Self-Ownership, Autonomy, and Property Rights

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
To Come ◽  
Made In

Writers of very different persuasions have relied on arguments about self-ownership; in recent years, it is libertarians who have rested their political theory on self-ownership, but Grotian authoritarianism rested on similar foundations, and, even though it matters a good deal that Hegel did not adopt a full-blown theory of self-ownership, so did Hegel's liberal-conservatism. Whether the high tide of the idea has passed it is hard to say. One testimony to its popularity was the fact that G. A. Cohen for a time thought that the doctrine of self-ownership was so powerful that an egalitarian like himself had to come to terms with it; but he has since changed his mind. I have tackled the topic of self-ownership glancingly elsewhere, but have not hitherto tried to pull together the observations I have made in passing on those occasions. The view I have taken for granted and here defend is that self-ownership is not an illuminating notion—except in contexts that are unattractive to anyone of libertarian tastes.

Unions and the Popular Front: The West Coast Waterfront in the 1930s

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 59-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Nelson
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Popular Front ◽  
Human Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Recent discussions of the history of American communism have generated a good deal of controversy. A youthful generation of “new social historians” has combined with veterans of the Communist party to produce a portrait of the Communist experience in the United States which posits a tension between the Byzantine pursuit of the “correct line” at the top and the impulses and needs of members at the base trying to cope with a complex reality. In the words of one of its most skillful practitioners, “the new Communist history begins with the assumption that … everyone brought to the movement expectations, traditions, patterns of behavior and thought that had little to do with the decisions made in the Kremlin or on the 9th floor of the Communist Party headquarters in New York.” The “new” historians have focused mainly on the lives of individuals, the relationship between communism and ethnic and racial subcultures, and the effort to build the party's influence within particular unions and working-class constituencies. Overall, the portrait has been critical but sympathetic and has served to highlight the party's “human face” and the integrity of its members.

Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders

1987 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Carens
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Third World ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Michael Walzer ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Third ◽  
Oppressed People ◽  
Open Borders ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Third World

Many poor and oppressed people wish to leave their countries of origin in the third world to come to affluent Western societies. This essay argues that there is little justification for keeping them out. The essay draws on three contemporary approaches to political theory — the Rawlsian, the Nozickean, and the utilitarian — to construct arguments for open borders. The fact that all three theories converge upon the same results on this issue, despite their significant disagreements on others, strengthens the case for open borders and reveals its roots in our deep commitment to respect all human beings as free and equal moral persons. The final part of the essay considers communitarian objections to this conclusion, especially those of Michael Walzer.

scholarly journals La loi française du 11 juillet 1979 relative à la motivation des actes administratifs

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 961-984
Author(s):  
Georges Péquignot
Keyword(s):  
Prime Minister ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
General Application ◽  
The Public ◽  
Administrative Action ◽  
Statutory Requirement ◽  
Unfavourable Effect ◽  
To Come ◽  
Made In

This paper summarizes the changes brought about in French administrative law by a law of 1979 imposing on administrative authorities a broad duty to give reasons for their decisions. Traditionally, the state of the law had been that, failing a specific statutory requirement, administrative authorities were under no obligation to provide reasons. This, however, had not prevented the Conseil d'État from reviewing administrative action — even of a clearly discretionary nature — for unlawfulness or impropriety of motives. The new law is aimed at improving communications between administrative authorities and the public. It reverses the former rule for three broad classes of decisions concerning individual cases : those having an unfavourable effect on rights and interests, those allowing for more favourable treatment than is provided under a rule of general application, and those made by social security and unemployment assistance agencies. Alleviation or disregard of the new rule is allowed in cases of emergency, where confidentiality or secrecy is required by law, or where, no decision being made in a prescribed time, a negative decision is deemed to have been rendered. Guidelines for the implementation of the new law have been issued by the Prime Minister to all Ministers; the latter have in turn issued more detailed instructions to decision-making officers in their departments. Further guidance will have to come from the administrative courts when they are called upon to review decisions for insufficiency or impropriety of reasons. Ultimately, however, achievement of the goal of improving the quality of intercourse between citizens and administrative authorities will require the development of a more open and trustful relationship between them.

scholarly journals The graffiti art and the discover of the Keith Haring’s mural in Amsterdam

2020 ◽  
pp. 236-249
Author(s):  
Caterina Soliani
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Street Art ◽  
Art World ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Many ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Made In

The purpose of this work is to contribute to the continuous growth of the art world (Street Art in particular) and to discuss how it is essential for the discovery of artists. These artists have been pioneers and forerunners of new pictorial techniques, freeing creative and psychological flair, and combining the latter with the artistic technology that promises great things despite limited materials.  The intention of this article is to consider the elements of artistic expression that are less commonly subject to discussion, such as the world of Street Art. This form of artwork has not always been understood or accepted, with street artists waiting for the opportune moment to express the narrative, experiences, and emotions of society through their artwork, a power that unites sentiment and encourages change.  It is art which affects the community, the population and society. It is designed above all others to become part of the collective memory through violence of image and colour.  This project led me to come into contact with one of the many artistic artefacts of the Street Art movement, the Keith Haring’s mural in Amsterdam, a piece that makes me. understand and appreciate the problems inherent to these type of works, simple, synthetic, but never simplistic.  Therefore, a project, a study and a restoration hypothesis were conducted on one of the many works by Haring. The purpose of this was to shed light once again on the mural made in 1986 by the artist, situated in the Groothandeles Market of Amsterdam. No longer visible for thirty years, the mural was covered by insulation panels placed two years after its creation. With professors Antonio Rava and William Shank, the association Keith Haring Foundation of New York, the Stedelijk Museum of Amsterdam, in collaboration with the gallery Vroom & Varossieau, specialised in road art, on 8 June, the large metal sheet panels were removed and one of the greatest murals by Haring could once again be admired.

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE ESOPHAGUS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
WILLIAM E. LADD
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Surgery ◽  
General Meeting ◽  
Intestinal Atresia ◽  
Esophageal Hiatus ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
Group I ◽  
To Come ◽  
Sick Children ◽  
Made In

AS THIS is the first general meeting of the Academy since the establishment of a surgical section, it would seem fitting to comment on our hopes for this venture. The last few decades have seen great advances in all fields of medicine. Among the most widely known, perhaps, are insulin, antibiotics, chemotherapy, water balance, vitamin and hormone therapy and other laboratory discoveries. I want, however, to call your attention to some of the advances which have been made in the field of pediatric surgery and to remind you that although these have been aided by laboratory achievements they would have been impossible without the cooperation of the pediatrician. Please recall that roughly 30 years ago atresia of the bile ducts carried a mortality of 100%. Intestinal obstruction due to midgut volvulus had an equally high mortality. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia—other than those through the esophageal hiatus—had an estimated 90% mortality. The recovery of a patient with intestinal atresia was indeed a rare incident. The mortality from intussusception, and even from pyloric stenosis, was nearly 60%. Today the mortality in these and other conditions has been reduced by from 25% to 75%, and in some conditions to nearly zero. This striking lowering of mortality has been brought about largely by men, both medical and surgical, who devote their energies to the care of infants and children. It seems, therefore, particularly opportune and appropriate that these pediatricians and pediatric surgeons should join together in a concerted effort to advance the care of this age group. I, for one, am sufficiently optimistic to believe that greater advances will be made in the decades to come if we all work together and with one goal in mind; namely, the improvement of the lot of the afflicted child. The establishment of a surgical section in this Academy certainly should help the pediatrician, the pediatric surgeon and last, but far from least, sick children.

From Dalton to the Discovery of the Periodic System

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Scerri
Keyword(s):  
Periodic System ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Quantitative Characteristic ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
System P ◽  
Quantitative Property ◽  
To Come ◽  
First Time

Our story begins, somewhat arbitrarily, in the English city of Manchester around the turn of the nineteenth century. There, a child prodigy by the name of John Dalton, at the tender age of fifteen is teaching in a school with his older brother. Within a few years, John Dalton’s interests have developed to encompass meteorology, physics, and chemistry. Among the questions that puzzle him is why the various component gases in the air such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide do not separate from each other. Why does the mixture of gases in the air remain as a homogeneous mixture? As a result of pursuing this question, Dalton develops what is to become modern atomic theory. The ultimate constituents of all substances, he supposes, are hard microscopic spheres or atoms that were first discussed by the ancient Greek philosophers and taken up again by modern scientists like Newton, Gassendi, and Boscovich. But Dalton goes a good deal further than all of these thinkers in establishing one all-important quantitative characteristic for each kind of atom, namely its weight. This he does by considering quantitative data on chemical experiments. For example, he finds that the ratio for the weight in which hydrogen and oxygen combine together is one to eight. Dalton assumes that water consists of one atom of each of these two elements. He takes a hydrogen atom to have a weight of 1 unit and therefore reasons that oxygen must have a weight of 8 units. Similarly, he deduces the weights for a number of other atoms and even molecules as we now call them. For the first time the elements acquire a quantitative property, by means of which they may be compared. This feature will eventually lead to an accurate classification of all the elements in the form of the periodic system, but this is yet to come. Before that can happen the notion of atoms provokes tremendous debates and disagreements among the experts of Dalton’s day.

Der Weg zur Entscheidung: Verfahren oder Verhandlung?

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-414
Author(s):  
Richard Lüdicke
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
General Model ◽  
Decision Procedure ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
To Come ◽  
Stage Play ◽  
Made In

How to Come up for a Decision: Procedure or Negotiation? The Disputations in Cities in the 1520s The disputations held in imperial cities of the Holy Roman Empire during the 1520 s, facing the turmoils caused by the reformation, served – like a stage play – to showcase and communicate the decision to implement Reformation that had already been made in advance. Usually, this is the judgement on the so called “Religionsgespräche”. Although this view shows up even in contemporary statements, the article argues, that a differentiated analysis of the various actors, their interests and possibilities to influence the events opens up a clearer perspective on what happened and why it happened. Using the sociological distinction of procedure and negotiation, this article shows, that the disputation had to keep the balance between reglemented procedure and more liberal negotiation to produce an accepted and also binding result for their community. Examples from the disputations of Zürich (1523), Kaufbeuren, Memmingen, Nürnberg (1525) and Bern (1528) allow this article to illustrate different ways of how this balancing on a razor’s edge could be done. The conclusion develops a general model of how the cities used disputations to try to deal with the religious turmoil while facing stiff opposition from local clerics and scholars, the papal church and the emperor.

scholarly journals Surveillance for variant CJD: should more children with neurodegenerative diseases have autopsies?

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Verity ◽  
Anne Marie Winstone ◽  
Robert Will ◽  
Alison Powell ◽  
Peter Baxter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Clinical Phenotype ◽  
Brain Biopsy ◽  
Neurological Deterioration ◽  
Clinical Surveillance ◽  
Jakob Disease ◽  
Protein Staining ◽  
To Come ◽  
Made In

ObjectivesTo report investigations performed in children with progressive neurodegenerative diseases reported to this UK study.DesignSince 1997 paediatric surveillance for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) has been performed by identifying children aged less than 16 years with progressive intellectual and neurological deterioration (PIND) and searching for vCJD among them.SettingThe PIND Study obtains case details from paediatricians who notify via the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit.ParticipantsBetween May 1997 and October 2017, a total of 2050 cases meeting PIND criteria had been notified and investigated.ResultsSix children had vCJD. 1819 children had other diagnoses, made in 12 cases by antemortem brain biopsy and in 15 by postmortem investigations. 225 children were undiagnosed: only 3 had antemortem brain biopsies and only 14 of the 108 who died were known to have had autopsies; postmortem neuropathological studies were carried out in just 10% (11/108) and only two had prion protein staining of brain tissue. Of the undiagnosed cases 43% were known to come from Asian British families.ConclusionsMost of the notified children had a diagnosis other than vCJD to explain their neurological deterioration. None of the undiagnosed cases had the clinical phenotype of vCJD but brain tissue was rarely studied to exclude vCJD. Clinical surveillance via the PIND Study remains the only practical means of searching for vCJD in UK children.

scholarly journals III. A Letter to John Gage, Esq. F.R.S. Director, by William Young Ottley, Esq. F.S.A., &c., on a Manuscript in the British Museum, believed by him to be of the Second or Third Century, and containing the translation of Aratus's astronomical Poem by Cicero, accompanied by Drawings of the Constellations: with a preliminary Dissertation in proof of the use of Minuscule Writing by the ancient Romans; and a corrected edition of the Poem itself, including ten lines not heretofore known

Archaeologia ◽  
1836 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 47-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Young Ottley
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come

You are aware that I have, at intervals, employed myself a good deal in the manuscript room of the British Museum, during the last four years, in researches among the Illuminated MSS. of the fifteenth century, on the subject of Costume; for the purpose of helping me to form a right judgment of the ages and country of certain books of wood-engravings, which are known by bibliographers under the name of Block-Books; and are commonly supposed to have given rise to the invention of Typography: for the controversy concerning this subject has long occupied my attention; and, although so many books have been written upon it during the last two centuries, I have become more and more persuaded, that the evidence on both sides must be subjected to a nicer examination, and sifting, than it has yet had, before we can hope to come to a right decision concerning it.

Authentication Studies (辨偽學) Methodology and the Polymorphous Text Paradigm

Early China ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 1-43 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Textual Criticism ◽  
Han Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Intellectual ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
Chinese Texts ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Last Two Millennia ◽  
Made In

The foundation of Chinese intellectual history is a group of texts known as “masters texts” (子書). Many masters texts were authored in the Han dynasty or earlier and many of these have as their title the name of a master who was generally regarded as the author. The inclination to treat a given book as the product of a single writer is apparently a strong one. Nevertheless, from the very beginning there were Chinese scholars who doubted the veracity of the putative authorship of some of these works and suggested that they may in fact have been the product of several authors. Over time, such scholars developed criteria by which to judge the authenticity of ancient masters texts. But as such textual criticism grew more penetrating, the object of its scrutiny began to come apart at the seams. In the last two decades there has been a growing consensus that most early Chinese masters texts were originally quite permeable and that only later were their received forms settled upon.The branch of textual criticism that deals with authenticating early Chinese texts is called “Authentication studies.” This paper is a survey of the methodological advances made in the field of Authentication studies over the last two millennia. It is not a history of the field, as such a history would be a much longer project. The survey concludes with the idea of the “polymorphous text paradigm,” a paradigm that paradoxically obviates much of the preceding scholarship in its own field. Simply put, if authentication relies largely on anachronism, and anachronism relies largely on the dates of the putative author, then a multi-author work with no known “last author” will be impossible to authenticate. Furthermore, the polymorphous text paradigm does not posit these texts as necessarily having earlier and later “layers,” but rather as having had no set structure over the course of their early redactional evolution.This survey examines the contributions of seventeen scholars to Authentication studies methodology, and concludes with how the changes in this field have influenced the work of three modern, Western scholars.

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