scholarly journals Legalised Pedigrees: Sayyids and Shiʽi Islam in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-504
Author(s):  
SIMON WOLFGANG FUCHS
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
Intense Competition ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
The 1950S

AbstractThis article draws on a wide range of Shiʽi periodicals and monographs from the 1950s until the present day to investigate debates on the status of Sayyids in Pakistan. I argue that the discussion by reformist and traditionalist Shiʽi scholars (ʽulama) and popular preachers has remained remarkably stable over this time period. Both ‘camps’ have avoided talking about any theological or miracle-working role of the Prophet's kin. This phenomenon is remarkable, given the fact that Sayyids share their pedigree with the Shiʽi Imams, who are credited with superhuman qualities. Instead, Shiʽi reformists and traditionalists have discussed Sayyids predominantly as a specific legal category. They are merely entitled to a distinct treatment as far as their claims to charity, patterns of marriage, and deference in daily life is concerned. I hold that this reductionist and largely legalising reading of Sayyids has to do with the intense competition over religious authority in post-Partition Pakistan. For both traditionalist and reformist Shiʽi authors, ʽulama, and preachers, there was no room to acknowledge Sayyids as potential further competitors in their efforts to convince the Shiʽi public about the proper ‘orthodoxy’ of their specific views.

Introduction to a Poetics of Diversity

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chaos Theory ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Single Root ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Accessible Form

This book reproduces the texts of four lectures, followed by discussions, and two interviews with Lise Gauvin published in Introduction à une poétique du divers (1996); and also four further interviews from L’Imaginaire des langues (Lise Gauvin, 2010). It covers a wide range of topics but key recurring themes are creolization, language and langage, culture and identity, ‘monolingualism’, the ‘Chaos-world’ and the role of the writer. Migration and the various different kinds of migrants are also discussed, as is the difference between ‘atavistic’ and ‘composite’ communities, the art of translation, identity as a ‘rhizome’ rather than a single root, the Chaos-World and chaos theory, ‘trace thought’ as opposed to ‘systematic thought’, the relation between ‘place’ and the Whole-World, exoticism, utopias, a new definition of beauty as the realized quantity of differences, the status of literary genres and the possibility that literature as a whole will disappear. Four of the interviews (Chapters 6, 7, 8 and 9) relate to particular works that Glissant has published: Tout-monde, Le monde incrée, La Cohée du Lamentin, Une nouvelle région du monde. Many of these themes have been explored in his previous works, but here, because in all the chapters we see Glissant interacting with the questions and views of other people, they are presented in a particularly accessible form.

scholarly journals Foreign Consuls in the Ukrainian SSR (1919-1922)

2017 ◽  
pp. 100-123
Author(s):  
Iryna Matiash ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Soviet Regime ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Food Provision ◽  
Political Governance

The article describes the basic forms and problems of foreign consuls’ activities in Kyiv and «Soviet capital» Kharkiv in February 1919 – December 1922. We surveyed historiography (works by Hisem O.V., Kiladze S., Kupchyk O.V., Danylenko O.V., Netreba Y.B., Sokyrska V.V. etc.) and a wide range of sources concerning activities of foreign missions in Ukraine. The main forms and methods of foreign consulates’ activities in the Ukrainian SSR were surveyed, peculiarities of their functioning were outlined, personnel of the consular institutions and a role of their management in formation of consular relations with the Ukrainian SSR and an influence on building its foreign relations were determined. We characterized the personalities of the foreign consuls who represented Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Persia and other countries in Soviet Ukraine (Dubynskyi V., Mir-Tagiev J., Tsahareli K., Shumun Bit etc.). Indicated on the nationalization of foreign consulates’ buildings by the Soviet authorities. Nature of the activities of Chinese mission, mission of Assyrian National Delegation in the RSFSR and «a Brazilian consul earl Alberto Pirro» was also highlighted. On the basis of archival information we investigated features of the interaction of the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR to the foreign missions and actions of the USSR General Political Governance corcerning registration of foreigners. It has been shown that the foreign missions used the services of the Bureau for Foreign Missions Services concerning providing people with food provision and dwelling. We found differences in the organization of the consular corps in the era of the Ukrainian State and the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Soviet regime. Regulations on the status of foreign nationals in the Ukrainian SSR were considered, and the role of the foreign consuls in ensuring contacts of the citizens of their states with the Soviet authorities was highlighted. It was proved that foreign consuls in the Ukrainian SSR were victims of repressive bodies.

scholarly journals CLINICAL EVALUATION OF TERPENE MEDICAMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN A COMPLEX TREATMENT OF CHRONIC GENERALIZED PARODONTITIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 133-136
Author(s):  
Марина Дударь ◽  
Marina Dudar ◽  
Владислав Молоков ◽  
Vladislav Molokov ◽  
Оксана Тирская ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Complex Treatment ◽  
Curative Effect ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complex Therapy ◽  
The Status ◽  
Resistant Strains

The article presents the comparative analysis of application of terpene-containing medicine Antiran (1:3 solution) and 0.06% chlorhexidine bigluconate solution in a complex therapy of patients with chronic generalized parodontitis. According to the curative effect, these drugs are comparable with antibacterial and antiseptic agents, but they act more gently and, as a rule, do not cause side effects. Currently, as a etiotropic therapy of periodontitis, a wide range of drugs affecting the parodontal pathogenic microflora, irrational use of antibacterial agents has acquired the status of a global problem of modern medicine, since it leads to the emergence of resistant strains of microorganisms that are poorly sensitive or resistant to treatment. The medicaments were used in ultrasonic scaling and for passive ultrasonic irrigation of periodontal pockets during curettage process. The results were evaluated according to the PMA, SBI, PI indexes, an extravazation time formation and periodontal pockets depth. The first total time period of clinical observation established that inflammation process was eliminated earlier when Antiran was used. Thus our study demonstrated and substantiated the successful experience of Antiran application in periodontal practice.

Form and Substance in International Agreements

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kal Raustiala
Keyword(s):  
International Agreements ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Monitoring Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Range Of Variation

International agreements exhibit a wide range of variation. Many are negotiated as legally binding agreements, while others are expressly nonbinding. Some contain substantive obligations requiring deep, demanding policy changes; others demand little or simply ratify the status quo ante. Some specify institutions to monitor and sanction noncompliance; others create no review structure at all. Thus, there is considerable variation both in the form of international agreements—in their legal bindingness, as well as in the range of structural provisions for monitoring and addressing noncompliance—and in the substantive obligations they impose. This variation in form and substance raises several fundamental questions about the role of international agreements in world politics.’ Why do states differentiate commitments into those which are legally binding and those which are not? What relationship exists between legality and the substantive provisions of an accord, and between legality and structural provisions for monitoring behavior? What is the relationship between substantive obligations and monitoring provisions? Finally, what difference, if any, do these choices make as to the effectiveness of an agreement?

scholarly journals The Role of TRP Channels in Migraine

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry Stephen Oxford ◽  
Joyce Harts Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Trp Channels ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Trigeminovascular System ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Physical Stimuli ◽  
Pain Transduction

TRP channels are members of a large family of non-selective cation channels. The family which numbers over 30 is classified into 6 groups based on amino acid sequence homology. TRP channels are distributed in many peripheral tissues as well as central and peripheral nervous system. These channels are important in sensing a wide range of chemical and physical stimuli. Several TRP channels, including TRPV1 and TRPA1 are important in pain transduction pathways. This review will focus on the function of TRP channels in the trigeminovascular system and other anatomical regions which are relevant to migraine. We will discuss the possible role of TRP channels in migraine, including the potential role of TRPV1 in the hypersensitivity and allodynia frequently observed in migraine patients. We will review the status of TRP channel drugs in migraine therapeutics. We will also discuss the possible roles of TRP channels in triggering migraine attacks, a process which is not well-understood.

Animality in Kant’s Theory of Human Nature

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
David Baumeister
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Universal History ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Theory Of Human Nature

This chapter provides an overview of Kant’s conception of the animality (or Tierheit) of human beings. Though human animality is treated in a wide range of Kant’s writings, it has received relatively little attention from scholars, perhaps because Kant wrote no text principally devoted to the subject. With the aim of establishing its systematic unity, I track the status and role of animality across three distinct but interrelated domains of Kant’s theory of human nature—his account of animality as one of three basically good original human predispositions in Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason, his account of animality as the target of discipline in the pedagogy lectures, and his account of animality as simultaneously a driver of and hindrance to the progress of history in ‘Idea for a Universal History With a Cosmopolitan Aim’. I argue that these accounts, taken together and in light of the teleological vision of human development that connects them, manifest a distinctively Kantian vision of the human as an actively rational, but at the same time ineliminably animal, being. Far from denying that humans are animals or seeking to repress human animality wholesale, Kant in fact offers a nuanced and robust, though still problematic, defence of the necessity, innocence, and originality of the human’s animal side.

“The Modern Daily Life” in Turkey in the 1950s in Popular Play Scripts of the State Theater

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-161
Author(s):  
Başak Akar
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Public Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Private Life ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Family ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Early Republican ◽  
Changing Role

The aim of this chapter is to examine how modern daily life is imagined and transmitted to the audience by the products of the popular culture in the 1950s through the repertory of the state theater and how this reflects the tendencies of the time. This study is based on the argument that the imagination of the modern daily life in the 1950s is not a simple continuation of the early republican period's way of defining the modern daily life on the basis of public life solely. Modern daily life in the 1950s is set both on the public life and the private life. Also, it relies on the adversity of the lifestyle, religion, emancipation, and universalism and civilization in the context of public life, complemented by the corruption of the family, the changing role of the man and the changing role of the woman.

From obstacle to lynchpin: the evolution of the role of bacteriophage lysogeny in defining and understanding viruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-623
Author(s):  
Gladys Kostyrka ◽  
Neeraja Sankaran
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Special Consideration ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Exogenous Origin

The phenomenon of bacteriophage lysogeny has played a vital role in understanding the nature of viruses more generally. Discovered in 1920, the phenomenon was first wielded by its discoverers as a challenge to the idea that bacteriophages might be autonomous infectious agents of exogenous origin, namely viruses. But by the 1950s, lysogeny had come to be understood as a key mechanism through which some bacteriophages interacted with their bacterial hosts. In this paper we consider the history of the status of bacteriophage lysogeny from obstacle to lynchpin in conceiving of viruses, paying particular attention to the contributions of Eugène and Élisabeth Wollman, Macfarlane Burnet and André Lwoff in effecting this transition. As Lwoff is often acknowledged to be the author of the ‘modern’ virus concept, this paper also retraces the precise experimental, theoretical and technical pathways that led him and his collaborators from their studies of lysogeny to the construction of the said concept. We discuss Lwoff's virus concept and the widening impact of his ideas, with special consideration of how lysogeny helped revolutionise the understanding of virus–host-cell relationships in tumour viruses.

scholarly journals Within-person variability in sensation-seeking during daily life: positive associations with alcohol use and self-defined risky behaviors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Lydon-Staley ◽  
Emily B. Falk ◽  
Danielle S Bassett
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
School Work ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Insight Into

Sensation-seeking is the seeking of varied, novel, and intense experiences and the willingness to take risks in order to engage in these experiences. Sensation-seeking is robustly associated with engagement in risky behaviors but important questions remain concerning the role of within-person variability in sensation-seeking. We use data from a 21-day daily diary protocol from 167 participants (mean age = 25.37, SD = 7.34) to test day-to-day, within-person associations between sensation-seeking and both alcohol use and self-reported risk-taking. Participants also reported the riskiest behavior they engaged in each day, allowing insight into the types of risks that participants take during the course of daily life. Multilevel model results indicate that days of higher than usual sensation-seeking are more likely to be days on which alcohol is consumed relative to days of no alcohol use, and that risk-taking is higher than usual on days of higher than usual sensation-seeking. Coupling natural language processing with network science tools, we reduce 2490 self-reports of the day’s riskiest behavior to 20 communities reflecting a wide range of risk domains, including social, school, work, and drug use risks. Creating a risk-taking diversity score based on the identified domains of participant-elicited risk behaviors, we find that trait sensation-seeking is positively associated with greater diversity in the types of risks reported. In sum, we capture day-to-day fluctuations in sensation-seeking, observe that sensation-seeking and both alcohol use and risky behaviors are associated at the within-person level, and provide insight into the types of risks taken during the course of daily life.

Authority, Space, and Literary Media

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-219
Author(s):  
Laura Feldt
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
The Status ◽  
Societal Changes

This article discusses religious authority changes in late antique Gaul, where spatial and literary media played important roles in how religious authority was maintained, negotiated, and transformed in Western Europe in the aftermath of the Roman empire. The analysis uses theories of social space to analyse and discuss how the authority of the desert space, and ascetic practice, was negotiated through the literary medium of Eucherius of Lyon’s Epistula de laude eremi (In Praise of the Desert), as well as how the authority of the text as a medium is constructed. This analysis then forms the basis for a discussion of religious authority changes in late Antique Gaul following the success of ascetics as bishops, and the role of spatial and literary media in this process. In a world of large scale societal changes, literary media promoting ascetic holy figures, and the ascetic space of the desert, played a decisive role in transformations of authority and in negotations of the meanings of authoritative texts. Such media were created and used by ascetics, bishops, and theologians as means with which to change forms of religious authority, in an era in which the status of asceticism was a matter of contention and the authority of monks and church leaders was insecure. The authority transformations of the era became consequential for Western European history.

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