A Pragmatic Aspect of Language Sampling

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
William O. Haynes ◽  
Elizabeth Purcell ◽  
Maureen D. Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Language Sampling ◽  
Picture Description ◽  
Pragmatic Aspect ◽  
Linguistic Behavior

This investigation studied language sampling with normal four- and six-year-old children in three conditions: (1) conversation; (2) picture description with the experimenter and child looking at the stimuli; and (3) picture description with the experimenter unable to view the stimuli with the child. The results show statistically significant differences in Developmental Sentence Score and MLU between the age groups and among the experimental conditions. They suggest that children of these ages are able to alter their linguistic behavior as a result of the listener’s perspective. Implications for language sampling and future research are discussed.

Age and marital status predictors of binge alcohol use among adults with major depressive episode

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Areen Omary
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Major Depressive Episode ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Never Married ◽  
At Risk Populations

Aims: This study aims to examine if age and marital status can predict the risk for binge alcohol use (BAU) among adults with a major depressive episode (MDE). Methods: Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s (SAMHSA) 2018 National Survey for Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) were analyzed. The unweighted sample included 6,999 adults representing a weighted population size of 33,900,452.122 in the US. Results and Conclusions: The findings of this retrospective research confirmed that age and marital status significantly predicted BAU in the past month among adults with MDE. Adults with MDE at higher risk for BAU were adults under the age of 50, adults who were never married, and adults who were divorced/separated. Special attention must be paid to those in age groups under 50, never married, and have been separated/divorced who are particularly at-risk for future alcohol abuse. Future research should consider examining additional potential confounders for BAU among other at-risk populations.

scholarly journals Validity of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in Sweden: a nationwide register study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Indremo ◽  
Richard White ◽  
Thomas Frisell ◽  
Sven Cnattingius ◽  
Alkistis Skalkidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Nationwide Register Study

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the validity of the Gender Dysphoria (GD) diagnoses in the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR), to discuss different register-based definitions of GD and to investigate incidence trends. We collected data on all individuals with registered GD diagnoses between 2001 and 2016 as well as data on the coverage in the NPR. We regarded gender confirming medical intervention (GCMI) as one proxy for a clinically valid diagnosis and calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) for receiving GCMI for increasing number of registered GD diagnoses. We assessed crude and coverage-adjusted time trends of GD during 2004–2015 with a Poisson regression, using assigned sex and age as interaction terms. The PPV for receiving GCMI was 68% for ≥ 1 and 79% for ≥ 4 GD-diagnoses. The incidence of GD was on average 35% higher with the definition of ≥ 1 compared to the definition of ≥ 4 diagnoses. The incidence of GD, defined as ≥ 4 diagnoses increased significantly during the study period and mostly in the age categories 10–17 and 18–30 years, even after adjusting for register coverage. We concluded that the validity of a single ICD code denoting clinical GD in the Swedish NPR can be questioned. For future research, we propose to carefully weight the advantages and disadvantages of different register-based definitions according to the individual study’s needs, the time periods involved and the age-groups under study.

scholarly journals Nutritional psychiatry: the present state of the evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Marx ◽  
Genevieve Moseley ◽  
Michael Berk ◽  
Felice Jacka
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural

Mental illness, including depression, anxiety and bipolar disorder, accounts for a significant proportion of global disability and poses a substantial social, economic and heath burden. Treatment is presently dominated by pharmacotherapy, such as antidepressants, and psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioural therapy; however, such treatments avert less than half of the disease burden, suggesting that additional strategies are needed to prevent and treat mental disorders. There are now consistent mechanistic, observational and interventional data to suggest diet quality may be a modifiable risk factor for mental illness. This review provides an overview of the nutritional psychiatry field. It includes a discussion of the neurobiological mechanisms likely modulated by diet, the use of dietary and nutraceutical interventions in mental disorders, and recommendations for further research. Potential biological pathways related to mental disorders include inflammation, oxidative stress, the gut microbiome, epigenetic modifications and neuroplasticity. Consistent epidemiological evidence, particularly for depression, suggests an association between measures of diet quality and mental health, across multiple populations and age groups; these do not appear to be explained by other demographic, lifestyle factors or reverse causality. Our recently published intervention trial provides preliminary clinical evidence that dietary interventions in clinically diagnosed populations are feasible and can provide significant clinical benefit. Furthermore, nutraceuticals including n-3 fatty acids, folate, S-adenosylmethionine, N-acetyl cysteine and probiotics, among others, are promising avenues for future research. Continued research is now required to investigate the efficacy of intervention studies in large cohorts and within clinically relevant populations, particularly in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar and anxiety disorders.

scholarly journals An evaluation of the factor structure of the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS) and the creation of the SAWS-15 as a short measure for personal wisdom

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Trilas M. Leeman ◽  
Bob G. Knight ◽  
Erich C. Fein ◽  
Sonya Winterbotham ◽  
Jeffrey Dean Webster
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personal Wisdom ◽  
Age Range

ABSTRACT Objectives: Although wisdom is a desirable life span developmental goal, researchers have often lacked brief and reliable construct measures. We examined whether an abbreviated set of items could be empirically derived from the popular 40-item five-factor Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS). Design: Survey data from 709 respondents were randomly split into two and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Setting: The survey was conducted online in Australia. Participants: The total sample consisted of 709 participants (M age = 35.67 years; age range = 15–92 years) of whom 22% were male, and 78% female. Measurement: The study analyzed the 40-item SAWS. Results: Sample 1 showed the traditional five-factor structure for the 40-item SAWS did not fit the data. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on Sample 2 offered an alternative model based on a 15-item, five-factor solution with the latent variables Reminiscence/Reflection, Humor, Emotional Regulation, Experience, and Openness. This model, which replicates the factor structure of the original 40-item SAWS with a short form of 15 items, was then confirmed on Sample 1 using a CFA that produced acceptable fit and measurement invariance across age groups. Conclusions: We suggest the abbreviated SAWS-15 can be useful as a measure of individual differences in wisdom, and we highlight areas for future research.

scholarly journals Validation of Reference Genes for Studying Different Abiotic Stresses in oat (Avena sativa L.) by RT-qPCR

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1272
Author(s):  
Judit Tajti ◽  
Magda Pál ◽  
Tibor Janda
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Expression Studies ◽  
Gene Expression Studies

Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a widely cultivated cereal with high nutritional value and it is grown mainly in temperate regions. The number of studies dealing with gene expression changes in oat continues to increase, and to obtain reliable RT-qPCR results it is essential to establish and use reference genes with the least possible influence caused by experimental conditions. However, no detailed study has been conducted on reference genes in different tissues of oat under diverse abiotic stress conditions. In our work, nine candidate reference genes (ACT, TUB, CYP, GAPD, UBC, EF1, TBP, ADPR, PGD) were chosen and analysed by four statistical methods (GeNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper, RefFinder). Samples were taken from two tissues (leaves and roots) of 13-day-old oat plants exposed to five abiotic stresses (drought, salt, heavy metal, low and high temperatures). ADPR was the top-rated reference gene for all samples, while different genes proved to be the most stable depending on tissue type and treatment combinations. TUB and EF1 were most affected by the treatments in general. Validation of reference genes was carried out by PAL expression analysis, which further confirmed their reliability. These results can contribute to reliable gene expression studies for future research in cultivated oat.

Phone-Related Distracted Walking Injuries as a Function of Age and Walking Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 611-615
Author(s):  
Zheng Haolan ◽  
Isabella M. Campbell ◽  
Wayne C.W. Giang*
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Injury Surveillance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Home Environments ◽  
Injury Surveillance System ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ed Visits ◽  
Walking Environment

Using phones while walking has been a factor that has led to accidents and injuries. However, few studies have analyzed the propensity of injuries due to distracted walking for different age groups and in different types of walking environments. This study aims to examine the number of emergency department (ED) visits due to distracted walking across different age groups and walking environments using a publicly available dataset, the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database. The results suggest that there were an estimated 29140 distracted walking injuries between the years 2011-2019. Individuals between 11 and 20 years old had the most injuries, followed by 21 to 30, and 31 to 40. Furthermore, the proportion of estimated injuries that occurred in different walking environments differed across age groups. Safety-orient interventions for future research for stairs and home environments were also recommended in the present study.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular risk according to plasma apolipoprotein and lipid profiles in a Canadian First Nation

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
ND Riediger ◽  
SG Bruce ◽  
TK Young
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipid Profiles ◽  
Apolipoprotein A1 ◽  
First Nation ◽  
Future Research

Introduction Despite high diabetes rates among Canadian First Nations people, little is known about their cardiovascular disease risk. Our aim was to describe the apolipoprotein profile with respect to cardiovascular risk in a Canadian First Nation community. Methods In 2003, a representative sample of adult members of a Manitoba First Nation (N = 483) participated in a screening study for diabetes and diabetes complications. We assessed their cardiovascular risk factors. Results Sixty percent of women were at increased cardiovascular risk because of low apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) levels, compared with 35% of men. The proportion of women with low apoA1 levels decreased with age, but the proportion with low high-density lipoprotein levels remained stable across age groups. Both apoB and apoA1 were significantly associated with obesity when age, sex, diastolic blood pressure, homocysteine, diabetes, and insulin resistance were controlled for. Conclusion Apolipoprotein and lipid profiles in this First Nation population suggest high cardiovascular risk. Future research should characterize the lipoprotein particle size in this population.

scholarly journals Ophthalmic Histiocytic Lesions: A Baseline Demographic and Clinicopathological Study of 28 Cases From 2 Eye Centers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq A. Alzahem ◽  
Azza M.Y. Maktabi ◽  
HIND MANAA ALKATAN
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Rosai Dorfman Disease ◽  
Rare Group

Abstract Purpose: Ophthalmic histiocytic lesions comprise a heterogeneous rare group of disorders that are characterized by an abnormal proliferation of histiocytes and may affect all age groups of both genders. This rare group of diseases in the ophthalmic practice has not been previously studied in this area of the world and only individual cases reports were reported.Methods: This retrospective study has been approved on an expedited basis by the Human Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board (HEC/IRB) at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital (KKESH) with a collaborative agreement between KKESH and King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia aiming to collect all biopsied ocular and periocular histiocytic lesions from both centers from January 1993 to December 2018. The histopathological diagnosis was confirmed, and cases were re-classified by review of all histopathological slides. The corresponding demographic and clinical data were analyzed. Relevant literature review was also carried on for comparison of our collected analyzed data to published data and to draw our own conclusions.Results: A total of 34 ocular/periocular histiocytic lesions of 28 patients who were mostly Saudis (92.9%) were included. Male to female ratio was 4:3. The median age at presentation was 6.4 years (range: 2.8-35). Twenty-two patients had unilateral involvement and 6 patients had bilateral lesions. In Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)=L group, the most common presenting findings were eyelid swelling (75%), periocular tenderness (37.5%), proptosis/globe displacement (37.5%) eyelid erythema (25%), and orbital pain (12.5%). In Rosai Dorfman disease (RDD)=C group, proptosis/globe displacement occurred in all patients, followed by decreased vision (80%). Patients with C group diseases had variable clinical features owing to the different locations of the histiocytic lesions with the majority involving the eyelids (66.7%). Diagnosis was accurately reached clinically in 38.8%, 33.7%, and 46.7% among patients in the L group, C group, and R group respectively. Overall, the clinical diagnosis was in concordance with the histopathologic diagnosis in 14 only out of 34 lesions (41.2%). Conclusions: We concluded that C group was the commonest histiocytic lesion encountered in about two-thirds of the lesions with particular prevalence of Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG). The histiocytic disease is more likely to be overlooked clinically especially in this group owing to its rarity and is diagnosed mainly with the help of histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. The median age of presentation was higher for R group patients, while there was tendency for JXG to present at a later age compared to the published reports. Intraocular involvement was extremely rare. All L group cases were strictly unilateral disease, while RDD (C group) was most commonly bilateral. Future research on the genetic aspects, management, and prognosis are necessary.

scholarly journals How to transfer a coupon-based event into a hedonic shopping experience? Retail branding implications based on the glamour shopping days

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zita Kelemen ◽  
Péter Nagy ◽  
Ildikó Kemény
Keyword(s):  
Peer Group ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Female Consumers ◽  
Shopping Experience ◽  
Hedonic Utilitarian ◽  
Retail Branding

The paper examines the motivational drivers behind the participation of Hungarian consumers on a special shopping event, also known as Glamour Days. The study encompasses a variety of related conceptualizations such as hedonic/utilitarian shopping values, self-gifting as well as impulsive buying practices. After the introduction of relevant consumer behaviour concepts and theoretical frameworks, the paper presents a qualitative research on adult and adolescent female consumers’ shopping experiences during Glamour Days. By building on phenomenological methodology, this study also portrays the ways this shopping event has changed consumer society within an originally strongly utilitarian attitude driven Hungarian culture. The phenomenological interview results highlight differences within the motivational drivers of pleasure-oriented shopping for the two age groups. For teenagers, the main motivation was related to the utilitarian aspect due to their financial dependence and the special opportunity to stand out of their peer group by joining an event that is exclusively held for adult women. On the other hand, adult women are motivated by combined hedonic and utilitarian values manifested in self-gifting and impulse buying within an effectively planned and managed shopping trip. Based on the results, retail specific strategies are provided along with future research directions.

scholarly journals Are Motor Skills and Motor Inhibitions Impaired in Tourette Syndrome? A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. JEN.S25095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navkiran Kalsi ◽  
Renata Tambelli ◽  
Paola Aceto ◽  
Carlo Lai
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Motor Disorder ◽  
Complex Spectrum ◽  
Functional Deficits ◽  
Motor Movements ◽  
Conclusive Outcome

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental motor disorder described as an inability to inhibit unwanted motor movements. This article reviews research on the execution and inhibition of voluntary motor movements in TS. Over last two decades, a number of studies have addressed the structural and functional deficits associated with this syndrome. Only a limited number of studies have assessed the motor skills in these patients but have failed to reach any conclusive outcome. In the domain of response inhibition also, studies have reported arguable impairments in these patients. It is suggested that these conflicting results can be attributed to co-occurring comorbid conditions, the constraints posed by variable age groups, lack of control measures, and lack of specificity of domains addressed. This review will describe a way in which future research can be directed to increase our knowledge of this otherwise complex spectrum of disorders.

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