scholarly journals Analysis of natural radionuclide concentrations in selected building materials available on the domestic market

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
Aneta Łukaszek-Chmielewska ◽  
Martin Girard ◽  
Karol Wojtkowski ◽  
Krzysztof Isajenko ◽  
Barbara Piotrowska
Keyword(s):  
Activity Coefficient ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Natural Radionuclide ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Radioactive Isotopes ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Annual Dose ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Effective Annual Dose

This article presents the results of natural radioactivity research for selected building materials such as: ceramic blocks, cellular concrete, solid bricks, ceramic roof tiles, cement, mortars, plaster and adhesives available on the domestic market. In Poland, the possibility of using various raw materials and ready-made construction materials depends on the values of activity coefficients f1 and f2. The activity coefficient f1 determines the content of natural isotopes in the examined material, as an indicator of the whole body exposure to gamma radiation. The activity coefficient f2 determines the content of radium 226Ra in the examined material, as an indicator of the epithelial lung exposure to the alpha radiation emitted through radon decay products, taken together with the air by the human respiratory system. Activity coefficients are described by natural potassium 40K, radium 226Ra and 228Th. The activity concentrations of these radionuclide were determined using MAZAR analyzer with a scintillation detector. The highest concentrations of natural radioactive isotopes were recorded for solid bricks, while plaster has the lowest concentration. Nevertheless, none of the tested samples had activity of both coefficients exceeding the limit values, which means each of the analyzed materials can be safely used in buildings intended for human stays or livestock. Additionally, the work has determined the dose rate and effective annual dose equivalent for the analyzed building materials.

scholarly journals Review of international normatives for natural radioactivity determination in building materials

Nukleonika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eros Mossini ◽  
Elena Macerata ◽  
Marco Giola ◽  
Mario Mariani
Keyword(s):  
Natural Radioactivity ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Natural Radionuclide ◽  
Radioactive Isotopes ◽  
Secular Equilibrium ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
The Public ◽  
Critical Issues

Abstract Anthropogenic activities, such as high-altitude flights and living in buildings, have enhanced the public exposure to natural radiation. In particular, 40K and radionuclides belonging to 232Th and 238U decay chains are present even in building materials, and they may be considered as partially responsible for the effective dose coming from natural radioactivity. Scientists and governments have devoted great attention to the evaluation of the effects produced on the public by naturally occurring radionuclides. In this context, to evaluate the building materials acceptability, accurate and reliable methods for the measurement of the specific activity of natural radioactive isotopes in building materials have been developed. This paper aims to provide a clear and exhaustive review on natural radionuclide measurement procedures. Several standard national normatives (Dutch NEN 5697, Italian UNI 10797, Polish ITB 455), based on gamma spectrometry, have been considered and some critical issues were identified regarding the preparation and the radiometric measuring of the samples. Therefore, the direct measurement of 238U and 232Th by ICP-MS spectrometry as well as the extrapolation of the specific activities without waiting for secular equilibrium have been considered as two promising alternative approaches.

Research on Thermodynamic Properties of Bioleaching Solution in Lean Nickel-Cobalt Ore by Pitzer - Meissner Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 1092-1093 ◽  
pp. 1455-1459
Author(s):  
Chu Yue Hou ◽  
Gui Ying Zhou ◽  
Jian Kang Wen ◽  
Biao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Activity Coefficient ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Pitzer Model ◽  
Foreign Ions ◽  
Nickel Cobalt

In this paper, we jointly use the Pitzer model and the Meissner model to study thermodynamic laws of bioleaching solution in a lean nickel-cobalt ore in the Jilin Baishan, by using the Pitzer model to calculate activity coefficients of single electrolyte aqueous solutions and the Meissner model to calculate activity coefficients of components in the bioleaching solution. Also we studied the rules of activity coefficient of NiSO4 and CoSO4 in the solution. Results show that when separating and purifying foreign ions from bioleaching solution of the lean nickel-cobalt ore, the descending sequence of their ion concentration’s effect over the solution is Mg2+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Ca2+.

Natural Radioactivity in Clay Ceramics and their Raw Materials in Latvia

2018 ◽  
Vol 788 ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Daina Riekstina ◽  
Tamara Krasta ◽  
Ruta Švinka
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Natural Radionuclide ◽  
Decay Chain ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Clay Ceramics

Natural radionuclides K-40, and Th-232, U-238 (Ra-226) decay chain products contained in building materials are the main source of radiation dose received by population and the only source of indoor radiation exposure. Present work contains results of the study of natural radionuclide activity level in clay, clay ceramics and silica bricks used in Latvia. Obtained data show that radionuclide content in different clay products can differ up to five times. However, determined activity index values for all tested materials, except fireproof bricks, were below radionuclide concentration level permitted by EU and Latvian national regulations. Comparison with analogous data from other North European and Baltic countries shows that average concentrations of natural radionuclides and activity index values for clay and clay bricks used in Latvia are on the same level as in other countries, except Sweden.

scholarly journals Radioactivity of Five Typical General Industrial Solid Wastes and its Influence in Solid Waste Recycling

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihui Shen ◽  
Qin Zhang ◽  
Wei Cheng ◽  
Qianlin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Radium Equivalent Activity ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Industrial Solid Waste ◽  
Electrolytic Manganese ◽  
Electrolytic Manganese Residue

The level of radionuclides is an important index for the preparation of building materials from industrial solid waste. In order to investigate the radiological hazard of five kinds of typical general industrial solid wastes in Guizhou, China, including fly ash (FA), red mud (RM), phosphorus slag (PS), phosphogypsum (PG), and electrolytic manganese residue (EMR), the radiation intensity and associated radiological impact were studied. The results show that concentrations of 238U, 235U, 232Th, 226Ra, 210Pb, and 40K for different samples vary widely. The concentration of 238U was both positively correlated with 235U and 226Ra, and the uranium contents in the measured samples were all of natural origin. The radiation levels of PG, EMR, EMR-Na (EMR activated by NaOH), and EMR-Ca (EMR activated by Ca(OH)2) were all lower than the Chinese and the world’s recommended highest levels for materials allowed to be directly used as building materials. The values of the internal and external illumination index (IRa and Iγ, respectively) for FA and RM were higher (IRa > 1.0 and Iγ > 1.3 for FA, IRa > 2.0 and Iγ > 2.0 for RM). The radium equivalent activity (Raeq), indoor and outdoor absorbed dose (Din and Dout, respectively), and corresponding annual effective dose rate (Ein and Eout) of RM, PS, and FA were higher than the recommended limit values (i.e., 370 Bq/kg, 84 nGy/h, 59 nGy/h, 0.4 mSv/y, and 0.07 mSv/y, respectively), resulting from the higher relative contribution of 226Ra and 232Th. The portion of RM, FA, and PS in building materials should be less than 75.44%, 29.72%, and 66.01%, respectively. This study provides quantitative analysis for the safe utilization of FA, RM, PS, PG, and EMR in Guizhou building materials.

Dry Mixes for Self-Leveling Floors Based on Composite Binder

2019 ◽  
Vol 802 ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Ruslan Aharonovich Abramov ◽  
Maksim Sergeevich Sokolov ◽  
Meir Nisonovich Surilov ◽  
Svetlana Vyacheslavovna Derevianko
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
World Market ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Composite Binder ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Consumption Structure ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time ◽  
Different Levels

Currently, dry mixes (CDM) play an important role in the development of the world market of building materials. The industry of construction and finishing materials in Russia is quite young: the first time the dry building mixes appeared on the Russian market in the late 1980s, the consumption structure of CDM in the domestic market the main share (70%) are in the adhesive and plasters. The use of other compositions, in particular mixtures for self – leveling floors, does not have significant volumes and often the reason for this is the lack of design solutions and the low level of qualification of specialists at different levels from workers to designers who do not own CDM technologies.

Work-Relatedness and Threshold Limit Values for Back Disorders due to Exposure to whole Body Vibration

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (30) ◽  
pp. 5-620-5-620
Author(s):  
Judy Village ◽  
Murray Lott
Keyword(s):  
Whole Body Vibration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Threshold Limit Values ◽  
Body Vibration ◽  
Back Disorders ◽  
Exposure Data ◽  
Threshold Limit ◽  
Heavy Equipment ◽  
Standards And Guidelines

Threshold limit values (TLVs) for exposure to occupational whole body vibration (WBV) are proposed based on a review of epidemiological literature and of standards and guidelines available. When TLVs are applied to exposure data for various heavy equipment reported in the literature, conclusions are made about the likelihood of various equipment types contributing to occupational back disorders due to exposure to WBV.

Numerical model of detector for in vivo internal dosimetry in radiological incidents

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
Jakub Ośko ◽  
Katarzyna Tymińska
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Radioactive Isotopes ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Internal Dosimetry ◽  
Internal Contamination ◽  
Contaminated Area ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of this work was to create a numerical model of scintillation detector and to check whether such detector can be used for the measurements of internal contamination in emergency conditions. The purpose of the measurements would be only detection of possible contamination, without identification of radioactive isotopes, and hence without estimation of effective dose. However, in emergency conditions, it is sufficient for the rapid selection of a group of contaminated persons, who should be subjected to careful inspection in the laboratory conditions. The calculations were performed for three detector positions relatively to the phantom. The distribution of dose rate was also calculated, in order to find the best geometry for dose rate measurements around human body. Another problem under consideration was the possible influence of radioactive contamination in the environment on the registration of the gamma spectrum emitted from the whole body phantom. Performed calculations showed that there is a possibility to measure internal contamination outside laboratory, even in contaminated area.

scholarly journals Flash point of organic binary mixtures containing alcohols: experiment and prediction

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Hristova ◽  
Dimitar Damgaliev
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Activity Coefficient ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Thermodynamic Model ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Wilson Equation ◽  
Nrtl Equation

AbstractThe flash points of three organic binary mixtures containing alcohols were measured in the present work. The experimental data was obtained using the Pensky-Martens closed cup tester. The experimental data were compared with the values calculated by the Liaw model. Activity coefficients were calculated by the Wilson equation and NRTL equation. The accuracy of predicted flash point values is dependent on the thermodynamic model used for activity coefficient.

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