scholarly journals The technology of improving almond planting material tolerance to the salt stresses of soils based on experience in phytotron

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 05011
Author(s):  
Antar Badran ◽  
Igor Savin
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Stalk Diameter ◽  
Saline Waters ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Bitter Almond ◽  
Irrigation Waters

There was studied impact of the bitter almond seeds preliminary steeping on the development of plants at the first stages of development in conditions of saline waters irrigation in the greenhouse experiment ambient in phytotron. It was established that steeping the seeds in excessive salt solution results in enhanced plants tolerance to the soil salinization and saline waters irrigation. This is evidenced by the obtained regularities of influence on the development of plants of biochemical character (content of proline, chlorophyll and carotinoids, total carbon); chemical (content of basic chemical elements); morphological (rate of the plants height and stalk diameter growth, leaf-area duration). The introduction of developed technology into nursery science will permit to improve the tolerance of seedlings to salinization of soils and irrigation waters.

The Chemical Bond Across the Periodic Table: Part 1 – First Row and Simple Metals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Freire Sanzovo Fernandes ◽  
Leonardo dos Anjos Cunha ◽  
Francisco Bolivar Correto Machado ◽  
Luiz Ferrão
Keyword(s):  
Physical Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Bond ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Orbital Theory ◽  
Solid State Physics ◽  
Band Theory ◽  
Van Der Waals Clusters ◽  
Earth Systems ◽  
Chemical Content

<p>Chemical bond plays a central role in the description of the physicochemical properties of molecules and solids and it is essential to several fields in science and engineering, governing the material’s mechanical, electrical, catalytic and optoelectronic properties, among others. Due to this indisputable importance, a proper description of chemical bond is needed, commonly obtained through solving the Schrödinger equation of the system with either molecular orbital theory (molecules) or band theory (solids). However, connecting these seemingly different concepts is not a straightforward task for students and there is a gap in the available textbooks concerning this subject. This work presents a chemical content to be added in the physical chemistry undergraduate courses, in which the framework of molecular orbitals was used to qualitatively explain the standard state of the chemical elements and some properties of the resulting material, such as gas or crystalline solids. Here in Part 1, we were able to show the transition from Van der Waals clusters to metal in alkali and alkaline earth systems. In Part 2 and 3 of this three-part work, the present framework is applied to main group elements and transition metals. The original content discussed here can be adapted and incorporated in undergraduate and graduate physical chemistry and/or materials science textbooks and also serves as a conceptual guide to subsequent disciplines such as quantum chemistry, quantum mechanics and solid-state physics.</p>

scholarly journals Evolution of organismal stoichiometry in a long-term experiment with Escherichia coli

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 170497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline B. Turner ◽  
Brian D. Wade ◽  
Justin R. Meyer ◽  
Brooke A. Sommerfeld ◽  
Richard E. Lenski
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Serial Transfer ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Long Term Experiment

Organismal stoichiometry refers to the relative proportion of chemical elements in the biomass of organisms, and it can have important effects on ecological interactions from population to ecosystem scales. Although stoichiometry has been studied extensively from an ecological perspective, much less is known about the rates and directions of evolutionary changes in elemental composition. We measured carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content of 12 Escherichia coli populations that evolved under controlled carbon-limited, serial-transfer conditions for 50 000 generations. The bacteria evolved higher relative nitrogen and phosphorus content, consistent with selection for increased use of the more abundant elements. Total carbon assimilated also increased, indicating more efficient use of the limiting element. We also measured stoichiometry in one population repeatedly through time. Stoichiometry changed more rapidly in early generations than later on, similar to the trajectory seen for competitive fitness. Altogether, our study shows that stoichiometry evolved over long time periods, and that it did so in a predictable direction, given the carbon-limited environment.

Soil salinization and sodication from alternate irrigations with saline-sodic water and simulated rain

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary D. Buckland ◽  
D. Rodney Bennett ◽  
Dennis E Mikalson ◽  
Eeltje de Jong ◽  
Chi Chang
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Irrigation Waters

We conducted a greenhouse study on large, semi-disturbed soil cores excavated from the vicinity of Verdigris Lake in southern Alberta to assess the suitability of different saline-sodic waters for irrigation. Soil salinization and sodication, surface soil physical properties, and yield of five soft white spring wheat crops (Triticum aestivum L. var. AC Reed) were examined under alternate applications of simulated rain with saline-sodic irrigation waters ranging from "safe" to "potentially hazardous" for irrigation. Increased salinity and sodicity of irrigation waters alternated with simulated rain resulted in increased salinity and sodicity in the upper 0.60 to 0.90 m of the soil. Salt accumulation in the root zone decreased as the leaching fraction increased. Aggregate stability and infiltration properties of the soil were generally adversely affected by the more saline and sodic irrigation waters. Infiltration properties were significantly greater with irrigation water (IW) than with distilled water (DW). The soil infiltration rate at 2 h, with DW as the infiltrating water, was the most sensitive soil physical property for assessment of irrigation water suitability. The infiltration test after five crop cycles gave a better indication of the effects of excess sodicity of irrigation water on soil structural stability than the aggregate stability test. The cumulative effects of long-term supplemental irrigation with saline-sodic waters on soil chemical and physical properties need to be considered when assessing irrigation water suitability. Irrigation waters with electrical conductivity (EC) less than or equal to 1 dS m-1 and a sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) less than or equal to 5 did not result in deterioration of soil physical properties and were considered "safe" for supplemental irrigation of the Masinasin soil. Alternate applications of irrigation and distilled water should be used to evaluate soil infiltration rates and the structural stability of soils to which saline-sodic waters are to be applied. Key words: Saline-sodic irrigation water, soil salinity, soil sodicity, aggregate stability, infiltration, water quali

Using highly saline irrigation water for a fodder barley crop

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Saline Waters ◽  
Irrigation Waters

SUMMARYThe aim of this investigation was to grow barley as a fodder crop under highly saline conditions. Saline irrigation waters with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 2·5, 4·0, 6·0 and 8·0 mmhos/cm respectively were used to irrigate test crops of barley over two growing seasons.It was concluded that in general more highly saline water leads to a considerable increase in soil salinity even over a short period of growth, and a close control of soil salinity through leaching is required. Saline water with an EC of 4·0 mmhos/cm may be utilized without excessively high yield reductions if the soil salinity is well maintained. The saline waters with an EC of 6·0 mmhos/cm and 8·0 mmhos/cm may lead to yield reduction, and they require careful managmeent to control soil salinity build-up.

scholarly journals Leaves of trees and shrubs as bioindicators of air pollution by particulate matter in Saint Petersburg

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia V. Terekhina ◽  
Margarita D. Ufimtseva
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Rosa Rugosa ◽  
Central District ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Ulmus Laevis ◽  
The City ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

Accumulation of chemical elements by leaves of trees and shrubs in urban (Central District of St. Petersburg) and background habitats were studied. To determine proportion of pollutants accumulating on the surface of leaves, chemical content of washed and unwashed leaves were analyzed. The results of the study showed that big part (19-62%) of pollutants is deposited on the surface of leaves of urban lindens, and only 10% on the surface of leaves from background places. Average difference between quantity of particulate matter for them is 4 times. Tilia cordata and Ulmus laevis has the highest value of ash content between washing and washing leaves. The level of contamination (Kk) showed high values for Fe (8.83), Co (7.47), Cr (5.62), Pb (4.31), Zn (3.04) for unwashed leaves of urban lindens; for the washed leaves this index slightly increased only for Fe (3.12) and Pb (2.13). Accumulative ability depends on the structure of leaf blade of each species, and the ecological situation of the habitat. Ulmus laevis, Tilia cordata, Populus sp., and Rosa rugosa accumulate more pollutants, and can be recommended for protective green plantings. Tilia cordata, as the most common species in the city green spaces, can be used as an indicator of the level of atmospheric pollution.

scholarly journals Turning the Cocopith Waste into Myceliated Biocomposite to Make an Insulator

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Diana Susyari Mardijanti ◽  
Erri Noviar Megantara ◽  
Ayi Bahtiar ◽  
Sunardi Sunardi
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Aas Method ◽  
Using Data

Cocopith is the main waste of the coconut coir milling industry, which has not been handled properly until now. Burning cocopith as a response to land availability concerns for storing waste has an impact on pollution for the surrounding environment. Efforts to reduce, reuse, recycle, and remanufacture cocopith waste provide better economic value for waste. The method used in this research is one with quantitative and qualitative approaches. The AAS method is used to test the concentration of cocopith chemical elements, while lignin and cellulose levels were tested using data methods. The test results obtained that the highest chemical elements are sulfur and chlorine; the sulfur content in 1 kg of cocopith is 24,000 mg and chlorine content is 10,371 mg. Meanwhile, the other results showed that lignin levels in cocopith (22.7%) are higher than cellulose content (10.27%). The test results of cocopith characteristics from the methods mentioned above showed that the chemical content of sulfur and chlorine and lignin, more so than cellulose, causes cocopith to have the potential to insulate thermally. Based on this potential, cocopith is processed into mycelium-based biocomposite that serves as an insulator. Maximum stress and tensile stress of this biocomposite have been tested through flexural strength tests with the ASTM-D7264 method. The biocomposite feasibility of the material as an insulator was shown through a thermal conductivity test at temperatures of 13°C–40°C. This showed a thermal conductivity value of 0.0887241  ±  0.002964 W/mK. This value is in the range of 0.01–1.00 W/mK, which is a recommended value for the thermal conductivity insulator.

scholarly journals Peranan Stemflow dan Throughfall Vegetasi Hutan Kota dalam Menurunkan Kandungan Unsur Kimia Hujan Asam

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Bejo Slamet ◽  
Welly Hasibuan ◽  
Hidayati Hidayati
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Acid Rain ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Alkali Ions ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Gnetum Gnemon ◽  
Water Acidity

Impact of acid rain on people's lives were studied but study of the vegetation role in reducing chemical elements of rainwater that reach the soil surface were limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of urban forest vegetation around the Medan Industrial Zone to reducing acid rain that reached the soil surface through the mechanism of stemflow and throughfall. This research was conducted by analyzing the chemical content of stemflow and througfall water from Pterocarpus indica Will., Mangifera indica, and Gnetum gnemon plants. Parameters analyzed were water acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), SO42-, NO3-, NH4 +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ and Na +. Water analysis carried out in the Laboratory of the Environmental Agency of North Sumatra Province. The results indicate that the water that has been through the process of stemflow and throughfall consistently raises the pH, electrical conductivity, NH4 +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ and Na + and reduce the content of anion SO42- and NO3 compared with water from open area. Stemflow and throughfall were able to reduce the content of acidic ions and increasing the content of alkali ions and reduced rain water acidity.

The Chemical Bond Across the Periodic Table: Part 1 – First Row and Simple Metals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Freire Sanzovo Fernandes ◽  
Leonardo dos Anjos Cunha ◽  
Francisco Bolivar Correto Machado ◽  
Luiz Ferrão
Keyword(s):  
Physical Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Bond ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Orbital Theory ◽  
Solid State Physics ◽  
Band Theory ◽  
Van Der Waals Clusters ◽  
Earth Systems ◽  
Chemical Content

<p>Chemical bond plays a central role in the description of the physicochemical properties of molecules and solids and it is essential to several fields in science and engineering, governing the material’s mechanical, electrical, catalytic and optoelectronic properties, among others. Due to this indisputable importance, a proper description of chemical bond is needed, commonly obtained through solving the Schrödinger equation of the system with either molecular orbital theory (molecules) or band theory (solids). However, connecting these seemingly different concepts is not a straightforward task for students and there is a gap in the available textbooks concerning this subject. This work presents a chemical content to be added in the physical chemistry undergraduate courses, in which the framework of molecular orbitals was used to qualitatively explain the standard state of the chemical elements and some properties of the resulting material, such as gas or crystalline solids. Here in Part 1, we were able to show the transition from Van der Waals clusters to metal in alkali and alkaline earth systems. In Part 2 and 3 of this three-part work, the present framework is applied to main group elements and transition metals. The original content discussed here can be adapted and incorporated in undergraduate and graduate physical chemistry and/or materials science textbooks and also serves as a conceptual guide to subsequent disciplines such as quantum chemistry, quantum mechanics and solid-state physics.</p>

Variability in the chemical content of waterfowl plumage

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1379-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Kelsall ◽  
W. J. Pannekoek ◽  
Roland Burton
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Canonical Analysis ◽  
Discriminant Functions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Multivariate Discriminant

Three species of waterfowl were held for 3 years on common rations in a common enclosure. Their primary flight feathers were clipped each October and each set was analyzed for a spectrum of nine chemical elements. Multivariate discriminant functions were calculated and canonical analysis was used to examine differences by species, sex, and year-class. Least discrimination was found between sexes, although even there most mean values were significantly different one from another. Mean values between species and year-classes were all significantly different. The greatest variability was found in year-class where 88.9% of known birds could be classified accurately and where 78.5% of unknowns could be assigned correctly on the basis of discriminant functions. Some of the reasons for variability are discussed.

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