Generative phonology in the late 1940s

Phonology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Abstract Representations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Rule Ordering

This paper offers a careful reading of an article published by Rulon Wells in Language in 1949 on the subject of automatic alternations in phonology. Read with a modern eye, it reveals that phonologists were exploring the value and use of phonological derivations, including both abstract representations and intermediate representations, in the late 1940s. Contrary to what has been suggested in the literature, Bloomfield's explorations in rule ordering published in 1939 were not isolated and without influence. Our conclusion is the null hypothesis: that there is an intellectual continuity from the work of Sapir and Bloomfield, through that of Wells and Harris, to that of Chomsky & Halle. We conclude by offering some suggestions as to why this is not widely recognised in the field.

scholarly journals TO COMPARE THE EFFECT OF FORWARD CYCLING VERSUS BACKWARD CYCLING ON PAIN FUNCTION AND RANGE OF MOTION IN SUBJECTS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS – AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Himakshi Bhattacharya ◽  
Bhavna Gadhavi
Keyword(s):  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Primary Level ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Group B

Background: Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disease. The major symptom of Knee Osteoarthritis Are Pain Decreased Range of Motion and Functional impairment. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of backward cycling and forward cycling in subject with Knee Osteoarthritis. The traditional protocol for treating knee osteoarthritis shows inability to treat the pain, function and range of motion at primary level of treatment. This can eradicate the drawback of generalized protocol. Method: The subject assessed thoroughly would be divided in three group. Group A would be given Conventional Treatment and Forward Cycling. Group B would be given Conventional Treatment and Backward Cycling. Group C would be given only Conventional Treatment. Treatment Duration for all three groups would be for 4 weeks. Then improvement would be evaluated in pain, Function and ROM by taking Post data. Then Pre-and Post data would be compared for final Conclusion. Conclusion: According to the present study the alternative hypothesis is accepted and null hypothesis is rejected. Which suggest that backward cycling proves to manage the symptoms efficiently than forward cycling and single handed conventional protocols.

scholarly journals La verifica della significatività dell'ipotesi nulla in psicologia

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Luccio ◽  
Emilia Salvadori ◽  
Christina Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Teaching Statistics ◽  
The One

This volume addresses the problem of the verification of the null hypothesis, in recent years the subject of lively debate in the sphere of data analysis in psychological research. Over the years, a paradigm of inferential interpretation has been consolidated which is unfortunately the hybrid result of two partially incompatible approaches, attributable to R. A. Fisher on the one hand, and J. Neyman and E. Pearson on the other. This book examines the historical development of this paradigm and the problems that it continues to generate, indicating the principal modes of overcoming such inconveniences. Finally it also tackles the issue of teaching statistics to future psychologists.

scholarly journals Uwagi o abstrakcji, ufundowaniu i hipostazie

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Marek Magdziak
Keyword(s):  
Abstract Objects ◽  
Abstract Representations ◽  
Concrete Objects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Concrete Representations

The article deals with philosophical issues concerning abstraction and concreteness, focusing on selected ontological and logical-ontological threads of this dif ficult and intricate problem. Thus, it will concern first of all abstract and concrete objects, and only then abstract representations and judgments and concrete representations and judgments. The subject of interest will also be the process of abstraction and the relations that take place between abstract objects such as features or relations, pure qualities, and ideal objects.

scholarly journals Does Entrepreneurship Make You Happier? A Comparative Analysis between Entrepreneurs and Wage Earners

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 9997
Author(s):  
Rafael Ravina-Ripoll ◽  
María-José Foncubierta-Rodríguez ◽  
Eduardo Ahumada-Tello ◽  
Luis Bayardo Tobar-Pesantez
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Business Management ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Wage Earners

Currently, age is characterized by implementing business management models based on precarious work and a massive reduction in jobs. This article aims to analyze the degree of happiness perceived in Spanish entrepreneurs, as opposed to that perceived by the employees, and if that happiness is associated with certain sociodemographic variables (such as gender, level of studies, and income level). For this purpose, a brief literature review of the economy of happiness is carried out, considering studies regarding the happiness–entrepreneurship connection over the past few years. With data provided by the Sociological Research Center (C.I.S.) barometer survey, we work in two phases: (1) descriptive and inferential on possible associations between the variables, and (2) the calculation of probabilities through logistic regression. The main result shows that the entrepreneurs with employees are happiest. When the null hypothesis is rejected, the categories that seem to show the most happiness are those with higher education and those in the highest income ranges analyzed. Among the main limitations in this work is the scarcity of bibliographic production on the subject matter of this paper. This paper helps to cover part of this gap.

THE EFFECT OF APPLYING SAVI MODEL ON STUDENTS’ SPEAKING ACHIEVEMENT IN ORAL DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azrina Manja And Anni Holila Pulungan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tenth Grade ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

This study was conducted as an attempt to find out the effect of applying SAVI model on Students’ students’ speakingAchievement in oral descriptive text. This study used the experimental design. The population of this study was the students of MAN Kualuh Hulu. The subject of this study was the 2013/2014 tenth grade students of MAN Kualuh Hulu. This study was conducted with two randomized groups namely experimental group and control group. The control group was taught by conventional method while experimental group was taught by applying SAVI model. The instrument used in this study was an objective test. To obtain the reliability of the test, the researcher used Kuder-Richardson (KR-21) formula. The calculation shows that the reliability was 0.67 (reliabity). The data were analyzed by using t-test. The calculation shows that t-observed (5.36) is higher than t-table (1.996) at the level of significance (α) 0.05 with the degree of freedom (df) 68. Therefore, null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. It means that SAVI Model significantly affect the students’ speaking achievement in oral descriptive text.

scholarly journals Developing Abstract Representations of Passives: Evidence From Bilingual Children’s Interpretation of Passive Constructions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Nicoladis ◽  
Sera Sajeev
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Abstract Representations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Catch Up

According to usage-based theories, children initially acquire surface-level constructions and then abstract representations. If so, bilingual children might show lags relative to monolingual children early in acquisition, but not later on, once they rely on abstract representations. We tested this prediction with comprehension of passives in 3- to 6-year-old children: French–English bilinguals and English monolinguals. As predicted, younger bilingual children tended to be less accurate than monolingual children. In contrast, the older bilingual children scored equivalently to monolinguals, despite less exposure to English. When the children made errors, the bilingual children were more likely to interpret the subject as the agent of the action than the monolingual children. These results are consistent with the argument that children develop increasingly abstract representations of linguistic constructions with usage. They further suggest that bilingual children might catch up with monolingual through use of selective attention and/or a semantic bias.

scholarly journals Uwagi o abstrakcji, ufundowaniu i hipostazie

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Marek Magdziak
Keyword(s):  
Abstract Objects ◽  
Abstract Representations ◽  
Concrete Objects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Concrete Representations

The article deals with philosophical issues concerning abstraction and concreteness, focusing on selected ontological and logical-ontological threads of this dif ficult and intricate problem. Thus, it will concern first of all abstract and concrete objects, and only then abstract representations and judgments and concrete representations and judgments. The subject of interest will also be the process of abstraction and the relations that take place between abstract objects such as features or relations, pure qualities, and ideal objects.

scholarly journals تطبيق الطريقة المباشرة ببطاقة كورتيت لترقية قدرة الطلاب على التعبير الشفوي دراسة تجريبية بالمدرسة العالية الإسلامية روح الفلاح سماهني

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-134
Author(s):  
Nurdina Afrah ◽  
Moch. Fajarul Falah ◽  
Nur Chalis
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Series Design ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time

The subject of the study was "The application of the direct method with the Kwartet card to improve students' ability to express themselves verbally (an experimental study in the Islamic High School Ruhul Falah Samahani)." One of the reasons that encouraged researchers to write this research was problem faced by the teacher because students could not write short sentences that the teacher taught about the subject. They cannot say the sentence he made from the desired material. This arises when researchers choose cards and examples and exercises from easy anecdotal texts, or good phrases that go beyond students' methods and enhance their culture and broaden their circle of knowledge. Researchers believe that students do not understand these subjects because they do not use education methods and education methods that are appropriate for teachers when they teach Arabic, and this causes a lack of desire from them for these subjects. The purpose of writing this thesis is to find out how to improve students' ability to learn Arabic after applying the method directly to the Kwartet card. To obtain data, researchers conducted an experimental study: Quazi Design - Experimental was the first Time-Series Design. In collecting data, researchers make direct observations and tests. As for the community in this study, all students in the Islamic High School Ruhul Falah Samahani 54 students. As for the sample that researchers took, it would be 15 female students. We know from the results of this study that the application of the direct method with a Kwartet card is effective for improving students' ability to express verbally, and this is identical to direct observation with a P = 92.8% which indicates that it falls between the 81-100% limit in very good meaning. The evidence for this is also that the results ("t" test) are greater than the results ("t" tables) and therefore the null hypothesis is valued and alternative hypotheses can be accepted, namely: that the application of the direct method with the Cortette card is effective for improving students' abilities to express in verbal expressions in Arabic lessons at Islamic High School Ruhul Falah Samahani.

scholarly journals Taching Critical Thinking In Reading By Using Three Stay One Stray

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Muhlisin ◽  
Fathurrahman Imran
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
T Test ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Control

This research was aimed to find out The Effect of Three Stay One Stray towards Students’ Critical Thinking in Reading at MTs NW Darusollihin Kalijaga. The subject of this study was 51 students at second grade of MTs NW Darusollihin Kalijaga. The gorup divided to two classes; they were experiment and control class. 26 students in experimental class and 25 students in control class. In which experiment class consists of 12 males and 14 females and in control class consists of 10 males and 15 females. The researcher gave the critical thinking in reading test by using Three Stray One Stray Strategy to find the students’ critical thinking in reading. In analyzing the data the researcher used descriptive statistics and infrential statistics. Based on the data analysis was gotten that t-test was higher than t-table (5.325 > 1.753)with signification level 5%. Therefore alternative hypothesis accepted and null hypothesis  rejected. Therefore, it concluded that there was significant effect of Three Stay One Stray towards Students’ Critical Thinking in Reading at MTs NW Darusollihin Kalijaga.

scholarly journals THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRACTICE-REHEARSAL PAIRS STRATEGY TO IMPROVE ENGLISH SPEAKING SKILLS AT THE EIGHT GRADE OF MA DDI KABALLANGANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-115
Author(s):  
Mutmainnah Mutmainnah ◽  
Mujahidah Mujahidah
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
T Test ◽  
Test Design ◽  
English Learning ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Post Test ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Speaking Skills

The purpose of this research was to find out the implementing practice-rehearsal pairs strategy in improving students’ speaking skills at the eight grade of MA DDI Kaballangang. The results of the research are useful for the teachers and the students because they will get a new strategy that is effective to be used in the English learning process especially in improving speaking. The subject of this research was XI IPA class which is consisted of 21 students. The sample was taken by using purposive sampling. The design in this research was pre-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The researcher gave pre-test and post-test to know whether implementing practice-rehearsal pairs strategy can improve students’ speaking skills or not.  The result of this research was indicated that there was an improvement of the students’ speaking skills. It was indicated by the students’ mean scoreof post-test (65.10) was greater than pre-test (30). Even, for the level significant (p) 5% and df = 21, and the value of the table is 1.725, while the value of t-test is 3.45. It means that the t-test value is greater than t-table (3.45 ≥ 1.725). Thus, it can be concluded that the students’ speaking skills are significantly better after getting the treatment. So, the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted.

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