scholarly journals Risk factor analysis, antimicrobial resistance and pathotyping ofEscherichia coliassociated with pre- and post-weaning piglet diarrhoea in organised farms, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. R. VinodhKumar ◽  
B. R. Singh ◽  
D. K. Sinha ◽  
B. S. Pruthvishree ◽  
Shika Tamta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
North East ◽  
Mar Index

AbstractA cross-sectional study was conducted from 2014 to 2017 in 13 organised pig farms located in eight states of India (Northern, North-Eastern and Southern regions) to identify the risk factors, pathotype and antimicrobial resistance ofEscherichia coliassociated with pre- and post-weaning piglet diarrhoea. The data collected through questionnaire survey were used to identify the risk factors by univariable analysis, in which weaning status, season, altitude, ventilation in the shed, use of heater/cooler for temperature control in the sheds, feed type, water source, and use of disinfectant, were the potential risk factors. In logistic regression model, weaning and source of water were the significant risk factors. The piglet diarrhoea prevalence was almost similar across the regions. Of the 909 faecal samples collected (North – 310, North-East – 194 and South – 405) for isolation ofE. coli, pathotyping and antibiotic screening, 531E. coliwere isolated in MacConkey agar added with cefotaxime, where 345 isolates were extended spectrumβ-lactamase (ESBL) producers and were positive forblaCTX-M-1 (n= 147),blaTEM (n= 151),qnrA (n= 98),qnrB (n= 116),qnrS (n= 53),tetA (n= 46),tetB (n= 48) andsul1 (n= 54) genes. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index revealed that 14 (2.64%) isolates had MAR index of 1. On the virulence screening ofE. coli, 174 isolates harboured alone or combination ofStx1,Stx2,eaeA,hlyA genes. The isolates from diarrhoeic and post-weaning samples harboured higher number of virulence genes than non-diarrhoeic and pre-weaning. Alleviating the risk factors might reduce the piglet diarrhoea cases. The presence of multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing pathogenicE. coliin piglets appears a public health concern.

Demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors for HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Co-infection in Pregnancy at a Tertiary Hospital in Northern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-266
Author(s):  
O Ochima ◽  
AJ Randawa ◽  
SE Adaji ◽  
GI Ogbu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Co Morbidity

Hepatitis and TB co-infection in PLWHA is now a major source of co-morbidity and of public health concern. HIV and Hepatitis are two viruses with overlapping epidemics and shared routes of transmission. The clinical course of HCV is accelerated in patients with HIV with resultant end-stage Liver disease as a major cause of death. Most studies in my environment failed to identify significant risk factors for HCV infection thus making intervention difficult. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among consecutive consenting HIV positive pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of ABUTH-Zaria Nigeria. Relevant information was obtained using a structurally administered questionnaire while Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay Biotech Laboratories UK was used for anti Hepatitis C antibodies assay. Twenty four of the 285 samples tested positive for anti HCV antibodies giving a co-infection rate of 8.4%. Lack of formal education was associated with HCV-HIV co-infection (p <0.05), odds ratio (OR) 2.5; 95%CI 0.97-6.97. The possible risk factors analyzed including previous blood transfusion and injecting drug use were not associated with HIV- HCV co-infection (p>0.05). This study revealed a high HCV co-infection with significant association with non-formal educational status. Improving female education may be one important strategy for its prevention.

scholarly journals Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in retail market spices

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena da Cruz Costa ◽  
Alexsandra Iarlen Cabral Cruz ◽  
Aline Simões da Rocha Bispo ◽  
Mariza Alves Ferreira ◽  
João Albany Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Food Markets ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Mar Index

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality and the transmission of multidrug-resistant bacteria in different spices sold in town fairs (local food markets) in the municipalities of Recôncavo Baiano. Samples of black pepper, oregano, and cinnamon were collected over a period of six months and investigated for coliforms at 45 °C, Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The contamination in the black pepper samples (log 4.66 CFU g-1) was higher (P>0.05), than those of cinnamon (log 2.55 CFU g-1) and oregano (log 2.49 CFU g-1), particularly for B. cereus. E. coli (89%) and Salmonella spp. (67%) were isolated only from black pepper. B. cereus and S. aureus showed greater resistance to β-lactams (penicillin, oxacillin, and cefepime), with approximately 40% of the strains with a multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index of 0.33 (i.e., resistant to three antimicrobials). E. coli was more resistant to ampicillin and Salmonella spp. to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, and ceftriaxone. Salmonella spp. had a MAR index ranging from 0.16 to 0.91 (i.e, resistant to up to 11 antimicrobials), and E. coli to up to 0.58 (i.e., resistant to 7 antimicrobials). In conclusion, the spices sold in the town fairs of Recôncavo Baiano are of low microbiological quality, with the presence of pathogens, of which some display high resistance to antimicrobials that are commonly used for treating foodborne illnesses.

scholarly journals Isolation, Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests of E. Coli and Salmonella from Diarrheic Calves in and Around Sebeta Town

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olana Merera ◽  
Atnafu Regassa ◽  
Fikru Gizaw ◽  
Biyansa Adugna ◽  
Shubisa Abera
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Semiautomatic Machine ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Calf Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrheic Calves

Abstract Background Calves are important assets for replacement of cows for the future dairy and beef herd sustainability. However, calf hood diseases have a significant financial impact on dairies resulting from treatment costs, genetic loss, and impaired future performance. Objective The purpose of the present research is for isolation and identification of Salmonella and E. coli infection in diarrheic calves, assessing risk factors for occurrence of calf diarrhea and examining antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated bacteria’s. Methodology: A cross- sectional study on the isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli and Salmonella was carried out on calves up to two months of age from November, 2018 to March, 2019 in and around Sebeta town, Ethiopia. The detection of E. coli and Salmonella was done by conventional bacteriological method and biolog (semiautomatic machine). The data was analyzed by Stata 12. Results It was found that the detection rate of E. coli and Salmonella from 129 sampled diarrheic calves were 65 (50.3%) and 8 (6.2%) respectively. Age (E. coli, X2 = 9.429, P = 0.024; Salmonella, X2 = 8.161, P = 0.043), sex (E. coli, X2 = 11.225, P = 0.001, though not significant for Salmonella) and feeding time of colostrum (X2 = 7.510, P = 0.023; Salmonella, X2 = 6.678, P = 0.036) were risk factors associated with the incidence of E. coli and Salmonella. The antimicrobial study revealed that most of the E. coli was highly susceptible to sulphamethoxazole˖trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and ampicillin and highly resistant to tetracycline (29.23%) and followed by polymixin B (6.1%), and from isolates of Salmonella all showed 100% susceptibility for sulphamethoxazole˖trimethoprim and polymixin B, 87% to Ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline while 75% to gentamicin. Conclusion Based on those findings, it can be concluded that calf diarrhea was found to be high and could affect dairy production in the study area. The triggering ecological, social and bacterial genetic factors for the widespread distribution of multidrug resistant Salmonella and E.coli are not known, thus requires comprehensive study.

scholarly journals Demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors for HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Co-infection in Pregnancy at a Tertiary Hospital in Northern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-266
Author(s):  
O Ochima ◽  
AJ Randawa ◽  
SE Adaji ◽  
GI Ogbu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Co Morbidity

Hepatitis and TB co-infection in PLWHA is now a major source of co-morbidity and of public health concern. HIV and Hepatitis are two viruses with overlapping epidemics and shared routes of transmission. The clinical course of HCV is accelerated in patients with HIV with resultant end-stage Liver disease as a major cause of death. Most studies in my environment failed to identify significant risk factors for HCV infection thus making intervention difficult. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among consecutive consenting HIV positive pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of ABUTH-Zaria Nigeria. Relevant information was obtained using a structurally administered questionnaire while Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay Biotech Laboratories UK was used for anti Hepatitis C antibodies assay. Twenty four of the 285 samples tested positive for anti HCV antibodies giving a co-infection rate of 8.4%. Lack of formal education was associated with HCV-HIV co-infection (p <0.05), odds ratio (OR) 2.5; 95%CI 0.97-6.97. The possible risk factors analyzed including previous blood transfusion and injecting drug use were not associated with HIV- HCV co-infection (p>0.05). This study revealed a high HCV co-infection with significant association with non-formal educational status. Improving female education may be one important strategy for its prevention.

scholarly journals Demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors for HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Co-infection in Pregnancy at a Tertiary Hospital in Northern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-266
Author(s):  
O Ochima ◽  
AJ Randawa ◽  
SE Adaji ◽  
GI Ogbu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Co Morbidity

Hepatitis and TB co-infection in PLWHA is now a major source of co-morbidity and of public health concern. HIV and Hepatitis are two viruses with overlapping epidemics and shared routes of transmission. The clinical course of HCV is accelerated in patients with HIV with resultant end-stage Liver disease as a major cause of death. Most studies in my environment failed to identify significant risk factors for HCV infection thus making intervention difficult. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among consecutive consenting HIV positive pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of ABUTH-Zaria Nigeria. Relevant information was obtained using a structurally administered questionnaire while Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay Biotech Laboratories UK was used for anti Hepatitis C antibodies assay. Twenty four of the 285 samples tested positive for anti HCV antibodies giving a co-infection rate of 8.4%. Lack of formal education was associated with HCV-HIV co-infection (p <0.05), odds ratio (OR) 2.5; 95%CI 0.97-6.97. The possible risk factors analyzed including previous blood transfusion and injecting drug use were not associated with HIV- HCV co-infection (p>0.05). This study revealed a high HCV co-infection with significant association with non-formal educational status. Improving female education may be one important strategy for its prevention.

scholarly journals Insights into the Environmental Resistance Gene Pool from the Genome Sequence of the Multidrug-Resistant Environmental Isolate Escherichia coli SMS-3-5

2008 ◽  
Vol 190 (20) ◽  
pp. 6779-6794 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Florian Fricke ◽  
Meredith S. Wright ◽  
Angela H. Lindell ◽  
Derek M. Harkins ◽  
Craig Baker-Austin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT The increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant pathogens of clinical and agricultural importance is a global public health concern. While antimicrobial use in human and veterinary medicine is known to contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, the impact of microbial communities and mobile resistance genes from the environment in this process is not well understood. Isolated from an industrially polluted aquatic environment, Escherichia coli SMS-3-5 is resistant to a record number of antimicrobial compounds from all major classes, including two front-line fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin), and in many cases at record-high concentrations. To gain insights into antimicrobial resistance in environmental bacterial populations, the genome of E. coli SMS-3-5 was sequenced and compared to the genome sequences of other E. coli strains. In addition, selected genetic loci from E. coli SMS-3-5 predicted to be involved in antimicrobial resistance were phenotypically characterized. Using recombinant vector clones from shotgun sequencing libraries, resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamide/trimethoprim was assigned to a single mosaic region on a 130-kb plasmid (pSMS35_130). The remaining plasmid backbone showed similarity to virulence plasmids from avian-pathogenic E. coli (APEC) strains. Individual resistance gene cassettes from pSMS35_130 are conserved among resistant bacterial isolates from multiple phylogenetic and geographic sources. Resistance to quinolones was assigned to several chromosomal loci, mostly encoding transport systems that are also present in susceptible E. coli isolates. Antimicrobial resistance in E. coli SMS-3-5 is therefore dependent both on determinants acquired from a mobile gene pool that is likely available to clinical and agricultural pathogens, as well, and on specifically adapted multidrug efflux systems. The association of antimicrobial resistance with APEC virulence genes on pSMS35_130 highlights the risk of promoting the spread of virulence through the extensive use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors for HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Co-infection in Pregnancy at a Tertiary Hospital in Northern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-266
Author(s):  
O Ochima ◽  
AJ Randawa ◽  
SE Adaji ◽  
GI Ogbu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Co Morbidity

Hepatitis and TB co-infection in PLWHA is now a major source of co-morbidity and of public health concern. HIV and Hepatitis are two viruses with overlapping epidemics and shared routes of transmission. The clinical course of HCV is accelerated in patients with HIV with resultant end-stage Liver disease as a major cause of death. Most studies in my environment failed to identify significant risk factors for HCV infection thus making intervention difficult. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among consecutive consenting HIV positive pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of ABUTH-Zaria Nigeria. Relevant information was obtained using a structurally administered questionnaire while Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay Biotech Laboratories UK was used for anti Hepatitis C antibodies assay. Twenty four of the 285 samples tested positive for anti HCV antibodies giving a co-infection rate of 8.4%. Lack of formal education was associated with HCV-HIV co-infection (p <0.05), odds ratio (OR) 2.5; 95%CI 0.97-6.97. The possible risk factors analyzed including previous blood transfusion and injecting drug use were not associated with HIV- HCV co-infection (p>0.05). This study revealed a high HCV co-infection with significant association with non-formal educational status. Improving female education may be one important strategy for its prevention.

scholarly journals Risk factors for acquisition of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and development of community-acquired urinary tract infections

2017 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. V. UKAH ◽  
M. GLASS ◽  
B. AVERY ◽  
D. DAIGNAULT ◽  
M. R. MULVEY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tract Infections

SUMMARYWe examined risk factors associated with the intestinal acquisition of antimicrobial-resistant extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) and development of community-acquired urinary tract infection (UTI) in a case-control study of young women across Canada. A total of 399 women were recruited; 164 women had a UTI caused by E. coli resistant to ⩾1 antimicrobial classes and 98 had a UTI caused by E. coli resistant to ⩾3 antimicrobial classes. After adjustment for age, student health service (region of Canada) and either prior antibiotic use or UTI history, consumption of processed or ground chicken, cooked or raw shellfish, street foods and any organic fruit; as well as, contact with chickens, dogs and pet treats; and travel to Asia, were associated with an increased risk of UTI caused by antimicrobial resistant E. coli. A decreased risk of antimicrobial resistant UTI was associated with consumption of apples, nectarines, peppers, fresh herbs, peanuts and cooked beef. Drug-resistant UTI linked to foodborne and environmental exposures may be a significant public health concern and understanding the risk factors for intestinal acquisition of existing or newly emerging lineages of drug-resistant ExPEC is important for epidemiology, antimicrobial stewardship and prevention efforts.

scholarly journals The Clinical Significance of High Antimicrobial Resistance in Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria G. Zavala-Cerna ◽  
Midrori Segura-Cobos ◽  
Ricardo Gonzalez ◽  
Isidro G. Zavala-Trujillo ◽  
Silvia F. Navarro-Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Clinical Variable ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Esbl Producers

Background. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect up to 150 million individuals annually worldwide, mainly due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella. The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are increasing, representing one of the biggest threats for human health. The objective of our study was to describe antimicrobial patterns of resistance and identify risk factors associated with MDR uropathogens. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 296 patients with community-acquired UTI who underwent clinical and microbiologic analysis, and clinical associations to MDR uropathogens were investigated. Findings. Microbiological analysis included E. coli (55%), ESBL-E. coli (26%), Enterococcus (6%), Klebsiella (5%), and others (8%). Higher frequencies of MDR bacteria were found among ESBL-E. coli, with resistance to ampicillin (100%), ceftriaxone (96%), gentamicin (57%), ciprofloxacin (89%), and TMP/SMX (53%). However, they were sensitive to fosfomycin (6.6%), nitrofurantoin (1.3%), and carbapenems (0%). Fosfomycin MIC90 for ESBL-E. coli was 5.78 μg/mL. The only clinical variable with significant association to ESBL producers was the presence of comorbidities: hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus with an OR (95%CI) of 2.51.3−4.9p<0.01 and 2.81.2−6.7p<0.05, respectively. Conclusions. In the majority of cases, resistance rates to commonly prescribed antimicrobials in UTIs were high, except for fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, and carbapenems. To provide appropriate treatment, both the identification of risk factors and the uropathogen would be important. An active surveillance in UTIs in the community is required since the proportion of ESBL producers is increasing.

scholarly journals Extensive Dissemination of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae in a Dutch Nursing Home

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Willemsen ◽  
Jolande Nelson ◽  
Yvonne Hendriks ◽  
Ans Mulders ◽  
Sandrien Verhoeff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Southern Netherlands

OBJECTIVERisk factors for rectal carriage of ESBL-E and transmission were investigated in an outbreak of extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E).DESIGNRectal carriage of ESBL-E was determined in a cross-sectional survey by culture of perianal swabs or fecal samples. Both phenotypical and genotypical methods were used to detect the production of ESBL. Nosocomial transmission was defined as the presence of genotypically related strains in ≥2 residents within the NH. Patient characteristics and variables in infection control practices were registered to investigate risk factors for transmission.SETTINGA nursing home (NH) in the southern Netherlands.PARTICIPANTSOf 189 residents, 160 residents (84.7%) were screened for ESBL-E carriage. Of these 160 residents, 33 (20.6%) were ESBL-E positive. ESBL carriage rates varied substantially between wards (range, 0–47%). Four different ESBL-E clusters were observed. AblaCTX-M1-15positiveE. coliST131 constituted the largest cluster (n=21) and was found in multiple wards (n=7).RESULTSOur investigation revealed extensive clonal dissemination ofblaCTX-M1-15-positiveE. coliST131 in a nursing home. Unexplained differences in ESBL prevalence were detected among the wards.CONCLUSIONSAs NHs constitute potential sources of multidrug-resistant bacteria, it is important to gain a better understanding of the risks factors and routes of transmission of ESBL-E.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–7

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