scholarly journals Washing load influences the microplastic release from polyester fabrics by affecting wettability and mechanical stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Volgare ◽  
Francesca De Falco ◽  
Roberto Avolio ◽  
Rachele Castaldo ◽  
Maria Emanuela Errico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Polyester Fabrics ◽  
Washing Machines ◽  
Washing Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Environmental Compartments

AbstractMicroplastics released from textiles during the washing process represent the most prevalent type of microparticles found in different environmental compartments and ecosystems around the world. Release of microfibres during the washing process of synthetic textiles is due to the mechanical and chemical stresses that clothes undergo in washing machines. Several washing process parameters, conditions, formulations of laundering additives have been correlated to microfibre release and some of them have been identified to affect microfibre release during washing process, while no correlation has been evaluated between microfibre release and washing load. In the present study, microfibre release was evaluated as function of the washing load in a real washing process, indicating a progressive decrease of microfibre release with increasing washing load. The quantity of released microfibres increased by around 5 times by decreasing the washing load due to a synergistic effect between water-volume to fabric ratio and mechanical stress during washing. Moreover, the higher mechanical stress to which the fabric is subjected in the case of a low washing load, hinders the discrimination of the effect on the release of other washing parameters like the type of detergent and laundry additives used.

scholarly journals What If? Tinkering with the Counterfactual A Comment on US–Washing Machines (Article 22.6-US)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Edward J. Balistreri ◽  
Petros C. Mavroidis ◽  
Thomas J. Prusa
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Permissible Level ◽  
Washing Machines ◽  
The World ◽  
Counterfactual State

Abstract Typically, the WTO Arbitrator, when charged with evaluating the permissible level of countermeasures (suspension of concessions), has chosen a counterfactual state of the world where the challenged (illegal) measure has not been adopted at all. The Arbitrator then would calculate the trade lost because of the adopted (illegal) measure, and thus, decide on the level of permissible countermeasures. In US–Washing Machines (Article 22.6-US), deviating from this custom, the Arbitrator adopted a different counterfactual, assuming that the complainant had adopted a different, ‘reasonable’ measure. The Arbitrator then evaluated the trade lost based on the distance between the adopted (illegal) and the ‘reasonable’ measure and calculated the level of countermeasures. In this paper, we explain the multitude of perils facing dispute settlement if this approach is adopted in future disputes. We also advance a few thoughts on rethinking the workings of the Arbitrator when measuring the level of permissible countermeasures, since similar slippery slopes risk being reproduced in future cases.

scholarly journals Hyaluronan and the Fascial Frontier

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6845
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Extracellular Microenvironment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The buzz about hyaluronan (HA) is real. Whether found in face cream to increase water volume loss and viscoelasticity or injected into the knee to restore the properties of synovial fluid, the impact of HA can be recognized in many disciplines from dermatology to orthopedics. HA is the most abundant polysaccharide of the extracellular matrix of connective tissues. HA can impact cell behavior in specific ways by binding cellular HA receptors, which can influence signals that facilitate cell survival, proliferation, adhesion, as well as migration. Characteristics of HA, such as its abundance in a variety of tissues and its responsiveness to chemical, mechanical and hormonal modifications, has made HA an attractive molecule for a wide range of applications. Despite being discovered over 80 years ago, its properties within the world of fascia have only recently received attention. Our fascial system penetrates and envelopes all organs, muscles, bones and nerve fibers, providing the body with a functional structure and an environment that enables all bodily systems to operate in an integrated manner. Recognized interactions between cells and their HA-rich extracellular microenvironment support the importance of studying the relationship between HA and the body’s fascial system. From fasciacytes to chronic pain, this review aims to highlight the connections between HA and fascial health.

scholarly journals Assessment of Socio-Economic Efficiency of the Scientific and Educational Complex: Approach and System of Indicators

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Slavikovsky ◽  
Olga Vladimirova ◽  
Manon Khusainov
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Factor Models ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Network Interaction ◽  
Evaluation Task ◽  
Current Topic ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Integration Mechanism ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Network

The article is devoted to the current topic of choosing the optimal organizational option of multilateral integration of the scientific and educational sphere, business and the state in the process of globalization of the world economy. The authors justify the format of formation of scientific and educational complex on the basis of network interaction, which allows to obtain the greatest synergistic effect. In order to justify the effective network interaction of the scientific and educational complex, an analysis of existing methods of assessing the efficiency of its functioning was carried out and an author’s system of performance indicators and its assessment was proposed in accordance with the general purpose of the integration mechanism and the specific purpose of each interaction subject. The model contains a system of heterogeneous indicators reflecting the principles of formation of a scientific and educational complex on the basis of network interaction, which allows, along with an evaluation task, to determine, using factor models, further directions of inter-network relations of subjects in order to better understand the current processes and identify problem areas of coordination of their innovative activity.

Effects of Hexachlorobenzene Feeding and Iron Overload on Enzymes of Haem Biosynthesis and Cytochrome P450 in Rat Liver

1977 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Louw ◽  
A. C. Neethling ◽  
V. A. Percy ◽  
M. Carstens ◽  
B. C. Shanley
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Decarboxylase Activity ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Liver Cytochrome ◽  
Haem Biosynthesis ◽  
P450 Concentration

1. The effect of hexachlorobenzene feeding on liver δ-aminolaevulinate synthase, uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase and cytochrome P450 was studied at various time-intervals in siderotic and non-siderotic rats. 2. In the non-siderotic group hexachlorobenzene feeding led to a progressive decrease in liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity, accompanied by a progressive increase in δ-aminolaevulinate synthase activity. Cytochrome P450 concentrations were above normal throughout but fell toward the end of the experiment. 3. Similar but more marked changes were found in the siderotic animals. The fall in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity occurred earlier and was significantly greater in these animals, whereas the increase in δ-aminolaevulinate synthase activity was consistently larger. Liver cytochrome P450 concentration also rose but to a lesser extent than that in the non-siderotic rats. 4. Hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyria would seem to be attributable to inhibition or inactivation of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Hepatic siderosis has a synergistic effect with hexachlorobenzene on this enzyme and may exert additional effects by promoting cytochrome P450 turnover.

Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas

2005 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Large River ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Mean Width ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
The World ◽  
Annual Discharge

<em>Abstract.</em>—The Rio das Velhas is a tributary of the Rio São Francisco, one of Brazil’s largest rivers. It is the Rio São Francisco’s second most important tributary in water volume (mean annual discharge of 631 m<sup>3</sup>/s), with a drainage area of 27,867 km<sup>2</sup>, length of 761 km, and mean width of 38 m. Like many other rivers around the world, it became heavily polluted in the 1900s. The Rio das Velhas is the most polluted river of Minas Gerais state because the basin contains approximately 4.5 million people. Unlike other Brazilian rivers, its fish fauna was studied from 1850 to 1856. Fifty-five fish species were recorded; 20 of them were first described at that time, when there were previously no more than 40 known species in the entire São Francisco basin. Recent fish collections, approximately 150 years later, indicate 107 fish species, but some may be locally extinct. There are good prospects of rehabilitating this fauna because of the connectivity of the Rio das Velhas with the São Francisco main stem, its well-preserved tributaries, and increased investments in sewage treatment.

Production cost optimization of enzyme washing for indigo dyed cotton denim by combining Kriging surrogate with differential evolution algorithm

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (15-16) ◽  
pp. 1860-1871
Author(s):  
Jie Xu ◽  
Zhenglei He ◽  
Sheng Li ◽  
Wenbo Ke
Keyword(s):  
Differential Evolution ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Differential Evolution Algorithm ◽  
Kriging Model ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Color Strength ◽  
Washing Process ◽  
Input Parameters

The enzyme washing process is extensively applied in the industrial production of denim garments. The process parameters of enzyme washing have significant effects on washing performances and costs. Since the relationships between the process parameters and washing performances cannot be expressed explicitly, it is impractical to determine the process parameters to obtain the optimal production cost while satisfying requirements of customers intuitively. This paper proposes an optimization methodology by combining Kriging surrogate and differential evolution (DE) algorithm to address the production cost optimization of enzyme washing for indigo dyed cotton denim. First, an experiment using Taguchi L16 orthogonal array is conducted where temperature and concentration of cellulase enzyme are taken into consideration with processing time as the input parameters, while the washing performances (including color strength value, stiffness, and tensile strength in warp and weft directions of the washed denim fabrics) are the output responses. Second, the relationships between the inputs and outputs are established using the Kriging model. Third, the effects of the input parameters on the washing performances are analyzed, and the production cost optimization model is illustrated. Finally, a case study is given to depict the optimization process and a verification experiment is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the optimal values. On the whole, the proposed hybrid method, Kriging-DE, shows great capability of optimizing the production costs of the enzyme washing process for indigo dyed cotton denim.

scholarly journals Analysis of Size Correlations for Microdroplets Produced by Ultrasonic Atomization

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalisa Dalmoro ◽  
Anna Angela Barba ◽  
Matteo d’Amore
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Ultrasonic Atomization ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Mechanical Approach ◽  
Atomization Mechanism ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Pharmaceutical Production

Microencapsulation techniques are widely applied in the field of pharmaceutical production to control drugs release in time and in physiological environments. Ultrasonic-assisted atomization is a new technique to produce microencapsulated systems by a mechanical approach. Interest in this technique is due to the advantages evidenceable (low level of mechanical stress in materials, reduced energy request, reduced apparatuses size) when comparing it to more conventional techniques. In this paper, the groundwork of atomization is introduced, the role of relevant parameters in ultrasonic atomization mechanism is discussed, and correlations to predict droplets size starting from process parameters and material properties are presented and tested.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Contribution of Rainwater Recycling (RWR) to the Campus Area

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makbulenur Bekar ◽  
Emrah Yalçınalp ◽  
Alperen Meral
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Rain Gardens ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
The World ◽  
Water Collection ◽  
System Data ◽  
Annual Water

The reserves of water, which is one of the most important requirements for human life, gradually decreases under current conditions and rapidly depletes despite being one of the renewable resources. Considering the global water reserves, it became imperative to implement measures to protect the anticipated water reserves. The fact that the amount of quality water per capita decreases every day in the world and the increasing competition in water management could be considered among the indicators of the above-mentioned case. In recent years, as the effects of this adversity became increasingly more evident, several sustainable methods were adopted all over the world such as rain gardens and rainwater storage facilities. These sustainable techniques could be observed in many areas, especially in urban centers. In the present study, the area with the highest water collection was determined at Karadeniz Technical University Kanuni Campus and identified as the study area. Precipitation per square meter and surface runoff volume were identified based on the GIS (Geographic Information System) data, annual water collection volume was calculated, and information on economic and ecological recycling of the water was provided. In conclusion, the precipitation data for 11 years were compared, and it was calculated that the average annual precipitation was 64.06 kg/m2 and annual surface runoff water was 552.77 m3. Based on the surface runoff water volume in the months when no irrigation is conducted, a reservoir was designed under the vehicle road and water recycling recommendations were developed.

Hydromechanical effects: (II) on the water-Na-smectite system

Clay Minerals ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Al-mukhtar ◽  
Y. Qi ◽  
J . -F. Alcover ◽  
J . Conard ◽  
F. Bergaya
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Adsorbed Water ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Water Layers ◽  
Different Types

AbstractThe localization and number of the different types of water in two Na-smectites (Laponite and hectorite) were studied as a function of the hydromechanical stresses applied. Water volume variation was obtained by macroscopic oedometric tests. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to study water-smectite interactions. The TGA results show that the bulk water content decreases while the adsorbed water content remains practically constant with increasing mechanical stress; hectorite adsorbs less water than Laponite at low hydraulic stress. The proportion of adsorbed water obtained by NMR confirms the TGA data. The interlamellar space and the equivalent water layers decrease with increasing mechanical stress and is always lower in hectorite than in Laponite. Hydromechanical effects on the water-Na-smectite system are in agreement with microtexture changes measured by porosimetry. Differences in the properties of the two clays can be attributed to the higher extension of the layers in hectorite compared with Laponite.

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