scholarly journals Vitamin E and risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 2804-2814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufei Zhang ◽  
Wenjie Jiang ◽  
Zhutian Xie ◽  
Wenlong Wu ◽  
Dongfeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Supplemental Vitamin

AbstractObjectiveWe conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between vitamin E and age-related cataract (ARC).DesignThe fixed- or random-effect model was selected based on heterogeneity. Meta-regression was used to explore potential sources of between-study heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated using Begg’s test. The dose–response relationship was assessed by a restricted cubic spline model.SettingRelevant studies were identified by a search of PubMed and the Cochrane Library to May 2014, without language restrictions.SubjectsStudies involved samples of people of all ages.ResultsDietary vitamin E intake, dietary and supplemental vitamin E intake, and high serum tocopherol levels were significantly associated with decreased risk of ARC, the pooled relative risk was 0·73 (95 % CI 0·58, 0·92), 0·86 (95 % CI 0·75, 0·99) and 0·77 (95 % CI 0·66, 0·91), respectively. Supplemental vitamin E intake was non-significantly associated with ARC risk (relative risk=0·92; 95 % CI 0·78, 1·07). The findings from dose–response analysis showed evidence of a non-linear association between dietary vitamin E intake and ARC. The risk of ARC decreased with dietary vitamin E intake from 7 mg/d (relative risk=0·94; 95 % CI 0·90, 0·97).ConclusionsThe findings of the meta-analysis indicated that dietary vitamin E intake, dietary and supplemental vitamin E intake, and high level of serum tocopherol might be significantly associated with reduced ARC risk.

scholarly journals Dietary vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of age-related cataract

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Jiang ◽  
Yue Yin ◽  
Chang-Rui Wu ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Fang Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Reduced Risk

ABSTRACT Background Existing studies suggest that dietary vitamins and carotenoids might be associated with a reduced risk of age-related cataract (ARC), although a quantitative summary of these associations is lacking. Objectives The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies of dietary vitamin and carotenoid intake and ARC risk. Methods The MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to June 2018. The adjusted RRs and corresponding 95% CIs for the associations of interest in each study were extracted to calculate pooled estimates. Dose-response relations were assessed with the use of generalized least-squares trend estimation. Results We included 8 RCTs and 12 cohort studies in the meta-analysis. Most vitamins and carotenoids were significantly associated with reduced risk of ARC in the cohort studies, including vitamin A (RR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.92; P = 0.001), vitamin C (RR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.88; P < 0.001), vitamin E (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.80, 1.00; P = 0.049), β-carotene (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.99; P = 0.023), and lutein or zeaxanthin (RR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.89; P < 0.001). In RCTs, vitamin E (RR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.03; P = 0.262) or β-carotene (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.07; P = 0.820) intervention did not reduce the risk of ARC significantly compared with the placebo group. Further dose-response analysis indicated that in cohort studies the risk of ARC significantly decreased by 26% for every 10-mg/d increase in lutein or zeaxanthin intake (RR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.80; P < 0.001), by 18% for each 500-mg/d increase in vitamin C intake (RR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.91; P < 0.001), by 8% for each 5-mg/d increase in β-carotene intake (RR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.96; P < 0.001), and by 6% for every 5 mg/d increase in vitamin A intake (RR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.98; P < 0.001). Conclusions Higher consumption of certain vitamins and carotenoids was associated with a significant decreased risk of ARC in cohort studies, but evidence from RCTs is less clear.

A Dose–Response Meta-Analysis Between Maternal Fish Oil Supplement And Risk of Asthma/Wheeze In Offspring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Jia ◽  
Yafang Huang ◽  
Huili Wang ◽  
Haili Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Allergic Asthma ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Maternal Supplementation ◽  
The Cochrane Library

Abstract Background: Prenatal exposure to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) present in oily fish may prevent asthma or wheeze in childhood.Objective: By limiting this systematic review to fish oil intervention that commenced in the gestational period, we aim to find more clear evidences about the relationship between supplement with fish oil during pregnancy and the risk of asthma/wheeze in offspring, and to improve the life satisfaction of children who suffered asthma.Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the following database: PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, the Cochrane library, and Embase up to February 2021. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data of the characteristics, and assessed risk of bias. Eight randomized controlled trials totaling 3,037 mother-infant pairs were analyzed in the end. “Allergic asthma” and “asthma and/or wheeze” were assessed in our meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted. Dose–response data was examined using the robust-error meta-regression method.Results: This meta-analysis showed that n-3 PUFA during pregnancy did not significantly reduce the risk of asthma/wheeze (RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.82 to1.04, p=0.21) and allergic asthma (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.86, p=0.44). Subgroup analyses revealed that the risk of childhood asthma/wheeze was significantly decreased: (1) in Europe (RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.53 to 0.89), (2) when the dose was ≥1200 mg/d (RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.88), (3) when supplementation started after gestational age 22 (RR 0.65; 95%CI 0.50 to 0.85), (4) when supplementation was from pregnancy to lactation (RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.95). Furthermore, the linear dose–response analysis showed that when maternal supplementation of n-3 PUFA increased by 100mg/d, the risk of asthma/wheeze was reduced by 2%.Conclusions: Although perinatal replenishment of n-3 PUFA did not prevent allergic disease in offspring, under some conditions, it could reduce the incidence of asthma/wheeze and allergic asthma in children, and the higher the dose, the better the protective effect it has. Additional research is needed to confirm the hypothesis of a link between n-3 PUFA intake and prevention of childhood asthma/wheeze.

scholarly journals β lactam monotherapy versus β lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for sepsis in immunocompetent patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials

BMJ ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 328 (7441) ◽  
pp. 668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mical Paul ◽  
Ishay Benuri-Silbiger ◽  
Karla Soares-Weiser ◽  
Leonard Leibovici
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Randomised Trials ◽  
Intention To Treat ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Development Of Resistance

AbstractObjective To compare β lactam monotherapy with β lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for severe infections.Data sources Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Cochrane Library, and conference proceedings, to 2003; references of included studies; contact with all authors. No restrictions, such as language, year of publication, or publication status.Study selection All randomised trials of β lactam monotherapy compared with β lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for patients without neutropenia who fulfilled criteria for sepsis.Data selection Two reviewers independently applied selection criteria, performed quality assessment, and extracted the data. The primary outcome assessed was all cause fatality by intention to treat. Relative risks were pooled with the random effect model (relative risk < 1 favours monotherapy).Results 64 trials with 7586 patients were included. There was no difference in all cause fatality (relative risk 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.77 to 1.06). 12 studies compared the same β lactam (1.02, 0.76 to 1.38), and 31 studies compared different β lactams (0.85, 0.69 to 1.05). Clinical failure was more common with combination treatment overall (0.87, 0.78 to 0.97) and among studies comparing different β lactams (0.76, 0.68 to 0.86). There was no advantage to combination therapy among patients with Gram negative infections (1835 patients) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections (426 patients). There was no difference in the rate of development of resistance. Nephrotoxicity was significantly more common with combination therapy (0.36, 0.28 to 0.47). Heterogeneity was not significant for these comparisons.Conclusions In the treatment of sepsis the addition of an aminoglycoside to β lactams should be discouraged. Fatality remains unchanged, while the risk for adverse events is increased.

scholarly journals Fish Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2278
Author(s):  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Ke Xiong ◽  
Jing Cai ◽  
Aiguo Ma
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Fish Consumption ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Summary Estimate ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Impact

Epidemiological studies on the impact of fish consumption on coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence have shown inconsistent results. In addition, in terms of CHD mortality, although previous meta-analyses showed that fish consumption reduces the risk of CHD, six newly incorporated studies show that fish consumption has no impact on CHD. Therefore, the results still need to be verified. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the impact of fish consumption on CHD incidence and mortality. Relevant studies were identified from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases up to October 2019. The multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RRs) for the highest versus the lowest fish consumption categories and the 95% confidence intervals were computed with a random-effect model. A restricted cubic spline regression model was used to assess the dose–response relationship between fish consumption and CHD incidence and mortality. Forty prospective cohort studies were incorporated into research. Among them, 22 studies investigated the association between fish consumption and CHD incidence (28,261 cases and 918,783 participants), and the summary estimate showed that higher fish consumption was significantly associated with a lower CHD incidence [RR: 0.91, 95% CI: (0.84, 0.97); I2 = 47.4%]. Twenty-seven studies investigated the association between fish consumption and CHD mortality (10,568 events and 1,139,553 participants), and the summary estimate showed that higher fish intake was significantly associated with a lower CHD mortality [RR: 0.85, 95% CI: (0.77, 0.94); I2 = 51.3%]. The dose–response analysis showed that the CHD incidence and mortality were reduced by 4%, respectively, with a 20 g/day increment in fish consumption. This meta-analysis indicates that fish consumption is associated with a lower CHD incidence and mortality.

scholarly journals Age at last birth and risk of developing epithelial ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjun Wu ◽  
Wenjun Sun ◽  
Xueling Xin ◽  
Weijing Wang ◽  
Dongfeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Negatively Associated

Abstract Background: Many epidemiologic studies have explored the association between age at last birth (ALB) and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer, but the results remain controversial. Methods: A literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and WanFang Med Online for relevant articles published up to April 2019. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effect model. Dose–response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline model. Results: Thirteen articles with 19,959 cases and 2,451,071 participants were included in our meta-analysis, and we found that ALB was negatively associated with epithelial ovarian cancer. The pooled RR (95% CI) of epithelial ovarian cancer for the highest versus the lowest stratification of ALB was 0.77 (0.65–0.91). Furthermore, significantly negative associations were shown in case–control studies (RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.60–0.88), studies conducted in North America (RR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.60–0.84), studies with adjustment for parity (RR: 0.76; 95%CI: 0.63–0.93), studies with adjustment for tubal ligation (RR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.58–0.94), in the subgroup analysis. In dose–response analysis, the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer decreased nonlinearly with the increase of ALB, and the negative results become significant when ALB was 22.5 years old. Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggested that ALB was negatively associated with the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. The risk of epithelial ovarian cancer decreased gradually with the ALB for women.

scholarly journals The relationship between vitamin D and risk of atrial fibrillation: a dose-response analysis of observational studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Zhaochong Tan ◽  
Xin Zhu ◽  
Menglu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Serum Vitamin D ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The relationship between serum vitamin D and atrial fibrillation (AF) or postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is still debated. It is also unclear whether there is a dose-response relationship between circulating vitamin D and the risk of AF or POAF. Methods The Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase databases were searched for relevant studies. We used a “one-stage approach” with a restricted cubic spline model to summarize the dose-specific relationships between serum vitamin D and AF. Relative risk (RR) was used to measure the effects in this meta-analysis. Results In total, 13 studies were included with a total of 6519 cases of AF among 74,885 participants. Vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/ml) was associated with increased risks of AF (RR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.05–1.43). In the dose-response analysis, the summary RR for a 10 ng/ml increased in vitamin D was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.78–0.98) and there was no evidence of a non-linear association, Pnon-linearity = 0.86. In the age subgroup, high vitamin D (per 10 ng/ml increase) reduced the risk of AF in the older group (> 65 years) (RR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.52–0.89) but not among young individuals (< 65 years) (RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.72–1.06). In addition, a strong association was found between a 10 ng/ml increased in vitamin D and POAF incident in the patient after CABG (RR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.24–0.82). Conclusion Our dose-response meta-analysis suggested serum vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of AF in the general population and POAF in patients after CABG. Further studies are needed to explore the age difference in the association between serum vitamin D level and the risk of AF and whether vitamin D supplements will prevent AF. Trial registration This study has been registered with PROSPERO (International prospective register of systematic reviews)-registration number-CRD42019119258.

scholarly journals Dietary magnesium and calcium intake and risk of depression in the general population: A meta-analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingrong Li ◽  
Jing Lv ◽  
Weijing Wang ◽  
Dongfeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Dietary Magnesium

Objective: Several epidemiological studies have evaluated the associations between dietary magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) intake and the risk of depression. However, the results of these studies remain controversial. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to explore these associations and to investigate the possible dose–response relationship between dietary Mg intake and risk of depression. Methods: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan fang databases and Databases of Chinese Scientific and Technical Periodicals were searched for eligible publications up to September 2016. Pooled relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random-effects model. Publication bias was estimated using Egger’s test and the funnel plot. Dose–response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline functions. Results: A total of 17 epidemiological studies from 12 articles were included in the present meta-analysis. Among these studies, 11 studies evaluated the association between dietary Mg intake and risk of depression and 6 studies evaluated the association between dietary Ca intake and risk of depression. When comparing the highest with the lowest intake, the pooled relative risks of depression were 0.81 (95% confidence interval = [0.70, 0.92]) for Mg and 0.66 (95% confidence interval = [0.42, 1.02]) for Ca. Dietary Mg intake was significantly associated with a reduced risk of depression among studies conducted in Asia (relative risk  = 0.57; 95% confidence interval = [0.44, 0.74]) and in studies adjusting for energy intake (relative risk  = 0.73; 95% confidence interval = [0.58, 0.92]). For dose–response analysis, evidence of a nonlinear relationship was found between dietary Mg intake and risk of depression, and the largest risk reductions were observed for 320 mg/day. Conclusion: This meta-analysis indicated that moderate Mg intake may be inversely associated with the risk of depression, which still needs to be confirmed by larger prospective cohort studies.

scholarly journals Carotenoid Intake and Circulating Carotenoids Are Inversely Associated with the Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenghui Wu ◽  
Yanning Liu ◽  
Joel E Michalek ◽  
Ruben A Mesa ◽  
Dorothy Long Parma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
The Cochrane Library ◽  
Β Carotene

ABSTRACT Some evidence indicates that carotenoids may reduce the risk of bladder cancer (BC), but the association is unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies investigating the relation between carotenoid intake or circulating carotenoid concentrations and BC risk in men and women. All relevant epidemiologic studies were identified by a search of PubMed and Scopus databases, and the Cochrane Library from inception to April 2019 with no restrictions. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled RRs and their 95% CIs across studies for high compared with low categories of intake or circulating concentrations. We also performed a dose-response meta-analysis using the Greenland and Longnecker method and random-effects models. A total of 22 studies involving 516,740 adults were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled RRs of BC for the highest compared with the lowest category of carotenoid intake and circulating carotenoid concentrations were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.03) and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.12, 1.07), respectively. The pooled RR of BC for the highest compared with lowest circulating lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations was 0.53 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.84). Dose-response analysis showed that BC risk decreased by 42% for every 1 mg increase in daily dietary β-cryptoxanthin intake (RR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.94); by 76% for every 1 μmol/L increase in circulating concentration of α-carotene (RR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.67); by 27% for every 1 μmol/L increase in circulating concentration of β-carotene (RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.94); and by 56% for every 1 μmol/L increase in circulating concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin (RR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.67). Dietary β-cryptoxanthin intake and circulating concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene, and lutein and zeaxanthin were inversely associated with BC risk. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42019133240.

Vitamin E consumption and the risk of bladder cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 168-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Hai Lin ◽  
Shao-Jun Chen ◽  
Huan Liu ◽  
Yang Yan ◽  
Jun-Hua Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Response Analysis

Abstract. Background: Vitamin E has anti-cancer properties, which was demonstrated mainly due to its antioxidant effect. Several epidemiological studies have investigated the association between vitamin E consumption and the risk of bladder cancer. However, the results were inconsistent. The meta-analysis study aimed to evaluate the association of vitamin E consumption and the risk of bladder cancer. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search in the electronic databases, which included MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library till 1 January 2016. The pooled relative risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated depending on the heterogeneity among studies. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were also performed. Publication bias was assessed using Begg’s test and Egger’s test. Results: A total of 11 prospective studies (3 randomized clinical trials and 8 cohort studies) including 575601 participants were identified to be eligible for our present meta-analysis. The pooled RRs with 95% CI for highest versus lowest vitamin E consumption was 0.89 (0.78–1.00). An inverse linear association between vitamin E consumption and bladder cancer risk was detected in the dose response analysis. The results were also stable in the subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis. Meanwhile, no obvious publication bias was observed. Conclusions: Our study indicates that vitamin E consumption was inversely associated with the risk of bladder cancer.

scholarly journals Dietary and circulating vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and risk of total cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1872-1887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Jayedi ◽  
Ali Rashidy-Pour ◽  
Mohammad Parohan ◽  
Mahdieh Sadat Zargar ◽  
Sakineh Shab-Bidar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Cvd Mortality

AbstractObjectiveThe present review aimed to quantify the association of dietary intake and circulating concentration of major dietary antioxidants with risk of total CVD mortality.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.SettingSystematic search in PubMed and Scopus, up to October 2017.ParticipantsProspective observational studies reporting risk estimates of CVD mortality across three or more categories of dietary intakes and/or circulating concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E and β-carotene were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted.ResultsA total of fifteen prospective cohort studies and three prospective evaluations within interventional studies (320 548 participants and 16 974 cases) were analysed. The relative risks of CVD mortality for the highest v. the lowest category of antioxidant intakes were as follows: vitamin C, 0·79 (95 % CI 0·68, 0·89; I2=46 %, n 10); vitamin E, 0·91 (95 % CI 0·79, 1·03; I2=51 %, n 8); β-carotene, 0·89 (95 % CI 0·73, 1·05; I2=34 %, n 4). The relative risks for circulating concentrations were: vitamin C, 0·60 (95 % CI 0·42, 0·78; I2=65 %, n 6); α-tocopherol, 0·82 (95 % CI 0·76, 0·88; I2=0 %, n 5); β-carotene, 0·68 (95 % CI 0·52, 0·83; I2=50 %, n 6). Dose–response meta-analyses demonstrated that the circulating biomarkers of antioxidants were more strongly associated with risk of CVD mortality than dietary intakes.ConclusionsThe present meta-analysis demonstrates that higher vitamin C intake and higher circulating concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E and β-carotene are associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality.

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