fair Balance

Lord Reid played a vital role as chairman in a Commonwealth commission in framing the Malayan Independence constitution between 1956 and 1957. The Scottish Lord of Appeal sought to ensure the commission's impartiality and to achieve a fair balance between the demands of the various interest groups. The Federation of Malaya was a complex emerging nation-state with a diverse population and the framers had to manage competing interests and demands. This article, through a close examination of the primary constitutional documents, considers Reid's influence on the framing of the Malayan (and hence, Malaysian) federal constitution. The article begins with a brief discussion of Lord Reid's appointment to head the commission and then considers in some depth areas where his influence on the framing of the draft constitution is evident. The article argues that Reid was the main playmaker and moderator during the constitution-framing process and played a critical role in ensuring a balance was achieved between the competing demands of the federal government and the states, safeguarding the fundamental rights of the citizens against the state, and in moderating the various communal demands.

Interview with Gilles de Kerchove

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
European Law ◽  
Saint Louis ◽  
Deputy Prime Minister ◽  
Charter Of Fundamental Rights ◽  
General Secretariat ◽  
The Eu

Gilles de Kerchove was appointed European Union (EU) Counter-Terrorism Coordinator (EU CTC) on 19 September 2007. In this function, he coordinates the work of the EU in the field of counterterrorism (CT), maintains an overview of all the instruments at the Union's disposal, closely monitors the implementation of the EU CT strategy and fosters better communication between the EU and third countries to ensure that the Union plays an active role in the fight against terrorism. He was previously Director for Justice and Home Affairs at the EU Council General Secretariat (1995–2007) and Deputy Secretary of the Convention which drafted the Charter of fundamental rights of the EU (1999–2000). Before that he was Head of the Private Office of the Deputy Prime-Minister of the Federal Government of Belgium, Minister of Justice and Minister of Economic Affairs (1993–1995) and Head of the Private Office of the Deputy Prime-Minister of the Federal Government of Belgium, Minister of Justice and Minister of SMEs (1989–1992). Mr de Kerchove is a Professor of European Law at the Université Catholique de Louvain, at the Université Libre de Bruxelles and at the Université Saint Louis-Bruxelles. He has published a number of books and numerous articles on European law, human rights, security and CT.

scholarly journals Drosophila Gut—A Nexus Between Dietary Restriction and Lifespan

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Lian ◽  
Qi Wu ◽  
Brian Hodge ◽  
Kenneth Wilson ◽  
Guixiang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Accumulation Of Damage

Aging is often defined as the accumulation of damage at the molecular and cellular levels which, over time, results in marked physiological impairments throughout the organism. Dietary restriction (DR) has been recognized as one of the strongest lifespan extending therapies observed in a wide array of organisms. Recent studies aimed at elucidating how DR promotes healthy aging have demonstrated a vital role of the digestive tract in mediating the beneficial effects of DR. Here, we review how dietary restriction influences gut metabolic homeostasis and immune function. Our discussion is focused on studies of the Drosophila digestive tract, where we describe in detail the potential mechanisms in which DR enhances maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier, up-regulates lipid metabolic processes, and improves the ability of the gut to deal with damage or stress. We also examine evidence of a tissue-tissue crosstalk between gut and neighboring organs including brain and fat body. Taken together, we argue that the Drosophila gut plays a critical role in DR-mediated lifespan extension.

scholarly journals Cul4-Ddb1 ubiquitin ligases facilitate DNA replication-coupled sister chromatid cohesion through regulation of cohesin acetyltransferase Esco2

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haitao Sun ◽  
Jiaxin Zhang ◽  
Jingjing Zhang ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Qinhong Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Replication ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Sister Chromatid ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
E3 Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligases ◽  
Sister Chromatid Cohesion ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Chromatid Cohesion ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved

AbstractCohesin acetyltransferases Esco1 and Esco2 play a vital role in establishing sister chromatid cohesion. How Esco1 and Esco2 are controlled to achieve this in a DNA replication-coupled manner remains unclear in higher eukaryotes. Here we show that Cul4-RING ligases (CRL4s) play a critical role in sister chromatid cohesion in human cells. Depletion of Cul4A, Cul4B or Ddb1 subunits substantially reduces normal cohesion efficiency. We also show that Mms22L, a vertebrate ortholog of yeast Mms22, is one of Ddb1 and Cul4-associated factors (DCAFs) involved in cohesion. Several lines of evidence suggest a selective interaction of CRL4s with Esco2, but not Esco1. Depletion of either CRL4s or Esco2 causes a defect in Smc3 acetylation which can be rescued by HDAC8 inhibition. More importantly, both CRL4s and PCNA act as mediators for efficiently stabilizing Esco2 on chromatin and catalyzing Smc3 acetylation. Taken together, we propose an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in which CRL4s and PCNA regulate Esco2-dependent establishment of sister chromatid cohesion.Author summaryWe identified human Mms22L as a substrate specific adaptor of Cul4-Ddb1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Downregulation of Cul4A, Cul4B or Ddb1 subunit causes reduction of acetylated Smc3, via interaction with Esco2 acetyltransferase, and then impairs sister chromatid cohesion in 293T cells. We found functional complementation between Cul4-Ddb1-Mms22L E3 ligase and Esco2 in Smc3 acetylation and sister chromatid cohesion. Interestingly, both Cul4-Ddb1 E3 ubiquitin ligase and PCNA contribute to Esco2 mediated Smc3 acetylation. To summarise, we demonstrated an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in which Cul4-Ddb1 E3 ubiquitin ligases and PCNA regulate Esco2-dependent establishment of sister chromatid cohesion.

scholarly journals Negociação coletiva de trabalho como direito fundamental | Collective labor negotiation a fundamental right

KPGT_dlutz_1 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 409
Author(s):  
Gilberto Stürmer
Keyword(s):  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Labor Rights ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
International Labor ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Labor Conflicts

Resumo: O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a negociação coletiva de trabalho como um direito fundamental. Este artigo parte da analise conceitual do conflitos coletivos de trabalho, seguido pelo estudo da negociação coletiva de trabalho como direito fundamental, com fundamento na Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, nas convenções da Organização Internacional do Trabalho ratificadas pelo Brasil sobre a matéria e na legislação nacional sobre o tema, com a recentemente aprovada Lei nº 13.467, de 13 de julho de 2017 que, com a vacatio legis, entrará em vigor 120 dias após a sua publicação. Os novos artigos 611-A e 611-B da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho propõem força de lei para a negociação coletiva de trabalho, afastando as hipóteses que fazem parte do rol dos direitos fundamentais sociais trabalhistas previstos no artigo 7º da Constituição Federal e que não podem ser objeto de negociação. Palavras-chave: conflitos coletivos de trabalho. Negociação coletiva de trabalho. Direitos sociais. Direitos fundamentais. Reforma trabalhista. Abstract: [This article aims to analyze collective bargaining as a fundamental right. This article is based on the conceptual analysis of collective labor conflicts, followed by the study of collective bargaining as a fundamental right, based on the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988, the International Labor Organization conventions ratified by Brazil on the subject and In the national legislation on the subject, with the recently approved Law no. 13467 of July 13, 2017 which, with the vacatio legis, will come into force 120 days after its publication. The new Articles 611-A and 611-B of the Consolidation of Labor Laws propose a force of law for the collective bargaining of labor, removing the assumptions that form part of the list of fundamental social labor rights provided for in article 7 of the Federal Constitution and which do not Can be traded. Keywords: Collective labour negotiation. Fundamental rights. Labor reform. Social rights.

scholarly journals Influencing Youth Involvement in Entrepreneurship: Implications for Policy Makers in the Kingdom of Bahrain

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-52
Author(s):  
Umair Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Fresh Blood ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Youth Involvement ◽  
Economic Culture ◽  
Youth Entrepreneurship ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Entrepreneurship plays a critical role in developing and fostering a robust socio-economic culture in any economy. Robust entrepreneurial initiatives are considered as the source of fresh blood for any economy. Healthy entrepreneurial activities result in creating more employment opportunities, better working prospects and societal development. Today, economies that are striving to become highly developed and economically stable are striving to enable their employees to become more entrepreneurial. Importantly, studies have outlined that there is a dire need for nations to understand the vital role youth can play in this regard. Since young individuals are more eager to grow, willing to take the risk and go for the high mark to become their own bosses, there are higher chances that they can become more successful entrepreneurs. Notably, youth entrepreneurship is of utmost importance for both national as well as international economic wellbeing. Keeping these arguments beforehand, this paper has attempted to critically underline factors that could help policy makers to boost youth involvement in entrepreneurial activities in Bahrain.

Protecting the Land

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-83
Author(s):  
David Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The State ◽  
State Parks ◽  
John Muir ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Administrative Capacity ◽  
Hydraulic Mining ◽  
Forestry Commission

This chapter discusses the efforts to protect Yosemite and the sequoias in the Sierras in the nineteenth century and then turns to the more heated conflicts over the fate of the coastal redwoods. The roots of California's tradition of civic mobilization lie in nature protection. This tradition began with the efforts of a few prominent individuals—including John Muir, Horace Greeley, and Frederick Olmsted—and then became institutionalized in the upper-middle-class Sierra and Sempervirens clubs and the predominantly upper-class Save-the-Redwoods League. Broader grassroots citizen mobilization played a critical role in campaigns to return control of Yosemite to the federal government, expand the size of and increase the funding for state parks, and protect endangered sequoias in the Sierras. The state's administrative capacity to protect California's scenic environment was initially limited, paralleling its inability to regulate hydraulic mining during the mid-nineteenth century. However, this capacity subsequently expanded through the establishment of institutions such as the State Board of Agriculture, the State Forestry Commission, and the State Parks Commission.

Zakat, SDGs, and Poverty Alleviation of Muslims in India

2022 ◽  
pp. 297-315
Author(s):  
Mohammad Tariq Intezar ◽  
Saad Bin Zia
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The Face ◽  
Development Goals

Muslims are the largest minority in India, yet the federal government has, in place, just a single Muslim-specific poverty alleviation scheme, which is utterly insufficient to meet their financial needs. Hence, in the face of governmental apathy and indifferent attitude, Muslims are left to fend for themselves. In this scenario, Zakāt turns out to be a more-than-handy tool to alleviate poverty among Muslims in India. Zakāt, over the years, has manifested itself as a successful means to meet out the financial needs of the developmental activities across the level including the non-Muslim countries. Zakāt possesses a robust potential to play a critical role to implement the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to alleviate the poverty of Muslims in a Hindu-majority country like India.

Online Interest Groups

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverley Getzlaf ◽  
Sherri Melrose ◽  
Sharon Moore ◽  
Helen L. Ewing ◽  
James Fedorchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Virtual Community ◽  
Educational Innovation ◽  
Graduate Studies ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
Innovation Project ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
Clinical Interest ◽  
Online Educators ◽  
Gathering Place

This article discusses a 15 month educational innovation project, the objective of which was to investigate the perceptions of health profession students about their participation in a program-wide virtual community gathering space (Clinical Interest Groups) during their online graduate studies. Participants were students in two graduate programs who joined online forum discussions of the Clinical Interest Groups. The project was developed as action research and employed an exploratory, descriptive methodology to generate data from three sources: participant responses to a 15-item Likert type questionnaire, five open-ended questions included on the questionnaire, and online postings contributed by participants to the forum discussions. Findings of use to online educators are that the Clinical Interest Groups provided a gathering place in which graduate students could discuss common interests and support one another, and that participation in the groups was limited due to competing demands on students’ time from other commitments.

Information Technology and Emergency Management

2010 ◽  
pp. 112-135
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Reddick
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Management ◽  
State Government ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Emergency Planning ◽  
It Adoption ◽  
Management Information ◽  
Emergency Responders ◽  
Role Of It

Section 214 of the E-Government Act of 2002 called on the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in consultation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to ensure that IT is studied to enhance crisis preparedness and response as a consequence of natural and manmade disasters (Rao, Eisenberg, and Schmitt, 2007). This important e-government legislation demonstrates the vital role of IT in emergency management. E-emergency management is especially critical to understand given the important role that the different levels of government play in disasters. This chapter will show that there is a need to be comprehensive in IT and emergency management. For effective emergency planning there is a need to use IT to leverage planning efforts. Federalism mat-ters when doing emergency lanning and should be taken into account in these efforts. Citizens play a critical role in emergency management. Information that is timely, and of high quality, is essential for emergency management. The digital divide matters in planning for emergency management and there is an importance of public libraries in the event of a disaster to serve those populations impacted from the disaster. This chapter first examines the four functions of emergency management to determine how these functions relate to IT. Emergency planning and its application to IT adoption is discussed in this chapter. The intergovernmental aspects of emergency management are discussed to set the context of the environment that emergency responders work under. The role that citizens play in emergency management is discussed to determine the important influence they have over the process. The chapter also examines the impact of management information systems on emergency management. This chapter examines the important organizational, societal, and technology issues of IT and emergency management. There are results from a survey of state government directors of emergency management to determine what impact that IT has had on their departments. Finally, a conclusion summarizes the important findings of this study.

scholarly journals Cholangiocyte-Derived Exosomal lncRNA H19 Promotes Macrophage Activation and Hepatic Inflammation under Cholestatic Conditions

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojiaoyang Li ◽  
Runping Liu ◽  
Yanyan Wang ◽  
Weiwei Zhu ◽  
Derrick Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kupffer Cells ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Macrophage Activation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Primary Biliary Cholangitis ◽  
M1 Polarization ◽  
Hepatic Macrophages ◽  
Duct Ligation ◽  
Almost All

Activation of hepatic macrophages represents the critical driving force to promote cholestatic liver injury. Exosomes, as important small extracellular vesicles released by almost all types of cells, contribute to intercellular communication. We previously reported that cholangiocyte-derived exosomal long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19 plays a vital role in disrupting bile acid homeostasis in hepatocytes and promoting the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Exosomal H19 derived from cholangiocytes was rapidly taken up by Kupffer cells. However, the mechanistic links between exosomal lncRNA H19 and macrophage-driven inflammation in cholestasis remain unclear. Here, we reported that the hepatic H19 level was closely correlated with macrophage activation and hepatic fibrosis in both Mdr2-/- and bile duct ligation (BDL) cholestatic mouse models, as well as in human primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) patients. Exosomal H19 significantly induced the expression and secretion of chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 (CCL-2) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in Kupffer cells. H19-enriched exosomes enhanced the activation M1 polarization of Kupffer cells and promoted the recruitment and differentiation of bone marrow-derived macrophages, which were inhibited by a CCL-2 pharmacological inhibitor. In conclusion, Cholangiocyte-derived exosomal H19 played a critical role in macrophage activation, differentiation, and chemotaxis through CCL-2/CCR-2 signaling pathways, which represent a therapeutic target for cholestatic liver diseases.

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