scholarly journals High prevalence of Leptospira spp. in sewer rats (Rattus norvegicus)

2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (11) ◽  
pp. 1586-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. KRØJGAARD ◽  
S. VILLUMSEN ◽  
M. D. K. MARKUSSEN ◽  
J. S. JENSEN ◽  
H. LEIRS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
High Level ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Common Infection

SUMMARYEarlier studies on the ecology of leptospirosis in temperate regions focused mainly on free-ranging rats in rural areas. Here we report on the occurrence of Leptospira spp. in Rattus norvegicus living in sewers in a suburban area in Copenhagen, Denmark. In 2006–2007, about 30 rats were captured in sewers at each of six different locations. Rat kidneys were screened by PCR for pathogenic Leptospira spp. In one location no infected rats were found, whereas the prevalence in the remaining five locations ranged between 48% and 89%. Micro-agglutination tests showed that serogroup Pomona, Sejroe, and Icterohaemorrhagiae were the most common. Infection was related to age with the highest prevalence observed for adult rats but there was no difference in infection rate between sexes, suggesting primarily environmental transmission. Since most reported rat problems in urban areas are related to sewer rats, the surprisingly high level of infection calls for an increased public health concern.

scholarly journals Patterns of Alcohol Consumption in the PURE Poland Cohort Study and Their Relationship with Health Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4185
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Zatońska ◽  
Piotr Psikus ◽  
Alicja Basiak-Rasała ◽  
Zuzanna Stępnicka ◽  
Maria Wołyniec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Frequent Consumption ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
High Level

(1) Background: Alcohol is a leading risk factor of premature morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to investigate the patterns of alcohol consumption in the PURE Poland cohort study baseline. (2) Methods: A Polish cohort was enrolled in the baseline study in 2007–2010. The study group consisted of 2021 adult participants of urban and rural areas from the Lower Silesia voivodeship in Poland (747 men and 1274 women). (3) Results: In the overall study population, 67.3% were current drinkers, 10.3% were former drinkers, and 22.4% were abstainers. Current use of alcohol products was more prevalent in men (77.2%), people living in urban areas (73.0%), and people with a higher level of education (78.0%). The percentage of current drinkers decreased with increasing age (from 73.4% in 30- to 44-year-olds to 48.8% in participants aged 64 and more). The majority of participants (89.2%) declared a low level of alcohol intake. The chance of high level of intake of alcohol was four times higher in men than in women (OR 4.17; CI 1.64–10.6). The majority of participants (54.6%) declared most frequent consumption of low-alcohol drinks (beer, wine) and 21% declared most frequent consumption of spirits. Current drinkers had almost 1.5-fold higher odds of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) than never drinkers (OR 1.49, CI 1.03–2.17; OR 1.66, CI 1.27–2.18, respectively). Former drinkers had higher odds for hypertension and CVD than never drinkers (1.73, CI 1.05–2.85; OR 1.76, CI 1.22–2.53, respectively). (4) Conclusions: In our cohort study, we observed several socio-demographic factors differentiating the patterns of alcohol consumption. The preventive programs should focus predominantly on men, people aged <45 years, and those with a higher level of education.

Human Exposure to Rabid Free-Ranging Cats: A Continuing Public Health Concern in Pennsylvania

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Campagnolo ◽  
L. R. Lind ◽  
J. M. Long ◽  
M. E. Moll ◽  
J. T. Rankin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Free Ranging

scholarly journals Africanized honeybees in urban areas: a public health concern

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Zaluski ◽  
Samir Moura Kadri ◽  
Edison Antonio de Souza ◽  
Valdinei Moraes Campanucci da Silva ◽  
Juliane Reis Campanucci da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Africanized Honeybees

scholarly journals Sport-related concussions

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssica Natuline Ianof ◽  
Fabio Rios Freire ◽  
Vanessa Tomé Gonçalves Calado ◽  
Juliana Rhein Lacerda ◽  
Fernanda Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
American Football ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Biomechanical Forces ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of lifelong disability and death worldwide. Sport-related traumatic brain injury is an important public health concern. The purpose of this review was to highlight the importance of sport-related concussions. Concussion refers to a transient alteration in consciousness induced by external biomechanical forces transmitted directly or indirectly to the brain. It is a common, although most likely underreported, condition. Contact sports such as American football, rugby, soccer, boxing, basketball and hockey are associated with a relatively high prevalence of concussion. Various factors may be associated with a greater risk of sport-related concussion, such as age, sex, sport played, level of sport played and equipment used. Physical complaints (headache, fatigue, dizziness), behavioral changes (depression, anxiety, irritability) and cognitive impairment are very common after a concussion. The risk of premature return to activities includes the prolongation of post-concussive symptoms and increased risk of concussion recurrence.

scholarly journals Examining the Dietary Diversity of Children in Niger

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2961
Author(s):  
Nafissatou Cisse Egbuonye ◽  
Ariun Ishdorj ◽  
E.L.J. McKyer ◽  
Rahma Mkuu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Child Factors

Malnutrition is a major public health concern in Niger. The stunting rate in children in Niger is over 50%, one of the highest in the world. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine children’s dietary diversity (CDD) and the maternal factors that impact CDD. A total of 1265 mother–child pairs were analyzed. Descriptive analysis was conducted to present maternal and child characteristics. To compare the mean scores of CDD in relation to the region, an independent sample t-test was conducted. A one-way ANOVA test was conducted to evaluate the CDD score by different age groups. A linear regression model was estimated to identify household, maternal and child factors that affect the CDD score. Our results indicate that most of the participants of our survey resided in rural areas and the majority (80.7%) of the mothers had no education. Factors such as region, children’s age, woman’s empowerment, vitamin A intake and wealth index were significant predictors of CDD (p < 0.05). The children residing in rural areas were more likely to have lower CDD scores (p < 0.05) than the children in urban areas, therefore becoming more susceptible to malnutrition.

scholarly journals Pathology and One Health implications of fatal Leptospira interrogans infection in an urbanized, free-ranging, black-tufted marmoset ( Callithrix penicilatta ) in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tais M. Wilson ◽  
Jana M. Ritter ◽  
Roosecelis B. Martines ◽  
Alexandra A. B. Gonçalves ◽  
Pamela Fair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Pulmonary Hemorrhage ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Leptospira Interrogans ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Pcr Assays ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
First Time

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic neglected disease of worldwide public health concern. Leptospira species can infect a wide range of wild and domestic mammals and can lead to a spectrum of disease, including severe and fatal forms. Herein, we report for the first time a fatal Leptospira interrogans infection in a free-ranging nonhuman primate (NHP), a black-tufted marmoset. Icterus, pulmonary hemorrhage, interstitial nephritis and hepatocellular dissociation were the main findings raising the suspicion of leptospirosis. Diagnostic confirmation was based on specific immunohistochemical and PCR assays for Leptospira species. Immunolocalization of leptospiral antigens and identification of pathogenic species ( L. interrogans species) were important for better understanding the pathogenesis of disease. One Health related implications of free-ranging NHPs in anthropized areas and transmission dynamics of human and animal leptospirosis are discussed.

Status and disparities of diabetes among urban and rural residents aged 40 years and older: insight from a population-based study in northeast China, 2017–2019

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-213755
Author(s):  
Liying Xing ◽  
Yuanmeng Tian ◽  
Li Jing ◽  
Min Lin ◽  
Zhi Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Haemoglobin A1c ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Prevalence

ObjectivesTo evaluate the up-to-date epidemiology of diabetes in northeast China.MethodsThe cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2017 and March 2019 using a multistage, stratified and cluster random sampling method. 18 796 participants (28.9% urban and 71.1% rural) aged ≥40 years were enrolled. Diabetes and pre-diabetes were diagnosed according to the history, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels.ResultsThe prevalence of diabetes was 17.1%, higher in urban than in rural residents (20.2% vs 15.8%, p<0.001). Meanwhile, the prevalence of pre-diabetes was 44.3%, higher in rural than in urban areas (49.4% vs 31.8%, p<0.001). The overall FPG and HbA1c were 6.10±1.94 mmol/L and 5.59%±1.08%. The FPG level was higher in rural area than in urban areas (6.15±1.83 mmol/L vs 5.97±2.18 mmol/L, p<0.001). Among participants with diabetes, 47.5% were aware of their diabetes condition; 39.5% were taking antidiabetic medications and 36.8% of people had their diabetes controlled. The awareness and treatment rates in rural areas were lower than those in urban areas (47.3% vs 57.5%, 34.4% vs 49.5%, p<0.001). Patients with diabetic, especially those in rural areas, tended to have multiple risk factors including hypertension (71.7%), overweight or obesity (69.6%) and dyslipidaemia (52.8%).ConclusionA considerable burden of diabetes was observed in northeast China, with high percentage of untreated diabetes, high prevalence of pre-diabetes, high overall FPG level and multiple uncontrolled risk factors in patients with diabetics. Therefore, region-specific strategies on prevention and management of diabetes should be emphasised.

scholarly journals Knowledge and attitude of South-Indian smokers towards smoking associated health risk

2017 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 024-030
Author(s):  
Ananya Madiyal ◽  
Vidya Ajila ◽  
G. Subhas Babu ◽  
Shruthi Hegde
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Intentions To Quit ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
High Level

Abstract Aim: To assess the knowledge and attitude of South-Indian smokers towards health effects of smoking and their intentions to quit. Study design: A cross sectional questionnaire based survey was conducted among 550 smokers hailing from South India who reported to the out-patient department of the dental hospital. Results: Highest incidence of smoking in men was seen in those who received moderate level of education and those residing in rural areas. In female smokers, the highest incidence was seen in those residing in urban areas (53.8%) with a high level of education (38.4%). We found that males continued their habit mainly to destress while females used it to socialize. Majority of the participants were aware that smoking causes a host of problems in the oral cavity and 68.18% were aware that passive smoking was injurious to the body. Most of the responders admitted to having observed warnings on tobacco products and were willing to quit the habit with help from their dentists. Conclusion: Smokers are at risk for various diseases that include the cardiovascular, respiratory and reproductive systems as well as the oral cavity. This study sheds light on the level of awareness among current tobacco users and the areas of deficiency in patient education which should be addressed by clinicians.

A survey of rodent-borne pathogens carried by wildRattusspp. in Northern Vietnam

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (9) ◽  
pp. 1876-1884 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. KOMA ◽  
K. YOSHIMATSU ◽  
S. P. YASUDA ◽  
T. LI ◽  
T. AMADA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Seoul Virus ◽  
Significant Public Health Concern ◽  
Significant Public Health

SUMMARYTo examine the prevalence of human pathogens carried by rats in urban areas in Hanoi and Hai Phong, Vietnam, we live-trapped 100 rats in January 2011 and screened them for a panel of bacteria and viruses. Antibodies againstLeptospira interrogans(22·0%), Seoul virus (14·0%) and rat hepatitis E virus (23·0%) were detected in rats, but antibodies againstYersinia pestiswere not detected. Antibodies againstL. interrogansand Seoul virus were found only in adult rats. In contrast, antibodies to rat hepatitis E virus were also found in juvenile and sub-adult rats, indicating that the transmission mode of rat hepatitis E virus is different from that ofL. interrogansand Seoul virus. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses of the S and M segments of Seoul viruses found inRattus norvegicusshowed that Seoul viruses from Hai Phong and Hanoi formed different clades. Human exposure to these pathogens has become a significant public health concern.

scholarly journals DIVERSIFICATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS IN POLAND

2020 ◽  
Vol XXII (1) ◽  
pp. 300-311
Author(s):  
Paweł Siemiński ◽  
Jakub Hadyński ◽  
Walenty Poczta
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Synthetic Index ◽  
Spatial Diversification ◽  
High Level

The aim of this paper is to estimate, as well as analyse and assess spatial diversification in human capital resources in rural and urban areas of Poland. Studies have static nature and relate to the state of the situation in 2018 year. A synthetic index of human capital resources (IHCR) was applied, based on which a hierarchy was developed for rural and urban areas, depending on the administrative division into provinces determining the degree of their diversification in terms of their human capital resources. Human capital resources were analysed in four categories, i.e. in terms of employment, education, entrepreneurship and unemployment, using data from the Local Data Bank CSO database. Research results indicate considerable regional (spatial) diversification of rural and urban areas. We may distinguish two homogeneous classes, including urban areas with a high level of human capital development, as well as rural areas with their low level. Moreover, there is a heterogeneous group of the so-called medium level of human capital, composed of both urban and rural areas. Particularly, observed polarization in human capital resources may in the future reduce the absorption of development impulses within both national and EU development policies.

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