Differential effects of internal and external factors in early bilingual vocabulary learning: The case of Singapore

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
HE SUN ◽  
BIN YIN ◽  
NUR FARINA BEGUM BINTE AMSAH ◽  
BETH ANN O'BRIEN
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Learning Context ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Input Quantity ◽  
Ethnic Language ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Learning English

ABSTRACTBoth internal factors (e.g., nonverbal intelligence) and external factors (e.g., input quantity) are claimed to affect the rate of children's vocabulary development. However, it remains an open question whether these variables work similarly on bilingual children's dual language learning. The current paper examined this issue on 805 Singapore children (4 years, 1 month to 5 years, 8 months) who are learning English (societal language) and an ethnic language (Mandarin/Malay/Tamil). Singapore is a bilingual society; however, there is an inclination for English use at home in recent years, resulting in a discrepancy of input between English and ethnic languages in many families. In this study, internal and external factors were examined comprehensively with standardized tests and a parental questionnaire. Regression analysis was used to address the questions. There were statistically significant differences in language input quantity, quality, and output between English and ethnic language learning environments. Singapore children are learning English in an input-rich setting while learning their ethnic language in a comparatively input-poor setting. Multiple regressions revealed that while both sets of factors explained lexical knowledge in each language, the relative contribution is different for English and ethnic languages: internal factors explained more variance in English language vocabulary, whereas external factors were more important in explaining ethnic language knowledge. We attribute this difference to a threshold effect of external factors based on the critical mass hypothesis and call for special attention to learning context (input-rich vs. input-poor settings) for specific bilingual language studies.

scholarly journals The Barriers of Teaching Speaking English for EFL Learners

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristi Nuraini
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Large Class ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Suitable Method ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Environment Analysis ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Physical Response ◽  
Internal And External Factors

This research portraits the barriers in teaching speaking for EFL learner. The barriers in teaching speaking English come form two aspects: internal and external factors. Internal factors are native language, age, exposure, innate phonetic ability, identity and language ego, and motivation concern for good speaking English and external factors are teaching speaking English at large class and learners’ autonomy. Each barrier is connected with the available method used in teaching speaking English. The conclusion of this research is teacher must focus on the learners need, the second is teacher applies for environment analysis before conducting teaching speaking English, the last is teacher chooses the suitable method based on the problems that he/she found in his/her teaching speaking English. Several methods that are often used in teaching speaking English are Direct Method, The Silent Way, Community Language Learning, Total Physical Response, and Communicative Language Teaching.Keywords: barriers in teaching speaking, internal factors, external factors

scholarly journals LIMITED ENGLISH-PROFICIENT STUDENTS: ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (97) ◽  
pp. 2-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Karanauskienė ◽  
Asta Lileikienė ◽  
Lina Danilevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Limited English Proficient ◽  
Study Skills ◽  
English Language ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Self Study ◽  
External Causes ◽  
The University ◽  
Learning English

Background. Many long-term adolescent and adult learners experience persistent academic underachievement in English in spite of many years of schooling. Students pertaining A2 level can be classified as Limited English- Proficient Learners who have not acquired English proficiency as required by the university, state and European guidelines. Research aim was to analyse the perceptions of underachieving students of reasons of their failure to gain English language proficiency of the required level aiming at increasing the knowledge on the problem and providing possible solutions for improvement. Methods. Participants’ perceptions of their underachievement reasons were elicited through individual unstructured in-depth interviews. Data analysis occurred concurrently with data collection using grounded theory as a method for analysing the data. Member checks with several research participants, reflexive journaling and peer debriefing were also utilized to ensure trustworthiness of the study . Results. The examination of interview transcripts revealed two big themes concerning the students’ underachievement in the English language: internal and external causes for being limited English-proficient learner. External causes were conditions for learning English at school and at the university: poor learning in primary grades, underestimated value of knowing and learning English at school, inadequate conditions for informal learning, and poor organization of English lessons. University factors mentioned were too few contact hours for English classes, inconvenient time-table, and lack of time due to other activities. Internal factors were fear to look unacceptable (resulting in the inactivity in the classes), lack of self-confidence, too much self-criticism, laziness, procrastination, finding faults with others, inadequate perception of the course, poor attitudes towards the course, lack of internal motivation, rating the module of English as a second-rate course, not knowing how to learn the language, and, what is most important, absence of self-study skills. Conclusions. Internal factors conditioning underachievement in the English language proved to be much more important than the external ones. Poor self-esteem, lack of motivation and poor attitudes towards the course suggest the need of the individualization of teaching/learning and psychological counselling. Lack of self-study skills can predict poor academic achievements in other university courses, which could result in drop-outs. This suggests the need of coaching students in learning skills. The collected data show that the teacher also plays a crucial role in language learning, however, the wider societal, cultural and psychological context should be articulated in further possible research as well. Study programmes at tertiary level should be designed to encourage both internal and external motivation of students to study foreign languages as an indispensable factor for developing a full-rate personality.

scholarly journals HE PROBLEM FACED IN WRITING THESIS BY EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM FKIP-UMM IN ACADEMIC THE STUDENTS’ PROBLEMS IN WRITING AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS: A CASE STUDY AT ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING PROGRAM OF MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF MATARAM

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Irwandi Irwandi
Keyword(s):  
Education Program ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Education ◽  
External Factor ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
External Factors ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The purpose of this study was to investigate the problems faced by Eighth-semester students of English Education Program FKIP-UMM in the academic year 2015–2016 in writing thesis, especially in internal and external factors. This study used a case study. The subjects of this study were the Eighth-semester students who composed their thesis. In this study, the writer used purposive sampling as the sampling technique. So, the sample was 15 students. The instruments applied in this study were questionnaire and interview. The questionnaire was used for finding the students’ problems in writing a thesis. However, the interview was used to support the data obtained from the questionnaire. The result of this study showed that the problem faced in writing a thesis by Eighth-semester students of English Education Program, especially in internal and external factors. The first internal factors consisted of 33 % of students have a problem in deciding the title of thesis, 20 % of students did not understand how to write the organization of their thesis, 20 % of students have a problem in finding appropriate theories to support their thesis, 13 % of students have a problem in deciding methodology which is suitable. The external factor was 33 % of students said “No” library of the college provides a variety of books that can help them to write their thesis. Those problems are dominantly caused by internal factors rather than the external ones. The internal factors include the knowledge of students while the external factor related to the facility of college that support students in writing a thesis.

STRATEGI MENINGKATKAN LOYALITAS KONSUMEN MAKANAN KHAS KOTA CURUP KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onsardi Onsardi
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Consumer Loyalty ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Typical Food ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The title of this study is the Strategy of Increasing Consumer Food Loyalty in CurupCity, Rejang Lebong Regency (Case Study in "Henvian" Typical Food Industry). Thisresearch is based on the importance of strategies in increasing business and consumerloyalty to products sold.Strategies to increase business and consumer loyalty can bedone with a SWOT analysis. Place of this research is the "Henvian" shop that sellstypical Rejang lebong food. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative.Informants in this study were people who were considered to know for certain about theHENVIAN Specialty Food Store in Curup City, Rejang Lebong Regency. The dataanalysis technique used in this study is a SWOT analysis to determine the strengths,weaknesses, opportunities and threats in a typical Rejang Lebong food business.By using SWOT analysis techniques that consist of strengths (weakness), weaknesses(weakness), opportunities (opportnity) and threats (threath). The results of this studycan be concluded that the internal factors that are the strength of the marketing strategyare the quality of the product that is good at a price affordable to the public andtourists, service that is friendly and responsive to consumer needs, as well astechnological advancements that facilitate the promotion of business. Internal factorsthat are a weakness are often lack of stock, there are some products that do not meet thestandard packaging, the product shelf life is short, employees do not use uniforms.External factors that become opportunities are a fairly high economic community,abundant raw materials while external factors that are a threat are the manycompetitors, an unstable economy, the price of basic needs increases. Based on theresults of the SWOT analysis of internal and external factors, the strategy used is toimprove product quality by improving the appearance of packaging and quality ofcontent and quality of service by providing uniforms to employees and providingstandards of service to consumers. .Keywords: Strategy, Consumer Loyalty, SWOT

The emergence of a new phonological feature in Pakistan English

English Today ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Nasir A. Syed ◽  
Shah Bibi
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Foreign Language Learning ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Phonological Feature ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Country Specific ◽  
Learning English

English is used as a lingua franca in most parts of the world (Ozaki, 2011). However, problems and issues related to learning English are country specific (Nagamine, 2011), because most of the difficulties in foreign language learning arise from L1 interference (Flege, 1995). Since this study focuses on acoustic analysis of a phonological feature of Pakistan English (PakE), we outline the historical background of the issue very briefly. Pakistan is a linguistically rich country. More than 70 languages are spoken in Pakistan (Rahman, 1996). Saraiki, Balochi, Sindhi, Punjabi and Pashto are the major indigenous languages of the country. More than 90% of the total population speaks these languages. Pakistan came into being in 1947. It inherited English as a language of education, law, the judiciary and media from the British colonial masters. The British rulers also used the English language in India for official correspondence. Therefore, English became a very effective tool and symbol of power in the subcontinent. As a result, people of the subcontinent feel pride in learning English. Although the colonial period has ended and the English rulers have departed to their homeland, English still remains the language of ruling elite in Pakistan and India.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI MINAT BERWIRAUSAHA MAHASISWA STAI MUHAMMADIYAH TULUNGAGUNG

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mendah Nur Kumala ◽  
Mei Santi ◽  
Hasan Sultoni
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Test Reliability ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Environment Education ◽  
Internal And External Factors

One alternative to reduce the unemployment rate in Indonesia is to foster entrepreneurship in college students because this is expected to be an educated young entrepreneur who is able to start his own business, and be able to open up jobs for others. The formulation of the problem include: what are internal factors (income, self-esteem, motivation) and whether external factors (family environment, surrounding environment, education, and opportunities) influence the interest in entrepreneurship of STAI Muhammadiyah Tulungagung students ?. This study aims to determine internal factors (income, self-esteem, motivation) and external factors (family environment, surrounding environment, education, and opportunities) affect the entrepreneurial interest of STAI Muhammadiyah Tulungagung students. The approach used is a quantitative approach to the type of associative research. The population and sample in this study were students of STAI Muhammadiyah Tulungagung which consisted of 50 students who had taken Entrepreneurship courses and students who had been entrepreneurs. Sampling using a purposive sampling technique. The data source is primary data. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires. The measurement uses a Likert scale. The next stage, the results of the questionnaire were analyzed with multiple linear regression which serves to prove the research hypothesis. The data that has met the validity test, reliability test, and the classic assumption test are processed to produce a regression equation. Based on the results of the study showed that internal and external factors partially had a positive and significant effect on the entrepreneurial interest of STAI Muhammadiyah Tulungagung students. With an adjusted R2 value of 0.407 so the magnitude of the influence of internal and external factors on entrepreneurial interest is 40.7% while the remaining 59.3% is influenced by other factors not examined in this study.Keywords: Factors, Interests, Entrepreneurship, STAI Muhammadiyah Tulungagung

Analysis of EFL Learners’ Integrative and Instrumental Motivation Factor at English Language Education Undiksha

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Made Surya Mahendra ◽  
Ni Luh Putu Eka Sulistia Dewi ◽  
Ida Ayu Made Istri Utami
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Education Students ◽  
English Language Education ◽  
Motivation Factors ◽  
Integrative Motivation ◽  
Language Attitude ◽  
Learning English

This study aimed (1) to analyze motivation’s factor that affects English Language Education Students in achieving learning English both in instrumental and integrative motivation; (2) to analyze the major factor of motivation that affect students; and (3) to analyze how the major factor of motivation influence the students in achieving their goal in learning English. The survey was employed as a method of data collection through questionnaires and interviews. Both instruments consisted of instrumental and integrative motivation, which each dimension involves three factors of motivation. The results showed that English Language Education students were affected by six motivation factors. Those are academic, social, economic, attitude toward learning the target language, attitude toward the target language community, and desire to learn the target language. Among those motivation factors, the academic and attitude toward learning the target language were the major factor that affects students in achieving their goal in language learning.

METHODOLOGY FOR CHOOSING THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2003-2012
Author(s):  
O.V. Karpets ◽  
◽  
A.V. Sinitsyn ◽  
A.V. Firsova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Enterprise Management ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Internal And External Factors

This article discusses the problem of choosing the correct and effective organizational structure of enterprise management for its correct functioning. The existing types of organizational structures of enterprise management, which are used in practice today, are analyzed, and their positive, negative sides and the type of enterprises for which they can be used are revealed. Along with this, this article discusses and describes methods for choosing an organizational structure for an enterprise. Also, during the study, internal and external factors were identified that affect the choice of an organizational structure. Based on the analysis, a methodology for choosing the most effective type of organizational structure for enterprises was drawn up. The question of choosing an organizational structure is acute for every manager at the very beginning of the operation of an enterprise, because the quality of performance of functions, both of individual divisions and of the entire enterprise as a whole, directly depends on this. Among many types of organizational structures in this study, the types of organizational structures that are most adaptable to changes in external and internal factors are identified. This study provides methods and tools for selecting the appropriate organizational structure for any enterprise. At the moment, some methods, be it goal structuring or computer modeling, are not widely used, which in turn makes it difficult to choose an effective organizational structure for enterprise management. The choice of an effective organizational structure is an extremely urgent problem today for every entrepreneur, who is interested in the stable economic activity of his or her enterprise.

The Benefits of Android Applications for an Independent Learning in Learning English Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Faiz Ushbah Mubarok ◽  
Atiqah Nurul Asri
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Independent Learning ◽  
Android Applications ◽  
Motivation And Confidence ◽  
Learning Language ◽  
Affective Skills ◽  
Learning English

Due to the pandemic condition, we rely more on the technology usage. Technology presents us plentiful advantages and features in the teaching and learning. Specifically in smart phones, android nowadays offer numerous applications of language learning in Play Store. This article shows the benefits of Android applications namely Duolingo, Busuu, Rosetta Store, and Memrise in learning English language. These apps enhance the user’s four language skills mastery using games, riddles and other various ways. By learning language independently, students may also their cognitive, meta-cognitive and affective skills. It aids learners to gain their goals in a fun and enjoyable ways. Further, it is also beneficial in terms of improving students’ motivation and confidence, easy and simple, practical and entertaining, and sustainability. 

scholarly journals ANALISIS KRIMINOLOGI KEJAHATAN PEMBUNUHAN BERENCANA OKNUM POLISI DI JAYAPURA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Sujud Sujud
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Research Data ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Family Factors ◽  
Military Officers ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Murder is an inhuman crime, where the perpetrator of the crime kills with the intention of being planned in advance because it will kill other people's lives for a specific purpose, this crime is a crime of enmity between individuals and groups so that the victim is helpless, so the police investigator reveals his identity. Carefulness is needed. The problems discussed are what are the factors causing the crime of murder and how are the efforts to overcome the crime of murder. The research method used is normative juridical research. Data collection is based on literature study, based on the results of the research that the author has done, the factors that cause murder are internal and external factors. Internal factors, namely internal factors, and external factors, namely economic, environmental, and family factors. Efforts to tackle the crime of murder, namely penal and non-penal measures, are efforts to reduce the space for movement and opportunities for the committing of crimes. The suggestion in this research is that there is a need for cooperation between legal institutions and the government through police and military officers to prevent and cope with future premeditated murder, prosecutors and judges are requested to be able to prosecute and impose the maximum possible punishment on the perpetrators of the murder guided by the Criminal Code.

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