scholarly journals A new greenhouse: an attempt to reduce the cost of growing plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 01029
Author(s):  
Olga Smirnova ◽  
Victoria Сhernenko ◽  
Yuri Avetisyan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Design Features ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Expensive Process ◽  
Industrial Prototype

Growing plants in extremely cold environmental conditions is a difficult and expensive process. The required microclimate is usually created for plants artificially on the protected ground. For this purpose, we have developed an industrial prototype of a mini greenhouse, which allows to grow single plants. Laboratory tests have confirmed that the mini greenhouse provides optimal internal environment conditions due to the design features. This leads to a significant reduction in the cost of plants growing.

Analysis of Overweight Truck Permit Policy in New Jersey

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110266
Author(s):  
Sami Demiroluk ◽  
Hani Nassif ◽  
Kaan Ozbay ◽  
Chaekuk Na
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Actual Cost ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Heavy Weight ◽  
Vehicle Route ◽  
Heavy Trucks ◽  
Maintenance And Rehabilitation ◽  
The Cost

The roadway infrastructure constantly deteriorates because of environmental conditions, but other factors such as exposure to heavy trucks exacerbates the rate of deterioration. Therefore, decision-makers are constantly searching for ways to optimize allocation of the limited funds for repair, maintenance, and rehabilitation of New Jersey’s infrastructure. New Jersey legislation requires operators of overweight (OW) trucks to obtain a permit to use the infrastructure. The New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) issues a variety of permits based on the types of goods carried. These permits allow OW trucks to use the infrastructure either for a single trip or for multiple trips. Therefore, one major concern is whether the permit revenue of the agency can recoup the actual cost of damage to the infrastructure caused by these OW trucks. This study investigates whether NJDOT’s current permit fee program can collect enough revenue to meet the actual cost of damage to the infrastructure caused by these heavy-weight permit trucks. The infrastructure damage is estimated by using pavement and bridge deterioration models and New Jersey permit data from 2013 to 2018 containing vehicle configuration and vehicle route. The analysis indicates that although the cost of infrastructure damage can be recovered for certain permit types, there is room for improvement in the permit program. Moreover, based on permit rules in other states, the overall rank of the New Jersey permit program is evaluated and possible revisions are recommended for future permit policies.

Segregated Ballast VLCCs: An Economic and Pollution Abatement Analysis

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 334-363
Author(s):  
Peter M. Kimon ◽  
Ronald K. Kiss ◽  
Joseph D. Porricelli
Keyword(s):  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Accidental Pollution ◽  
Sensitivity Studies ◽  
Double Skin ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Data Sensitivity

This paper presents the results of a study of very large crude carriers (VLCCs) to determine the cost and effectiveness of variations in the capacity of segregated ballast and variations in arrangement expected to reduce oil pollution due to operational and accidental causes. The arrangements considered include double bottoms, double sides, double skin, and alternating cargo and ballast wing tanks. The paper concentrates on a series of 250,000-dwt tankers, but does consider the influence of size by including results for tankers of 120,000 dwt and 477,000 dwt. The degree of effectiveness is estimated for both operational and accidental pollution based on the best available data. Sensitivity studies are provided to check general conclusions. Finally, estimates of the cost of preventing one cubic meter of oil pollution with each design are presented. A discussion of operating factors subject to a reduction in performance as a result of design features is given.

Cost Comparison of Fan-out Wafer Level Packaging and Flip Chip Packaging

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Lujan
Keyword(s):  
Flip Chip ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Cost Modeling ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Wafer Level Packaging ◽  
Flip Chip Packaging ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

In recent years, there has been increased focus on fan-out wafer level packaging with the growing inclusion of a variety of fan-out wafer level packages in mobile products. While fan-out wafer level packaging may be the right solution for many designs, it is not always the lowest cost solution. The right packaging choice is the packaging technology that meets design requirements at the lowest cost. Flip chip packaging, a more mature technology, continues to be an alternative to fan-out wafer level packaging. It is important for many in the electronic packaging industry to be able to determine whether flip chip or fan-out wafer level packaging is the most cost-effective option. This paper will compare the cost of flip chip and fan-out wafer level packaging across a variety of designs. Additionally, the process flows for each technology will be introduced and the cost drivers highlighted. A variety of package sizes, die sizes, and design features will be covered by the cost comparison. Yield is a key component of cost and will also be considered in the analysis. Activity based cost modeling will be used for this analysis. With this type of cost modeling, a process flow is divided into a series of activities, and the total cost of each activity is accumulated. The cost of each activity is determined by analyzing the following attributes: time required, labor required, material required (consumable and permanent), capital required, and yield loss. The goal of this cost comparison is to determine which design features drive a design to be packaged more cost-effectively as a flip chip package, and which design features result in a lower cost fan-out wafer level package.

Evaluation of Hydrogen Cracking Susceptibility in X120 Girth Welds

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Macia ◽  
D. P. Fairchild ◽  
J. Y. Koo ◽  
N. V. Bangaru
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Hydrogen Cracking ◽  
Girth Welding ◽  
Groove Test ◽  
Girth Welds ◽  
The Cost

To reduce the cost of long distance gas transmission, high strength pipeline steels are being developed. Implementation of high strength pipeline materials requires the avoidance of hydrogen cracking during field girth welding. A study of hydrogen cracking in X120 girth welds has been conducted. Cracking resistance of both the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) were investigated. The laboratory tests included the controlled thermal severity (CTS) test, the WIC test and the Y-groove test. In addition, multi-pass plate welds and full pipe welds were completed and examined for the presence of hydrogen cracks. The suitability of each test method for predicting cracking in X120 girth welds is determined. The morphology of hydrogen cracks in X120 girth welds is described, and the conditions necessary to prevent hydrogen cracking are identified. Following the laboratory studies, construction of X120 pipelines without cracking was demonstrated through a 1.6 km field trial.

scholarly journals High and dry: Trade-off in arboreal calling in a treefrog mediated by local environment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda S Cicchino ◽  
Nicholas A Cairns ◽  
Grégory Bulté ◽  
Stephen C Lougheed
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Calling Behavior ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Mating Call ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Trade-offs shaping behavioral variation are often influenced by the environment. We investigated the role that the environment plays in mediating trade-offs using a widespread frog with a conspicuous mating display, Pseudacris crucifer. We first demonstrated, using playback and desiccation experiments, that calling site selection involves a trade-off between sound transmission and desiccation. We then determined the influence of local environmental conditions on the intensity of the trade-off by examining range-wide behavioral and environmental data. We showed that the benefit of improved call transmission is positively influenced by vegetation density and ground cover. Behavioral data are consistent with this relationship: sites with a greater transmission benefit have increased prevalence of arboreally calling males. We also found that the prevalence of arboreal calling behavior increases with relative humidity and air temperature, suggesting an influence of these environmental variables on the desiccation cost of arboreal calling. This study provides a clear example of the role of the environment in mediating trade-off intensities and shaping critical behavioral traits. Local environment mediates the intensity of a trade-off associated with arboreal calling behavior in a treefrog. Combining observational and experimental approaches, we show that arboreal calling behavior increases the transmission of a mating call while potentially subjecting individuals to a rate of desiccation six times greater than terrestrial calling. Local environmental conditions influence both the benefit and the cost of this trade-off, subjecting different populations to varying trade-off intensities and shaping arboreal calling behavior.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Laboratory Tests in Hospitals

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Stilwell ◽  
D Young ◽  
A Cunnington
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Value For Money ◽  
Unique Information ◽  
A Value ◽  
Medical Emergencies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Test Request ◽  
Test Result

The use of laboratory tests in the management of 174 randomly selected patients admitted as acute medical emergencies was monitored in detail. The occasions when a test result changed patient management, and the nature of that change, were noted. Tests were classified according to information yielded and the importance of any action taken. For biochemistry alone every test result was costed. A ranking for all tests was produced, in terms of expected actions per test, and for biochemistry a ‘value for money’ table giving actions per pound spent. Every test request was classified as either discretionary or non-discretionary. The discretionary category was further subdivided into diagnostic and monitoring. The values, in terms of action-producing results, of non-discretionary, diagnostic, and monitoring tests were compared, and this comparison showed that the cost per item of helpful information was about £10 for diagnostic, £23 for monitoring, and £20 for non- discretionary tests. In total, £1790 was spent, and 28 items of unique information were yielded, enabling clinicians to discharge five patients, take seven courses of action which would have had serious consequences if omitted, and 16 actions the omission of which would have led to very serious consequences.

scholarly journals Do emergency physicians know the costs of medical care?

CJEM ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Innes ◽  
Eric Grafstein ◽  
Jonathan McGrogan
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Emergency Physicians ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Awareness ◽  
Pharmaceutical Costs

ABSTRACT Objectives: To estimate the level of knowledge that Canadian emergency physicians have of the costs of common diagnostic tests and interventions in the emergency department (ED). Methods: In a cross-sectional survey, 75 emergency physicians from 7 community and academic EDs were asked to estimate the cost of 60 of the most commonly ordered imaging modalities, laboratory tests and pharmaceuticals. Their estimates were compared to actual costs obtained from hospital finance departments. For each test or pharmaceutical, physician error was calculated as a percentage of the actual value, using the formula [(actual – estimated) / actual] × 100. For each item, the proportion of responses that were underestimates, the proportion that were overestimates and the proportion that were accurate within 25% were reported. Results: Mean error of the physicians’ estimates was 40% (95% confidence interval [CI], 35%–45%) for imaging studies, 153% (95% CI, 128%–178%) for lab investigations, and 218% (95% CI, 179%–257%) for pharmaceutical costs. Rates of underestimation vs. overestimation were 68% vs. 16% for imaging modalities, 23% vs. 56% for laboratory tests, and 21% vs. 64% for pharmaceuticals. Conclusions: Emergency physicians have a limited knowledge of the costs of the tests and interventions they use on a daily basis. They tend to overestimate lab and pharmaceutical costs but underestimate imaging costs. Cost-awareness programs for emergency physicians are most likely to be beneficial if they focus on imaging modalities.

A New Approach to the Costing of Clinical Laboratory Tests

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 330-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
P M G Broughton ◽  
T C Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Total Annual Cost ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

A method of costing clinical laboratory tests is described which avoids the assumptions and omissions of previous methods and overcomes the basic theoretical difficulty of allocating indirect (overhead) costs, which form the major component. The method develops the concept of a ‘cost per request” to cover indirect costs, which reflect the cost of providing laboratory facilities, and a ‘cost per test” to cover the direct analytical costs of the individual tests done. The direct cost per test was found to vary with the workload, which makes it difficult to predict the effect of changes in demand on expenditure. The Canadian Schedule of Unit Values was found to be an unreliable basis for calculating direct labour costs. Examples are given of the direct and indirect costs of consumables, labour, and capital, and their contribution to the total cost of clinical chemistry tests done either during or outside normal working hours. The total annual cost for each analyte may be a more useful indicator of expenditure than the cost per test.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of shotcrete Brazilian discs coated with thin spray-on liners to environmental conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 121 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Kanda ◽  
T.R. Stacey
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Rock Support ◽  
Strength Enhancement ◽  
Indirect Tensile

SYNOPSIS Thin spray-on liners (TSLs) have been used as sealants and rock support in tunnels for over 25 years. Laboratory tests have indicated satisfactory properties that can provide adequate strength, adhesion, toughness, and elasticity as part of rock support systems in mining excavations. These characteristics are, however, not always demonstrated in practice, when mine environmental conditions do not correspond with laboratory environmental conditions. The shortcomings of TSLs experienced in the mining industry have raised concerns, resulting in scepticism from some operators regarding their utilization. The research described in this paper aims to investigate TSL performance in environmental conditions similar to those experienced in mines. Brazilian indirect tensile (BIT) specimens were prepared from precast shotcrete and coated with TSLs. The specimens were then exposed to different environmental conditions for up to 112 days before BIT testing under various conditions: laboratory room temperature and humidity; saturated room temperature; and combined saturated and high temperature (50°C). Additional uncoated shotcrete and TSL BIT specimens were prepared for comparison purposes. The results of the BIT tests showed that environmental conditions have a significant influence on the tensile strength enhancement of shotcrete by TSLs. Water-based TSLs are most likely to be suitable for high humidity environments, although their performance decreases at higher temperatures. Numerical modelling of TSL-coated BIT samples confirms the potential limitations of designing TSL support based only on laboratory testing carried out under room conditions. Keywords: thin spray-on liner, Brazilian indirect tensile (BIT) test, TSL performance, environmental conditions, humidity, high temperature.

scholarly journals Fotoblastismo e temperaturas na germinação de sementes de celosias

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 408-414
Author(s):  
Janine Farias Menegaes ◽  
Geovana Facco Barbieri ◽  
Rogério Antônio Bellé ◽  
Ubirajara Russi Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Thermal Range ◽  
Celosia Argentea ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Cold Chamber

Germination is the result of the triggering of various processes occurred in the seed, which are influenced by the environmental conditions, especially light and temperature. In this way, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different temperatures and photoblastic on the germination of cockscomb seeds. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomizeddesign, with a 2 x 5 factorial scheme (two lighting regimes and five temperatures), with four replicates of 50 seeds, for two species of cockscomb (Celosia argentea L. and C. cristata L.). The lighting regimes were with absence (dark continuous) and the presence of light (photoperiod of 24 h), and temperatures were constant at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ºC. The seed lots of the two species of cockscomb were cultivated in 2012 and stored in a cold chamber (15 ºC and 40% RH), with an average moisture content of 11% and a mean germination of 98%. The results of the laboratory tests indicated that the two species of cockscomb presented fast germination in average 2.5 and 4.5 days for the regimes with presence and absence of illumination, respectively, characterizing as neutral photoblastic species. However, it was observed that the temperature is a limiting factor for the germination of the two species of cockscomb, having its optimal thermal range between 20 and 30 ºC.

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