scholarly journals Transforming carbon dioxide into jet fuel using an organic combustion-synthesized Fe-Mn-K catalyst

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benzhen Yao ◽  
Tiancun Xiao ◽  
Ofentse A. Makgae ◽  
Xiangyu Jie ◽  
Sergio Gonzalez-Cortes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion Method ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Light Olefins ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Fossil Carbon

AbstractWith mounting concerns over climate change, the utilisation or conversion of carbon dioxide into sustainable, synthetic hydrocarbons fuels, most notably for transportation purposes, continues to attract worldwide interest. This is particularly true in the search for sustainable or renewable aviation fuels. These offer considerable potential since, instead of consuming fossil crude oil, the fuels are produced from carbon dioxide using sustainable renewable hydrogen and energy. We report here a synthetic protocol to the fixation of carbon dioxide by converting it directly into aviation jet fuel using novel, inexpensive iron-based catalysts. We prepare the Fe-Mn-K catalyst by the so-called Organic Combustion Method, and the catalyst shows a carbon dioxide conversion through hydrogenation to hydrocarbons in the aviation jet fuel range of 38.2%, with a yield of 17.2%, and a selectivity of 47.8%, and with an attendant low carbon monoxide (5.6%) and methane selectivity (10.4%). The conversion reaction also produces light olefins ethylene, propylene, and butenes, totalling a yield of 8.7%, which are important raw materials for the petrochemical industry and are presently also only obtained from fossil crude oil. As this carbon dioxide is extracted from air, and re-emitted from jet fuels when combusted in flight, the overall effect is a carbon-neutral fuel. This contrasts with jet fuels produced from hydrocarbon fossil sources where the combustion process unlocks the fossil carbon and places it into the atmosphere, in longevity, as aerial carbon - carbon dioxide.

scholarly journals Production Cost and Carbon Footprint of Biomass-Derived Dimethylcyclooctane as a High Performance Jet Fuel Blendstock

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nawa Raj Baral ◽  
Minliang Yang ◽  
Benjamin G. Harvey ◽  
Blake A Simmons ◽  
Aindrila Mukhopadhyay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Hydrogenation Catalysts ◽  
Raney Nickel Catalyst ◽  
Biomass Sorghum

<div> <div> <div> <p>Near-term decarbonization of aviation requires energy-dense, renewable liquid fuels. Biomass- derived 1,4-dimethylcyclooctane (DMCO), a cyclic alkane with a volumetric net heat of combustion up to 9.2% higher than Jet-A, has the potential to serve as a low-carbon, high- performance jet fuel blendstock that may enable paraffinic bio-jet fuels to operate without aromatic compounds. DMCO can be produced from bio-derived isoprenol (3-methyl-3-buten-1- ol) through a multi-step upgrading process. This study presents detailed process configurations for DMCO production to estimate the minimum selling price and life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint considering three different hydrogenation catalysts and two bioconversion pathways. The platinum-based catalyst offers the lowest production cost and GHG footprint of $9.0/L-Jet-Aeq and 61.4 gCO2e/MJ, given the current state of technology. However, when the conversion process is optimized, hydrogenation with a Raney nickel catalyst is preferable, resulting in a $1.5/L-Jet-Aeq cost and 18.3 gCO2e/MJ GHG footprint if biomass sorghum is the feedstock. This price point requires dramatic improvements, including 28 metric-ton/ha sorghum yield and 95-98% of the theoretical maximum conversion of biomass-to-sugars, sugars-to-isoprenol, isoprenol-to-isoprene, and isoprene-to-DMCO. Because increased gravimetric energy density of jet fuels translates to reduced aircraft weight, DMCO also has the potential to improve aircraft efficiency, particularly on long-haul flights. </p> </div> </div> </div>

Measures to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emission of China Cement Industry

2011 ◽  
Vol 233-235 ◽  
pp. 412-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Xia Hao ◽  
Feng Qing Zhao ◽  
Peng Xiang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Oxide Content ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Dry Process ◽  
Implementation Approach ◽  
Concentration Degree ◽  
Reduce Carbon Dioxide

Cement industry bear the brunt in the tide of resisting global warming because of large carbon dioxide emission. Five low-carbon measures and implementation approach to Chinese cement industry was put forward: Increasing industrial concentration degree and developing new dry process cement; Processing waste in cement kilns and reducing the use of raw materials and fuels; Increasing the amount of admixture in cement; Producing cement from calcium oxide content solid waste; Taking energy-saving measures such as cogeneration and grinding technology.

scholarly journals Recent Progress in Green Cement Technology Utilizing Low-Carbon Emission Fuels and Raw Materials: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Naqi ◽  
Jeong Jang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Cement Manufacturing

The cement industry is facing numerous challenges in the 21st century due to depleting natural fuel resources, shortage of raw materials, exponentially increasing cement demand and climate linked environmental concerns. Every tonne of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) produced releases an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In this regard, cement manufactured from locally available minerals and industrial wastes that can be blended with OPC as substitute, or full replacement with novel clinkers to reduce the energy requirements is strongly desirable. Reduction in energy consumption and carbon emissions during cement manufacturing can be achieved by introducing alternative cements. The potential of alternative cements as a replacement of conventional OPC can only be fully realized through detailed investigation of binder properties with modern technologies. Seven prominent alternative cement types are considered in this study and their current position compared to OPC has been discussed. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of options for future cements, and an up-to-date summary of the different alternative fuels and binders that can be used in cement production to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, the practicalities and benefits of producing the low-cost materials to meet the increasing cement demand are discussed.

scholarly journals Production Cost and Carbon Footprint of Biomass-Derived Dimethylcyclooctane as a High Performance Jet Fuel Blendstock

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nawa Raj Baral ◽  
Minliang Yang ◽  
Benjamin G. Harvey ◽  
Blake A Simmons ◽  
Aindrila Mukhopadhyay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Hydrogenation Catalysts ◽  
Raney Nickel Catalyst ◽  
Biomass Sorghum

<div> <div> <div> <p>Near-term decarbonization of aviation requires energy-dense, renewable liquid fuels. Biomass- derived 1,4-dimethylcyclooctane (DMCO), a cyclic alkane with a volumetric net heat of combustion up to 9.2% higher than Jet-A, has the potential to serve as a low-carbon, high- performance jet fuel blendstock that may enable paraffinic bio-jet fuels to operate without aromatic compounds. DMCO can be produced from bio-derived isoprenol (3-methyl-3-buten-1- ol) through a multi-step upgrading process. This study presents detailed process configurations for DMCO production to estimate the minimum selling price and life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint considering three different hydrogenation catalysts and two bioconversion pathways. The platinum-based catalyst offers the lowest production cost and GHG footprint of $9.0/L-Jet-Aeq and 61.4 gCO2e/MJ, given the current state of technology. However, when the conversion process is optimized, hydrogenation with a Raney nickel catalyst is preferable, resulting in a $1.5/L-Jet-Aeq cost and 18.3 gCO2e/MJ GHG footprint if biomass sorghum is the feedstock. This price point requires dramatic improvements, including 28 metric-ton/ha sorghum yield and 95-98% of the theoretical maximum conversion of biomass-to-sugars, sugars-to-isoprenol, isoprenol-to-isoprene, and isoprene-to-DMCO. Because increased gravimetric energy density of jet fuels translates to reduced aircraft weight, DMCO also has the potential to improve aircraft efficiency, particularly on long-haul flights. </p> </div> </div> </div>

scholarly journals A Combined Photobiological-Photochemical Route to C10 Cycloalkane Jet Fuels from Carbon Dioxide via Isoprene

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anup Rana ◽  
Leandro Cid Gomes ◽  
João Rodrigues ◽  
Hugo Arrou-Vignod ◽  
Johan Sjölander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Direct Light ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Photochemical Route ◽  
Made In

The hemiterpene isoprene is a volatile C<sub>5</sub> hydrocarbon, with industrial applications. It is generated today from fossil resources, but can also be made in biological processes. We have utilized engineered photosynthetic cyanobacteria for direct, light-driven production of bio-isoprene from carbon dioxide, and show that isoprene in a subsequent photochemical step, using simulated or natural solar light, can be dimerized into limonene, paradiprene, and isomeric C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub> hydrocarbons (monoterpenes) in very high yields (above 90% after 44 hours) under sensitized conditions. The optimal sensitizer in our experiments is di(naphth-1-yl)methanone which we can use with a loading of merely 0.1 mol%, and it is easily recycled for subsequent photodimerization cycles. The isoprene dimers generated are a mixture of [2+2], [4+2] and [4+4] cycloadducts, and after hydrogenation this mixture is nearly ideal as a jet fuel drop-in. Importantly, the photodimerization can be carried out at ambient conditions. The high content of hydrogenated [2+2] dimers in our isoprene dimer mix lowers the flash point below the threshold (38 °C), yet, these dimers can be converted thermally into [4+2] and [4+4] dimers. When hydrogenated these monoterpenoids fully satisfy the criteria for drop-in jet fuels with regard to energy density, flashpoint, kinematic viscosity, density, and freezing point.

Reaction Model Development for Synthetic Jet Fuels: Surrogate Fuels As a Flexible Tool to Predict Their Performance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trupti Kathrotia ◽  
Sandra Richter ◽  
Clemens Naumann ◽  
Nadezhda Slavinskaya ◽  
Torsten Methling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Reaction Model ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Synthetic Jet ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Synthetic Fuel ◽  
Soot Precursors ◽  
Combustion Properties

In the last years, the development of synthetic aviation jet fuels has attracted much interest, to provide alternatives to crude-oil based kerosene. Synthetic jet fuels can be produced from a variety of feedstocks and processes. To limit possible harmful effects on the environment when burning a jet fuel, discussions are attributed to the effects of the specific composition of a synthetic fuel on its performance and its emission pattern. A numerical tool, if available, would also be helpful within the specification process any aviation jet fuel must pass. The present work contributes to the studies and efforts how to design a synthetic jet fuel to match predefined properties, e.g. the energy content or a less harmful emission characteristics compared to Jet A-1. The approach of a generic fuel will be followed in order to design a synthetic jet fuel with pre-defined chemical properties: A chemical kinetic reaction mechanism will be elaborated capable predicting the fundamental combustion properties of the generic fuel for each possible mixing ratio of the components included. In this work, a generic mixture serving as an innovative synthetic jet fuel was studied, with n-dodecane, cyclohexane, and iso-octane chosen as single fuel components; no aromatics were added to reduce the concentration of soot precursors. Then, their fundamental combustion properties, i.e. laminar burning velocity and ignition delay time, were measured in a burner test rig and applying the shock tube technique, respectively. These experimental data were used for the validation of the reaction mechanisms developed for each single fuel component, which were then combined to the reaction mechanism for the generic fuel under consideration. To allow a comparison of the combustion behavior of the synthetic jet fuel directly, with the same reaction mechanism, to Jet A-1, toluene was added as a model component for aromatics. A reduced surrogate reaction model was produced, too. All the reaction mechanisms elaborated are shown to reasonably predict the fundamental combustion properties within the parameter range considered. The compact reduced surrogate model can serve as a virtual jet fuel within numerical simulations. Thus, ultimately, an estimation of the suitability of an innovative synthetic jet fuel as a blending component to crude-oil kerosene is enabled. As a result, CFD simulations can be run efficiently tackling the combustion of a synthetic fuel in a jet engine under practical conditions and by taking into account the interaction between turbulence and chemistry.

scholarly journals A Salt-Assisted Combustion Method to Prepare Well-Dispersed Octahedral MnCr2O4Spinel Nanocrystals

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuping Tong ◽  
Juntao Ma ◽  
Shunbo Zhao ◽  
Hongyuan Huo ◽  
Hailong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Octahedral Nanocrystals

Well-dispersed nanocrystalline MnCr2O4was prepared by a salt-assisted combustion process using low-toxic glycine as fuel and Mn(NO3)2and Cr(NO3)3·9H2O as raw materials. The obtained products were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The fabrication process was monitored by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The phase formation process was detected by XRD, and MnCr2O4single phase with high crystallinity was formed at 700°C. TEM and SEM images revealed that the products were composed of well-dispersed octahedral nanocrystals with an average size of 80 nm. Inert salt-LiCl played an important role in breaking the network structure of agglomerated nanocrystallites.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF REED POTENTIAL FOR THERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION IN LATVIA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita VESPERE ◽  
Dina POPLUGA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Low Carbon

Global challenges such as increasing population density and climate changes are putting focus on such emerging issues as transition to a green economy and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Starting from 2021, activities in climate protection will be launched by the Paris Agreement, which provides not only for adapting to already occurring climate changes and reducing the expected effects but also promoting investment flows in a low carbon economy. In Latvia, one of the largest greenhouse gas emission sources is heat production from fossil fuel. Although biomass combustion generates about the same amount of carbon dioxide as fossil fuel, this is a friendlier source of energy because when it is restored, the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is absorbed. Currently the most commonly used renewable source for the generation of thermal energy is wood. In the present research a theoretical study is conducted to assess the possibility of using another type of biomass – reeds, which is a common resource available throughout the country and recovers quickly. The research results showed that reeds can be used as an environmentally friendly alternative to firewood, but its efficient use should take into account the following factors: biomass with low humidity obtainable late in winter, the combustion process has a high ash level and before transporting, it should receive primary treatment to increase the bulk density and reduce transport costs. Reed as a separate fuel material is effective for solid fuel boilers, located close to the resource extraction site. An optimal use of this biomass source is possible in combination with other energy sources to produce pellets or briquettes.

scholarly journals Mitigation of CO2 Emissions in Transportation and Industrial Processes using Renewable Energy Technologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 58-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toluwanimi Oluwadara Akinyemi ◽  
Olayinka John Ramonu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Renewable Energy Technologies ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Physical Transformation

This study focuses on the mitigation of CO2 emissions in transportation and industrial processes using renewable energy technologies.  Carbon dioxide is a colourless, tasteless and odourless gas readily available in the earth’s atmosphere, produced naturally by all aerobic organisms. Increased human activities had created a huge gap between the volume of CO2 emitted into the environment and that absorbed by oceans and vegetations. Globally, the transportation sector has contributed more than seven billion, seven hundred and thirty-eight million metric tons of carbon dioxide from fuel combustion since 2015, while industrial processes also generate greenhouse gas emissions during chemical or physical transformation of raw materials from one state to another in their conversion into finished goods. Analysis suggested that the world can achieve 90% of the reduction in CO2 emissions needed to be within the Paris Agreement via an accelerated deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, with the remaining 10% met by other low-carbon solutions.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF MAGNESIUM BINDER COMPOSITES USING LOCAL RAW MATERIALS AND TECHNOGENIC PRODUCTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 236-241
Author(s):  
Elvija Namsone ◽  
Genadijs Sahmenko ◽  
Aleksandrs Korjakins
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Caustic Magnesia

Building sector is known as one of the biggest polluters, causing environmental pollution and carbon dioxide emissions, most of which are generated during the production process of building materials. Therefore, researchers and manufacturers have become increasingly interested in environmentally friendly materials with low energy consumption. Magnesium based cements are being studied as an alternative to a widespread material as Portland cement, thus reducing the temperature required for calcination. During this research, magnesium binder-based composites using two types of magnesium (local dolomite waste material and caustic magnesia) were produced. Within the framework of this study, several regimes of thermal treatment were used to produce low carbon dioxide and environmentally friendly magnesium binder composites. Physical, mechanical and thermal properties of obtained specimens were tested. 

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