scholarly journals Citizens’ attitudes towards local autonomy and inter-local cooperation: evidence from Western Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Strebel ◽  
Daniel Kübler
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Local Autonomy ◽  
Local Cooperation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Citizens Attitudes ◽  
Governance Reforms

AbstractRecent decades have seen a strengthening of local autonomy in many European states. At the same time, local governance capacities were strengthened through intermunicipal structures and territorial consolidation to prepare local authorities for additional tasks. In this paper, we assess what citizens think about strengthening local autonomy and strengthening inter-local cooperation. We argue that citizens’ attitudes towards local autonomy and inter-local cooperation are a function of their behavioural, emotional and ideological connection to the local. Using data from a population-based survey in eight West European metropolitan areas in France, Germany, Switzerland and the UK, we show that local autonomy and inter-local cooperation supporters have divergent ideological positions concerning the allocation of political authority across state scales. Inter-local cooperation is supported by voters of new progressive left parties but opposed by right-wing nationalist partisans—who in contrast favour local autonomy. This suggests that the demarcation–integration divide which structures citizens’ attitudes towards international integration also matters for subnational and local governance reforms.

scholarly journals The risk of fracture among patients with psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: a population-based study

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 882-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Ogdie ◽  
Lauren Harter ◽  
Daniel Shin ◽  
Joshua Baker ◽  
Junko Takeshita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Severe Psoriasis ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Risk Of Fracture ◽  
Start Date ◽  
Systemic Medication ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk

ObjectiveTo determine the risk of fracture and osteoporosis among patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and psoriasis, compared with the general population and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsA population-based cohort study was performed in The Health Improvement Network in the UK using data from 1994 to 2014. Patients aged 18–89 years with PsA or psoriasis and up to five unexposed controls matched by practice and start date within that practice were included. Patients with RA and matched controls were included for comparison. Severe psoriasis was defined by a code for psoriasis and either phototherapy or a systemic medication for psoriasis. Incidence and adjusted HRs (aHR) for fracture (all, hip, vertebral) were calculated.ResultsPatients with PsA (n=9788), psoriasis (n=158 323) and controls (n=821 834) were identified. Patients with PsA had an elevated risk of all fracture aHR 1.26 (1.06 to 1.27). Patients with mild psoriasis had elevated risk of all fractures, vertebral and hip fracture: aHR 1.07 (1.05 to 1.10), 1.17 (1.03 to 1.33) and 1.13 (1.04 to 1.22). Patients with severe psoriasis had significantly elevated risk of all fracture and vertebral fracture: aHR 1.26 (1.15 to 1.39) and 2.23 (1.54 to 3.22).ConclusionsPsA and psoriasis are associated with an elevated risk for fracture.

scholarly journals Within-family studies for Mendelian randomization: avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Brumpton ◽  
Eleanor Sanderson ◽  
Fernando Pires Hartwig ◽  
Sean Harrison ◽  
Gunnhild Åberge Vie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Stratification ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Family Effects ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk

AbstractMendelian randomization (MR) is a widely-used method for causal inference using genetic data. Mendelian randomization studies of unrelated individuals may be susceptible to bias from family structure, for example, through dynastic effects which occur when parental genotypes directly affect offspring phenotypes. Here we describe methods for within-family Mendelian randomization and through simulations show that family-based methods can overcome bias due to dynastic effects. We illustrate these issues empirically using data from 61,008 siblings from the UK Biobank and Nord-Trøndelag Health Study. Both within-family and population-based Mendelian randomization analyses reproduced established effects of lower BMI reducing risk of diabetes and high blood pressure. However, while MR estimates from population-based samples of unrelated individuals suggested that taller height and lower BMI increase educational attainment, these effects largely disappeared in within-family MR analyses. We found differences between population-based and within-family based estimates, indicating the importance of controlling for family effects and population structure in Mendelian randomization studies.

scholarly journals Utilisation of Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests in European Countries by Type of Screening Offer: Results from the European Health Interview Survey

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Cardoso ◽  
Feng Guo ◽  
Thomas Heisser ◽  
Michael Hoffmeister ◽  
Hermann Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Population Based ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Lower Test ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk

In the past two decades, an extensive rollout of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programmes has been initiated in European countries with a large heterogeneity of screening offers. Using data from a population-based cross-sectional survey conducted between 2013 and 2016 in all European Union countries, we analysed the utilisation of faecal tests and colonoscopy among people aged 50–74 years and the factors associated with uptake by type of screening offer. We observed the highest utilisation of either test for countries with fully rolled out organised programmes with faecal tests (ranging from 29.7% in Croatia to 66.7% in the UK) and countries offering both faecal tests and colonoscopy (from 22.7% in Greece to 70.9% in Germany). Utilisation was very low for countries with no programme (from 6.3% in Romania to 30.5% in Norway). Younger age (50–54 years), longer time since last consultation with a doctor and a lifestyle score associated with increased CRC risk were significantly associated with lower test use, a pattern observed across all types of screening offers. Our results suggest that more countries should implement organised programmes with faecal immunochemical tests, in combination with alternative endoscopy offers where resources allow. Furthermore, there is a large potential for increasing screening use in Europe by better reaching the younger eligible individuals, those who have not been to the doctor recently and those at increased risk for CRC.

scholarly journals GWAS of retinal vessel tortuosity identifies 85 novel loci recovering variants associated with disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Tomasoni ◽  
Ninon Mounier ◽  
Eleonora Porcu ◽  
Tanguy Corre ◽  
Hana Abouzeid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Retinal Vessel ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Independent Population ◽  
Disease Risks ◽  
Vessel Tortuosity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk

AbstractFundus pictures of the eye allow for non-invasive inspection of the microvasculature system of the retina which is informative on cardiovascular health. Automated image processing enables the extraction of morphometric properties of this system as quantitative features that can be used for modelling disease risks.Here we report the results of the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of retinal vessel tortuosity conducted to date using data from the UK Biobank (N=63,899). We identified 87 loci associated with this trait (85 of which are novel). The heritability of the trait was h2=0.23 (0.02). We carried out a replication study on a small independent population-based cohort, SKIPOGH (N=436). While the power of this study was too small to replicate individual hits, the effect size estimates correlated significantly between the two studies (Pearson correlation r=0.55, p=4.6E-6). Using LD score regression, we showed that the alleles associated with retinal vessel tortuosity point to a common genetic architecture of this trait with CVD and related traits.Our results shed new light on the genetics of cardiovascular risk factors and disease.

scholarly journals How Brexit was made in England

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailsa Henderson ◽  
Charlie Jeffery ◽  
Dan Wincott ◽  
Richard Wyn Jones
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
British Politics ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
English National Identity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Made In

The Leave majority recorded in England was decisive in determining the UK-wide referendum result. Brexit was made in England. We take this as a prompt to challenge the conventional Anglo-British mindset that animates most studies of ‘British politics’ and has shaped public attitudes research on the United Kingdom. We explore the persistence of distinctive Eurosceptic views in England and their relationship to English national identity prior to the referendum. We then model referendum vote choice using data from the Future of England Survey. Our analysis shows that immigration concerns played a major role in the Brexit referendum, alongside a general willingness to take risks, right-wing views, older age, and English national identity. Therefore, Brexit was not just made in England, but English ness was also a significant driver of the choice for Leave.

Serotype dynamics of invasive pneumococcal disease post-PCV7 and pre-PCV13 introduction in North East England

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. CHAPMAN ◽  
D. WILSON ◽  
R. GORTON
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
North East ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk

SUMMARYThe 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has been included in the routine childhood immunization programme in the UK since September 2006. A population-based study of serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) post-PCV7 in North East England was conducted using data from a regional enhanced IPD surveillance system. Overall, there was a 20% reduction [95% confidence interval (CI) 5–32] from 12·1 cases/100 000 population in 2006/2007 to 9·7 in 2009/2010. There was a fall in IPD caused by PCV7 serotypes in all age groups, with reductions of 90% (95% CI 61–99) in children aged <5 years, 50% (95% CI 4–75) in persons aged 5–64 years and 66% (95% CI 40–82) in adults aged ⩾65 years. There was a non-significant increase in IPD caused by non-PCV7 serotypes in children aged <5 years of 88% (95% CI −10 to 312) and adults aged ⩾65 years of 12% (95% CI −19 to 50), which was largely caused by serotypes 7F, 19A and 22F. Replacement disease appears to have reduced the benefits of PCV7 in North East England.

Right Wing Populist Civic Movements: Western Experience and the Situation in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
A. Mitrofanova ◽  
O. Mikhailenok
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The North ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Western Experience ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Right

The article aims at identifying the characteristics shared by the right-wing populist civil movements of Western Europe and the USA and evaluating the possibility to use them for researching right-wing nationalist organizations in Russia. The movements selected for the comparison range from party-like electoral actors to unorganized protesters. They include as follows: The Five-star Movement (Italy), PEGIDA and the like (Germany), the English Defence League (the UK), the Tea Party Movement (the US). The authors identified several interrelated characteristics shared by these movements: (1) dealing with local, usually social, issues, (2) network-like structure of autonomous local groups building the agenda from below, (3) ideological ambivalence leading to replacing ideology with subculture, (4) digitalization of activism. Although in Russia there are no civic movements structurally or functionally identical to Western right-wing populists, the authors demonstrate that local social issues and civic responsibility have become important topics for some Russian nationalists (right-wing radicals) since the mid 2000s. The trends of deideologization and dealing with non-political local issues are researched mainly on the example of the “Frontier of the North” (Komi Republic). The authors conclude that some of the radical Russian nationalists are gradually declining their own independent agenda, following local protests instead. This opens up the possibility for right-wing organizations to become local civil society institutions and to participate successfully in local elections, similar to the “electoral break-through” of right-wing populists in the West. Although it is too early to speak about the deideologization of Russian nationalism, the article suggests that some nationalists are ready to mitigate ideological tensions to secure expanded social support. At the moment, nationalist organizations in Russia remain frozen between right-wing radicalism and emulating Western right-wing populism.

Ethnic Differences in Self-Poisoning Across South London

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-272
Author(s):  
Sean Cross ◽  
Dinesh Bhugra ◽  
Paul I. Dargan ◽  
David M. Wood ◽  
Shaun L. Greene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
White Women ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Managing Risk ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Minority Ethnic

Background: Self-poisoning (overdose) is the commonest form of self-harm cases presenting to acute secondary care services in the UK, where there has been limited investigation of self-harm in black and minority ethnic communities. London has the UK’s most ethnically diverse areas but presents challenges in resident-based data collection due to the large number of hospitals. Aims: To investigate the rates and characteristics of self-poisoning presentations in two central London boroughs. Method: All incident cases of self-poisoning presentations of residents of Lambeth and Southwark were identified over a 12-month period through comprehensive acute and mental health trust data collection systems at multiple hospitals. Analysis was done using STATA 12.1. Results: A rate of 121.4/100,000 was recorded across a population of more than half a million residents. Women exceeded men in all measured ethnic groups. Black women presented 1.5 times more than white women. Gender ratios within ethnicities were marked. Among those aged younger than 24 years, black women were almost 7 times more likely to present than black men were. Conclusion: Self-poisoning is the commonest form of self-harm presentation to UK hospitals but population-based rates are rare. These results have implications for formulating and managing risk in clinical services for both minority ethnic women and men.

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