The relationship between the plasma proinflammatory cytokine levels of depressed/anxious children and their parents

AbstractRecent studies suggest immune function dysregulation in depression and anxiety disorders. Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines may be a marker for immune system dysregulation. No study assessed the correlation between the levels of cytokines in children and adolescents with depression/anxiety disorders and their parents. In this study, 92 children and adolescents (mean age 13.90 ± 2.41 years) with depression and/or anxiety disorders were treated with fluoxetine. Blood samples were collected before initiation of treatment. One hundred and sixty-four of their parents (mean age 50.6 ± 6.2 years) and 25 parents of healthy children (mean age 38.5 ± 6.2 years) also gave blood samples. Plasma levels of three pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and compared between depressed/anxious children and their parents. We also compared cytokine levels between parents of children with depression/anxiety and control parents. Mothers of depressed children had higher TNF-α levels than mothers of controls. No significant difference was detected in the fathers. A positive correlation was found between the IL-1β levels of the depressed/anxious boys and their mothers. No such correlation was observed in the fathers. Our conclusions are that higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines may indicate immune system activation in mothers in response to the distress associated with having depressed/anxious offspring. The correlation between IL-1β levels in the mothers and their depressed/anxious children may indicate familial vulnerability to depression and anxiety. Our observation highlights the need for a better understanding of sexual dimorphism in inflammatory responses to stress.

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Evaluation of depression and self-esteem in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: A controlled trial

Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia ◽

10.4081/aiua.2014.3.212 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 86 (3) ◽

pp. 212 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Orhan Koca ◽

Mehmet Akyüz ◽

Bilal Karaman ◽

Zeynep Yesim Özcan ◽

Metin Öztürk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Nocturnal Enuresis ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis ◽

Age Range

Objectives: Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is very common and is one of the most common causes for patients to be admitted to urology, pediatrics, child psychiatry and child surgery departments. We aimed to investigate the effect on depression and self-esteem of this disorder that can cause problems on person's social development and human relations. Material and methods: 90 patients who were admitted to our clinic with complaints of nocturnal enuresis were enrolled. Investigations to rule out organic causes were performed in this group of patients. Out of them 38 children and adolescents (age range 8-18 years) with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) agreed to participate in the study In the same period 46 healthy children and adolescents with a similar age range without bed wetting complaint were included in the study as a control group. The age of the family, educational and socioeconomic level were questioned and Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale (PHCSCS) and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) forms were filled out. Results: Mean age of the cases (18 females or 47.4% and 20 males or 52.6%) was 10.76 ± 3.82 years whereas mean age of controls (26 females or 56.5% and 20 males or 43.5%) was 10.89 ± 3.11 years. Depression scale was significantly higher (p = 0.001) in the case group than in the control group (10.42 ± 4.31 vs 7.09 ± 4.35). In both groups there was no statistically significant difference by age and sex in terms of depression scale (p > 0.05). Conclusion: NE is widely seen as in the community and is a source of stresses either for children and for their families. When patients were admitted to physicians for treatment, a multidisciplinary approach should be offered and the necessary psychological support should be provided jointly by child psychiatrists and psychologists.

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Comparison of Inflammatory Reactions Following Two Different Cesarean Section Techniques: The Modified Misgav-Ladach Versus the Pfannenstiel-Kerr; A Prospective Randomized Trial

Gynecology Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine ◽

10.21613/gorm.2018.811 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Baris Buke ◽

Hatice Akkaya ◽

Cigdem Karakukcu

Keyword(s):

Cesarean Section ◽

Inflammatory Reaction ◽

Operation Time ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Inflammatory Reactions ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Objectives: There is not yet a consensus on the optimal surgical technique for cesarean section. This is the first study comparing two different (Cesarean Section) with respect to the following inflammatory reaction in means of changes in inflammatory marker levels. To evaluate the differences in inflammatory reactions following two different (Cesarean Section) techniques, the modified Misgav-Ladach versus the Pfannenstiel-Kerr technique.Study Desıgn: The study population included 88 pregnant women who met the inclusion criteria. These women were randomized into two groups according to Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines: Group 1 (Misgav-Ladach group) and Group 2 (Pfannenstiel Kerr group). To compare the inflammatory reactions following surgery, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) levels were measured in venous blood samples drawn from the patients just before (0 hour) and 24 hours (24th hour) after the surgery. In 5 women from Group 1 and 2 women from Group 2, the 24th hour blood samples could not be obtained or were lost. Thus, a total of 81 women, 39 women from Group 1 and 42 women from Group 2, comprised the population of study. The differences in inflammatory reactions between the 0 and 24th hours were analyzed by calculating the percent change in IL-6 and TNF-α levels, and these percentages were then compared between the groups.Results: There was a statistically significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 regarding the serum IL-6 level change between 0 and 24th hour (530±653% and 196±168%, respectively, p=0.022. The difference in TNF-α was also higher in Group 2, but the difference was not statistically significant (229±306% vs. 571±824%, p=0.12). The mean operation time was significantly shorter in Group 1 (9.44 min. vs. 16.86 min, p=0.0001).Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the modified Misgav-Ladach technique has a weaker inflammatory reaction, which indicates fewer short- and long-term surgical complications.

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Depression and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS)

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry ◽

10.1007/s00787-012-0273-x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 379-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Alice Fabbro ◽

Eleonora Rizzi ◽

Maude Schneider ◽

Martin Debbane ◽

Stephan Eliez

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Velo Cardio Facial Syndrome

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Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with conversion disorder

Acta Neuropsychiatrica ◽

10.1111/j.1601-5215.2012.00676.x ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 137-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Utkan Tiyekli ◽

Okan Çalıyurt ◽

Nimet Dilek Tiyekli

Keyword(s):

Acute Phase ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokine ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Conversion Disorder ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cytokine Levels ◽

As Stress

ObjectiveIt was aimed to evaluate the relationship between proinflammatory cytokine levels and conversion disorder both commonly known as stress regulated.MethodBaseline proinflammatory cytokine levels–[Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), Interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)]–were evaluated with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 35 conversion disorder patients and 30 healthy controls. Possible changes in proinflammatory cytokine levels were evaluated again, after their acute phase in conversion disorder patients.ResultsStatistically significant decreased serum TNF‐α levels were obtained in acute phase of conversion disorder. Those levels increased after acute conversion phase. There were no statistically significant difference observed between groups in serum IL‐1β and (IL‐6) levels.ConclusionsStress associated with conversion disorder may suppress immune function in acute conversion phase and may have diagnostic and therapeutic value.

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Prevalence of anxiety and depression among domestic and foreign medical students in Poland

Polish Annals of Medicine ◽

10.29089/2020.20.00125 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Aneta Anna Jaroszewska ◽

Szymon Tyras ◽

Martyna Dziewit ◽

Joanna Jaroszewska ◽

Katarzyna Podhorodecka

Keyword(s):

Medical Student ◽

Medical Students ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Study Groups ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Student Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Depression Disorders

Introduction: Depression and anxiety disorders are much more common among medical students than in the general population. Due to additional risk factors, foreign students may be particularly vulnerable. Despite this, there is still an insufficient number of studies analyzing the prevalence of mental disorders among foreign medical students, especially in Poland. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess and compare the prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders between domestic and foreign medical students in Poland. Material and methods: An anonymous internet survey containing questions about socio-demography and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire was distributed among students. Based on the field of study and country of origin, participants were divided into 3 groups – Polish medical student group (PMG, n = 214); foreign medical student group (FMG, n = 59) and control group, which were Polish students of other faculties (CG, n = 476). The study groups were compared using the χ2 test. Results and discussion: The prevalence of depression disorders was 30%, 31% and 28% (PMG, FMG and CG, respectively). No statistically significant difference was observed between the study groups (P = 0.77). The prevalence of anxiety disorders was 57%, 90% and 59% (PMG, FMG and CG, respectively). Anxiety disorders were more common among FMG as compared to PMG and CG (P < 0.01 in both cases). Conclusions: The prevalence of depression and anxiety among medical students in Poland is high. Foreign medical students appear to be particularly vulnerable to anxiety disorders.

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Comparison of IL-17 and FOXP3+ Levels in Maternal and Children Leprosy Patients in Endemic and Nonendemic Areas

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/2021/8879809 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Flora Ramona Sigit Prakoeswa ◽

Faradiba Maharani ◽

Munawaroh Fitriah ◽

Jusak Nugraha ◽

Hardyanto Soebono ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Close Contact ◽

Family Health ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Leprosy Patients ◽

Group A ◽

Endemic Areas

Leprosy, a chronic infection caused by M. leprae, has a complex transmission problem that makes eradication programs difficult. New cases and ongoing transmission of leprosy in endemic areas make individuals living in endemic environments vulnerable to leprosy. This can be caused by the dysregulation of immune system in individuals living in leprosy-endemic areas. Although the number of male leprosy patients is higher, female leprosy patients have more impact on the family health status due to close contact with family members, roles in the household, and parenting. This could cause the increased number of children leprosy patients. We investigated the dysregulation of immune system by comparing IL-17 and FOXP3+ levels occurring in maternal and child leprosy patients in endemic and nonendemic areas. The results of the study found a statistically significant difference in IL-17 levels between the MB leprosy patient group and the control group ( p = 0.048 ), where higher levels of IL-17 are observed in the control group. A significant difference also was found in FOXP3+ levels between the group of healthy children living in endemic and those living in nonendemic areas ( p = 0.047 ), where higher FOXP3+ is observed in the healthy children living in endemic areas group.

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Aging as a Risk Factor on the Immunoexpression of Pro-Inflammatory IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α Cytokines in Chronic Apical Periodontitis Lesions

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology11010014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Quésia Euclides Teixeira ◽

Dennis de Carvalho Ferreira ◽

Alexandre Marques Paes da Silva ◽

Lucio Souza Gonçalves ◽

Fabio Ramoa Pires ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elderly Patients ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

The Elderly ◽

Apical Periodontitis ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cytokine Levels ◽

Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Persistent inflammatory responses in the elderly may act as modifiers on the progression and repair of chronic apical periodontitis lesions (CAPLs). While the involvement of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in inflammatory responses and, particularly, in CAPL has been documented, their expression in elderly patients needs to be further characterized. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in CAPL from elderly individuals with young/middle-aged individuals. Thirty CAPL (15 cysts and 15 granulomas) from elderly patients (>60 years) and 30 CAPL (15 cysts and 15 granuloma) from young/middle-aged individuals (20–56 years) were selected. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed against IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. The slides were subdivided into five high-magnification fields and analyzed. The number of positive stains was evaluated for each antibody. There was no significant difference between the cytokines when the cysts and granuloma were compared in the two groups. In the young/middle-aged, only IL-1β showed a difference and was significantly higher in granulomas (p = 0.019). CAPL pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the elderly were significantly higher than in young/middle-aged individuals (p < 0.05). The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher in CAPL in the elderly compared with the young/middle-aged group. Further elaborate research studies/analyses to elucidate the reasons for and consequences of inflammation in the elderly are recommended.

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Serum Cytokine Levels in Term and Preterm Deliveries Relating to the Periodontal Health of Mothers: A Pilot Study

International Journal of Experimental Dental Science ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10029-1107 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 109-115

Author(s):

Istvan Gorzo ◽

Tibor Novák ◽

Hajnalka Orvos ◽

Mariann Kovács ◽

Barbara Bóka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Preterm Birth ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Serum Cytokine ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Term Birth ◽

Periodontal Status ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cytokine Levels

ABSTRACT Background The aim of the study was to evaluate serumlevels of interleukin-1, beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α) at birth and compare the values in case of preterm birth and normal birth groups of mothers considering the mothers’ periodontal status. Materials and methods Blood samples from 81 women (preterm birth, 41 women, and term birth, 40 women) were collected within half an hour of after delivery. Serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were measured. Periodontal status was characterized by bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD). Results The frequency of BOP differed significantly between preterm and term groups; however, mean PD did not show a significant difference. Serum IL-1β levels were significantly higher in the preterm birth group. The levels TNF-α were slightly bigger in the term birth group, the difference was significant. The rank correlation showed a significant negative relationship between serum IL-1β and TNF-α level and birth weight and the length of pregnancy, and also between BOP frequency and the length of pregnancy. Conclusion Within the limitations of the study, it was found that IL-1β and TNF-α levels were higher when the delivery occurred preterm and the birth weight was smaller; however, a significant increase of cytokines in the serum in connection with maternal periodontal disease was not detected. Periodontics of mothers was not associated with preterm birth in the sample. How to cite this article Radnai M, Novák T, Orvos H, Kovács M, Bóka B, Kele B, Gorzó I. Serum Cytokine Levels in Term and Preterm Deliveries Relating to the Periodontal Health of Mothers: A Pilot Study. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(2):109-115.

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Ghrelin and leptin levels in children with anxiety disorders

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2019-0229 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (10) ◽

pp. 1043-1047 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sevgi Ozmen ◽

Asilay Şeker ◽

Esra Demirci

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Children ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽

Anxiety Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Important Health ◽

And Gender ◽

Serum Ghrelin

Abstract Background Anxiety disorders are common psychiatric disorders in childhood and an important health problem that is associated with the risk of serious mental, educational and economical problems. Researchers have mentioned many different mechanisms in the etiopathology of anxiety disorders. This study aimed to investigate ghrelin and leptin levels in children with anxiety disorders and thus to contribute to the clarification of anxiety in children. Methods Forty-three children aged 6–12 years with a diagnosis of the Anxiety Disorder according to DSM 5 and 21 healthy children age- and gender-matched to the study group were included. All the subjects were assessed with Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-C) scale. Blood samples were obtained in the morning and serum ghrelin and leptin levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results In the anxiety group the ghrelin levels were higher than the control group (p = 0.037) but there was no significant difference between the leptin levels (p = 0.430). Also, when the girls in the anxiety group and the girls in the control group were compared, ghrelin levels were higher in the anxiety group (p < 0.01). Conclusions These findings suggest that ghrelin may play a significant role in the etiologic mechanisms of anxiety disorders. However, more detailed studies are needed to explain the linkage between anxiety disorders and neuropeptides.

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Abstract 286: Acute Toll-like Receptors 4 Activiation by Lipopolysaccharide Attenuates Afferent Arteriolar Autoregulatory Behavior

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hyp.62.suppl_1.a286 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 62 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Justin P Van Beusecum ◽

Anthony K Cook ◽

Shali Zhang ◽

Styliani Goulopoulou ◽

Zhengrong Guan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Perfusion Pressure ◽

Receptor Activation ◽

Toll Like Receptors ◽

Immune System Activation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tlr4 Activation ◽

Molecular Patterns ◽

Arteriolar Diameter ◽

Lps Treatment

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) activate toll like receptors (TLRs) that stimulate the innate immune system. Immune system activation is linked to blunted renal autoregulatory behavior. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the bacterial wall of gram-negative bacteria, is a ligand for TLR4. Preliminary experiments indicates that TLR4 protein expression is increased approximately by 28% (n=2) in small intrarenal arteries after 4 hours of acute LPS treatment versus control. Accordingly, we hypothesize that acute LPS treatment blunts afferent arteriolar autoregulatory behavior through TLR4 activation. Rats received a bolus injection of LPS (1mg/kg I.P.) and kidneys were harvested 4 hours later for juxtamedullary nephron studies. At a perfusion pressure of 100 mmHg, baseline arteriolar diameters in LPS treated kidneys averaged 11.9 ± 0.5μm (n=15) compared to 14.5 ± 0.7μm (n=14) in untreated controls (P < 0.05). Autoregulatory behavior was assessed in these same groups by increasing perfusion pressure in 15 mmHg increments from 65 to 170 mmHg. In control kidneys, afferent arteriolar diameter decreased by 29 ± 5 % (n=6) as perfusion pressure increased from 65 to 170 mmHg. In LPS treated kidneys, afferent arteriolar diameter actually increased by 3 ± 8% (P < 0.05; n=7) over the same pressure range, indicating marked blunting of pressure-induced vasoconstriction. P2 receptors have been implicated in autoregulatory resistance adjustments. Therefore, we assessed afferent arteriolar responsiveness to P2 receptor activation in vitro. In control kidneys, log concentrations of ATP (10 -8 - 10 -4 mol/L) reduced arteriolar diameter by 4 ± 1, 10 ± 2, 17 ± 4, 26 ± 5, and 32 ± 5% respectively (P < 0.05; n=8). In LPS treated kidneys, ATP reduced arteriolar diameter similarly by 6 ± 1, 11 ± 2, 15 ± 3, 18 ± 4, and 21 ± 5% respectively (P < 0.05; n=8). No significant difference in afferent arteriolar reactivity to ATP was found between the two groups. These data support the hypothesis that TLR4 activation by acute LPS treatment attenuates afferent arteriolar autoregulatory behavior. Accordingly, these data may open novel therapeutic approaches for prevention of inflammatory kidney disease.

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