scholarly journals Vaccine advertising: preach to the converted or to the unaware?

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masha Krupenkin ◽  
Elad Yom-Tov ◽  
David Rothschild
Keyword(s):  
Priming Effect ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Congruence Effect ◽  
Advertising Campaign ◽  
Commercial Vaccine ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Two Populations

AbstractEncouraging people to vaccinate is a challenging endeavor, but one which has tremendous public health benefits. Doing so requires overcoming barriers of awareness, availability, and (sometimes) vaccine hesitancy. Here we focus on nudging people to vaccinate through online advertising. We conducted a pre-registered online ads campaign encouraging people to vaccinate against three diseases: influenza, human papillomavirus, and herpes zoster. Ads were shown to ~69,000 people and were compared to similar ads shown to 8.6 million people. Outcome measures were clicks on ads and future searches for relevant terms. We find that ads have two main effects: First, a congruence effect whereby ads increase the likelihood of clicks and future searches by up to 116% in people who express an interest in the disease or the vaccine. Most commercial vaccine advertising is aimed entirely at this population. Second, we observed a priming effect, where ads shown to people who were searching for terms unrelated to the vaccine could be encouraged to click on them (odds ratios of 7.5–33.0) and, more often, search for the vaccine later (hazard ratios of 6.9–157.3). We provide analysis for optimizing vaccine advertising campaign budgets to balance the two populations. These findings demonstrate that digital advertising campaigns should consider not just advertising to direct keywords or to individuals that look exactly like existing customers, but consider tangential keywords that draw a wider target population who are likely earlier in their conversion funnel, thus increasing the number of people who vaccinate and maximizing vaccines uptake.

scholarly journals Why TKI Therapy Targeting Minority Population of Tumor Cells Could Achieve Complete Control of Entire Tumor: The Self-Driven and Non-Autonomous Replication in Cancer and Their Connection through Inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Minority Population ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Therapy Efficacy ◽  
The Common ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Cancer Clinic

Despite wide application of targeted therapy with small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in cancer clinic, some questions for the mechanisms of these inhibitors remain unresolved. For example, how can a tumor be completely controlled for extended period (more than a year) by the drug when the target population in the tumor is not even in majority? Here we report our observations in one such case of lung cancer and provide explanation for this long-awaited clinical puzzle. Our analyses indicate that in many of the similar cases, the cancer is composed of two populations of tumor cells, one capable of autonomous (or self-driven) replication through the known mutation, and the replication of the other is inflammationdependent. The connection is through inflammation induced by the tumor cells capable of self-driven replication. The control of this population by TKI terminates induction of inflammation thus results in control of the non-autonomous population. The identification of these two replicating tumor cells and their relationship holds many answers to current clinical confusions in many cancer cases where accelerated tumor progression, high inflammation and loss of therapy efficacy are often the common feature. By understanding these processes, we can begin to manage cancer in a more proactive manner to avoid the once recognized unavoidable fate of cancer

scholarly journals Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy in Indonesia: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Nuril Hanifah ◽  
Ike Herdiana ◽  
Rahkman Ardi
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Target Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Health Organization

Complete children immunization coverage in Indonesia declined from 59.2% in 2013 to 57.9% in 2016. Therefore, a study on understanding the vaccination barrier is necessary to improve future coverage. This scoping review aims to identify the determinants of vaccine hesitancy using the model of the World Health Organization-Strategic Advisory Group of Expert (WHO-SAGE) working group and to map them on the basis of region, target population, and vaccine. This research used publications from seven databases (Science Direct, Wiley, Scopus, SAGE, PubMed, Springer, and Taylor & Francis) from 2015 to 2020. A total of 10,212 publications were identified and filtered by employing the PRISMA method, thereby leaving 24 publications that were featured in this review. The majority of these publications is quantitative research conducted in Aceh and Yogyakarta and investigates children complete immunization, with adults and parents being the target population. The vaccine hesitancy determinants that are mentioned the most are social-economy, religion/culture/ gender, the role of health-care professionals, cost, knowledge, and awareness about vaccine, and attitude toward preventive health behavior. However, additional evidence on the influence of contextual-focus factors in various regions in Indonesia is crucial for a further understanding of the antecedent of the relationship between determinant factors and vaccination behavior.

scholarly journals Features of management of advertising activities of an agricultural holding

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (13) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Yuliya Lysenko ◽  
Tat'yana Buhtiyarova ◽  
Galina Butko ◽  
Yuriy Belokonov
Keyword(s):  
Return On Investment ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
Current System ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Outdoor Advertising ◽  
Advertising Campaign ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Target Segment ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The Common

Abstract. Relevance. Currently, agroholdings actively use advertising to increase the recognition of agro-products, since advertising effectively affects the target segment, gives consumers new knowledge and opportunities to choose alternative products, which in turn increases satisfaction from purchase. Purpose. The article presents the main provisions of the development of measures aimed at improving the advertising activities of agricultural holdings (using the example of grain specialization). Methods. Among the common promotion methods, the authors distinguish the following: printing materials, online advertising, service, gift certificates, promotions, outdoor advertising. The current system of intra-company advertising was diagnosed and recommendations were made to improve the organization and planning of grain specialization advertising: the development of social networks, creative outdoor advertising. The main research methods are horizontal and vertical analysis, comparison and grouping methods. The proposed recommendations are supported by calculations, the forecast values of indicators and their relationship with the sale of agricultural products are indicated. Scientific novelty. In the analysis of intra-company advertising, it was established that a decrease in the use of advertising funds leads to the fact that the invested funds in advertising do not bring the expected results and show a decrease in the effectiveness of advertising. To solve the problem, the author developed a system of events: the creation of a creative advertising campaign in a magazine, creative outdoor advertising. Results. With increased investment in advertising, the return on investment ratio increases at a much faster pace, which indicates the advantage of online advertising and an increase in the number of visitors and buyers, an increase in profitability by more than 15 percent, and an increase in the level of attention of buyers to advertising will increase to 61 percent by 2022.

scholarly journals Global, regional, and national estimates of target population sizes for covid-19 vaccination: descriptive study

BMJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. m4704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Qianhui Wu ◽  
Juan Yang ◽  
Kaige Dong ◽  
Xinghui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Target Populations ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
Country Specific

AbstractObjectiveTo provide global, regional, and national estimates of target population sizes for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) vaccination to inform country specific immunisation strategies on a global scale.DesignDescriptive study.Setting194 member states of the World Health Organization.PopulationTarget populations for covid-19 vaccination based on country specific characteristics and vaccine objectives (maintaining essential core societal services; reducing severe covid-19; reducing symptomatic infections and stopping virus transmission).Main outcome measureSize of target populations for covid-19 vaccination. Estimates use country specific data on population sizes stratified by occupation, age, risk factors for covid-19 severity, vaccine acceptance, and global vaccine production. These data were derived from a multipronged search of official websites, media sources, and academic journal articles.ResultsTarget population sizes for covid-19 vaccination vary markedly by vaccination goal and geographical region. Differences in demographic structure, presence of underlying conditions, and number of essential workers lead to highly variable estimates of target populations at regional and country levels. In particular, Europe has the highest share of essential workers (63.0 million, 8.9%) and people with underlying conditions (265.9 million, 37.4%); these two categories are essential in maintaining societal functions and reducing severe covid-19, respectively. In contrast, South East Asia has the highest share of healthy adults (777.5 million, 58.9%), a key target for reducing community transmission. Vaccine hesitancy will probably impact future covid-19 vaccination programmes; based on a literature review, 68.4% (95% confidence interval 64.2% to 72.6%) of the global population is willing to receive covid-19 vaccination. Therefore, the adult population willing to be vaccinated is estimated at 3.7 billion (95% confidence interval 3.2 to 4.1 billion).ConclusionsThe distribution of target groups at country and regional levels highlights the importance of designing an equitable and efficient plan for vaccine prioritisation and allocation. Each country should evaluate different strategies and allocation schemes based on local epidemiology, underlying population health, projections of available vaccine doses, and preference for vaccination strategies that favour direct or indirect benefits.

scholarly journals Proactive machine-learning-based approaches to vaccine hesitancy for a potential SARS-Cov-2 vaccine

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Oreskovic ◽  
M Kujundzic TIljak
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
Tailored Communication ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background Polls in the US and France found a concerning share of respondents (50% and 26%, respectively) stating that they are not committed to receiving or simply saying they would not accept vaccination against SARS-CoV-2[1][2]. In this context, it is worth revisiting machine-learning approaches to predicting vaccine hesitancy - such as the one developed for MMR vaccination at the individual level by Bell et al.[4] amid Europe's recent measles epidemic - as a first step of a proactive policy. Proposed Methods and Expectations In the MMR case, using 44K child-healthcare records including vaccination data, a LASSO logistic regression based on a low number of attributes of the child and his or her family and community produced risk scores, making them readily interpretable by healthcare professionals. Since children are regularly the target population for immunization efforts, recent pediatric and school-age records, in concert with other social and medical features, could provide suitable input for algorithms estimating the probability of refusal of a SARS-Cov-2 vaccine for other members of a household. This is contingent upon data on acceptance and refusal being collected and paired with these inputs in areas where the vaccine will first be deployed (if developed), which gives another argument for such timely and organized data collection. Speculating about the future performance of a new model trained on truly “out of sample” data specific to a novel problem should be avoided. Benchmarks for success in terms of measures such as precision and recall, however, have to be set in light of the gravity of the issue and other available methods. Finally, any model trained with the aim of predicting vaccine hesitancy for a SARS-Cov-2 vaccine should be coupled with tailored communication policies tested as part of the first vaccination efforts. Cornwall, Science Mag, Jun 30, 2020Peretti-Watel et al., The Lancet, May 20, 2020Bell et al., IEEE ICHI, 2019 Key messages Data on acceptance and refusal for the first (potential) SARS-Cov-2 vaccination campaigns should be collected and matched with health records to enable models predicting vaccine hesitancy. The output of machine learning models predicting vaccine hesitancy should be paired with tested policies respectfully communicating reliable information on vaccination.

scholarly journals Pharmacists’ one-to-one counseling succeeds in promoting flu shots among target population

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Brunelli ◽  
A Morsanutto ◽  
M Tosolini ◽  
A Iob ◽  
F Schiava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Counseling Intervention ◽  
Flu Vaccination ◽  
One To One

Abstract Background Vaccine hesitancy among general population can be even greater regarding flu than other vaccine preventable diseases, as complacency towards influenza is quite high and confidence can be reduced by the confounding effect of influenza-like-illnesses. Health professionals face hesitant people alleging many different motivations against flu vaccination, some of them being susceptible to tailored one-to-one health promotion. Methods During 2019/20 flu vaccination campaign, 44 trained pharmacists of Carnia District in Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (Italy) surveyed at-risk people accessing 25 pharmacies regarding beliefs on flu vaccination and offered one-to-one advice. As stated in the Italian national vaccination plan, subjects with comorbidities or older than 65 were considered at risk. Adherence to influenza vaccination during past flu season and reasons for that choice, as well as intention to be administered flu shots after counseling were registered. Results A total of 2,748 at-risk subjects adhered to the project with a mean age of 70±12 years, 57% of them being females; 1,702 (38%) did not adhere to flu vaccination campaign last year. Most of them confirmed a low complacency level, reporting to have refused flu vaccination because of “not getting ill” (43%) believing that vaccines are dangerous (12%) or not effective (5%); some did not know they could access flu vaccination (8%). After counseling, 2196 (80%) decided to adhere to flu vaccination, in particular 83% (1284/1555) of over 65 and 84% (684/816) of at-risk subjects. Conclusions More than one third of over 65 or at-risk surveyed subjects did not receive influenza vaccination during 2018/19 flu season. One-to-one tailored counseling conducted by pharmacists resulted to be effective in tackling vaccine hesitancy among 2019/20 flu shot target population. Key messages Motivations underlying vaccine hesitancy toward flu vaccination continue to impair health outcomes of target population. A one-to-one counseling intervention conducted by pharmacists with specific targets should be useful to improve seasonal flu vaccine coverage.

Event-related Potential Correlates of Negation in a Sentence–Picture Verification Paradigm

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1355-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Lüdtke ◽  
Claudia K. Friedrich ◽  
Mónica De Filippis ◽  
Barbara Kaup
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Foreground Object ◽  
Negative Particle ◽  
Sentence Meaning ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Main Effects

In a sentence–picture verification paradigm, participants were presented in a rapid-serial-visual-presentation paradigm with affirmative or negative sentences (e.g., “In the front of the tower there is a/no ghost”) followed by a matching or mismatching picture. Response latencies and event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured during reading and verification. An enhanced negative shift in the ERPs for the subject noun (i.e., “ghost”) in negative, compared to affirmative sentences, was found during reading. We relate this ERP deflection to enhanced processing demands required by the negative particle no. Although this effect suggests a direct impact of negation on language processing, results for picture processing reveal that negation is not immediately integrated into sentence meaning. When the delay of picture presentation was short (250 msec), verification latencies and ERPs evoked by the picture showed a priming effect independent of whether the sentence contained a negation. Unprimed pictures (foreground object not mentioned in the sentence) led to longer latencies and higher N400 amplitudes than primed pictures (foreground object mentioned in the sentence). Main effects of negation showed up only in a late positive-going ERP effect. In contrast, when the delay was long (1500 msec), we observed main effects of truth value and negation in addition to the priming effect already in the N400 time window, that is, negation is fully integrated into sentence meaning only at a later point in the comprehension process. When negation has not yet been integrated, verification decisions appear to be modulated by additional time-consuming reanalysis processes.

Factors Influencing the COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Across Diverse Participants Across Patients, Healthcare Providers And Common Public – A Cross Sectional Questionnaire-Based Perception Mapping Survey (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagar Redkar
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Scientific Uncertainty ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inaccurate Information ◽  
Vaccine Confidence

BACKGROUND Vaccine hesitancy is refusal or reluctance in the acceptance of vaccination despite the availability of vaccination services OBJECTIVE Understanding determinants of vaccine hesitancy for early identification of vaccine concerns to analyse acceptance behaviour in public and in healthcare providers for recommendation behaviour. Target population would be across multiple cities in India, Indonesia, UAE and UK METHODS Questions for survey would be corroborative with existing tools for vaccine hesitancy, based on PICO statement incorporating public health mistrust scale, perceived COVID-19 societal stigma scale - adapted from perceived external stigma of Ebola-related stigma questionnaire, COVID-19-related prosocial behaviors adapted from two scales: empathic responding to SARS scale and pro socialness scale. Time duration from first whatsapp communication, three reminders and execution per targeted individual participant would be for 10 days. Target population include, patients visiting multi-specialty hospital in urban and rural setting in India, physicians in clinical practice across country including corona warriors involved in front-end, university students in medical school, pharmacists in pharmaceutical trade RESULTS We would identify sources of vaccine misinformation, analyse patterns of spread of inaccurate information and help flatten the curve of infodemic. This would enable to define a vaccine confidence index for determining customised educational intervention to support percolation of evidence-based information for COVID-19 vaccine to remove unscientific barriers preventing the uptake and acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. This would enhance health care provider's confidence in recommending vaccination and thus increasing coverage rates. We plan to submit research work to speciality conferences and plan to conduct workshops to develop educational materials which to mitigate the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy CONCLUSIONS We would explore gaps to build scientific trust in era of scientific uncertainty when politicians rather than the medical experts have become the public faces of crisis management CLINICALTRIAL NA

What Do Facebook Users Feel About Facebook Advertising?

2021 ◽  
pp. 626-646
Author(s):  
Yowei Kang ◽  
Kenneth C. C. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Advertising Campaign ◽  
Facebook Advertising

Because of its popularity and rapid growth, Facebook has become a viable advertising medium for corporations to communicate with their consumers. The experiences of Facebook users are important to ensure the success of any Facebook advertising campaign. This chapter reports the findings from a qualitative study using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) after recruiting Facebook college participants in a large university in the Southwest U.S. The ESM technique is a powerful tool to collect data to demonstrate participants' actual experiences and reflections when using Facebook and Facebook advertising. The authors use a signal contingent protocol to record participants' experiences in using Facebook and Facebook advertising after prompting participants to record their using experiences randomly. The findings will help online advertising researchers to better understand the feasibility of using Facebook as a potential advertising medium through a non-survey-based method to better assess potential impacts on businesses.

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