Control and Sense of Eye Movement behind Closed Eyelids

Perception ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jüri Allik ◽  
Marika Rauk ◽  
Aavo Luuk
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Poor Control ◽  
Gaze Stabilization ◽  
Eyelid Closure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Available Information ◽  
And Control ◽  
Human Eyes

To investigate the question of what happens with regard to position sense and control of the human eyes when the eyelids are closed, the contact-wire-free electromagnetic eye movement recording method was developed. It was shown that after the start of blinking or eyelid closure, the eyball moves up as the upper eyelids come down. Experimental data show human inability to maintain a given position of the eyes in the head under the closed eyelids. When the subject was asked to follow a simple geometrical path, a very weak metrical and topological correspondence between desired and actual paths occurred with closed eyes. It is proposed that the poor control of eye movements behind closed eyelids is due to the lack of available information about eye position in the head. The assumption was confirmed by providing artificial auditory feedback about eyeball position to the subject, which can be effectively used for gaze stabilization by the subject. It is suggested that visual information is the only useful basis for eye movement regulation under normal conditions.

scholarly journals Meningkatkan attensi belajar siswa kelas awal melalui media visual

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Husnul Khotimah ◽  
Asep Supena ◽  
Nandang Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Visual Media ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
Internet Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Control

Penelitian literatur ini bertujuan untuk mencari solusi terkait dengan upaya meningkatan perhatian siswa khususnya ditingkat awal yaitu kelas 1, 2 dan 3 terhadap tugas belajarnya selama proses pembelajaran berlangsung menggunakan media pembelajaran visual. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode tinjauan literatur integratif. Metode ini menggabungkan berbagai artikel berbasis empiris dan penelitian, buku, dan literatur lain yang dipublikasikan tentang penggunaan media visual dalam meningkatkan perhatian belajar siswa kelas awal tersebut. Penelitian literatur ini menyimpulkan: (1) Perhatian adalah proses pemilihan informasi yang dikontrol secara sukarela oleh subjek (sadar), atau dapat karena pengaruh beberapa peristiwa eksternal yang ditangkap indera (tidak sadar); (2) Proses perhatian terjadi melalui seleksi, kesadaran, dan control; (3) Model media visual yang digunakan sebaiknya bervariasi baik media pembelajaran yang dibuat oleh guru maupun media dari internet. Media visual dalam bentuk infografis merupakan model media visual yang paling disarankan; (4) Implikasi dari fungsi media visual terhadap memori penginderaan antara lain: (a) memori pengindera hanya dapat mengolah informasi dalam jumlah terbatas, sehingga media visual yang digunakan untuk menyajikan materi pembelajaran perlu didesain sedemikian sehingga informasi-informasi kunci dapat diterima oleh siswa dengan baik; (b) memori penginderaan yang memiliki daya serap paling tinggi adalah indera penglihatan, sehingga mengkombinasikan sajian informasi visual dapat meningkatkan jumlah informasi yang mampu diterima oleh memori pengindera. AbstractThis literature research aims to find solutions related to efforts to increase the attention of students, especially at the initial level, grades 1, 2 and 3 of their learning tasks during the learning process takes place using visual learning media. This study uses the method of review of integrative literature. This method combines various empirical and research-based articles, books, and other published literature on the use of visual media in increasing the attention of students learning in the early grades. This literature research concludes: (1) Attention is the process of selecting information that is voluntarily controlled by the subject (conscious), or it can be due to the influence of some external events that are sensed (unconscious); (2) The process of attention occurs through selection, awareness, and control; (3) The visual media model used should vary both the learning media made by the teacher and the media from the internet. Visual media in the form of infographics is the most recommended visual media model; (4) The implications of the function of visual media on sensing memory include: (a) memory sensors can only process information in a limited amount, so that the visual media used to present learning material needs to be designed so that key information can be received properly by students; (b) sensing memory that has the highest absorption power is the sense of sight, so combining visual information offerings can increase the amount of information that the sensory memory can receive.

scholarly journals A new motor synergy that serves the needs of oculomotor and eye lid systems while keeping the downtime of vision minimal

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Farhan Khazali ◽  
Joern K Pomper ◽  
Aleksandra Smilgin ◽  
Friedemann Bunjes ◽  
Peter Thier
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Loss Of Information ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Motor Synergy ◽  
Eye Torsion ◽  
Visual Continuity

The purpose of blinks is to keep the eyes hydrated and to protect them. Blinks are rarely noticed by the subject as blink-induced alterations of visual input are blanked out without jeopardizing the perception of visual continuity, features blinks share with saccades. Although not perceived, the blink-induced disconnection from the visual environment leads to a loss of information. Therefore there is critical need to minimize it. Here we demonstrate evidence for a new type of eye movement serving a distinct oculomotor demand, namely the resetting of eye torsion, likewise inevitably causing a loss of visual information. By integrating this eye movement into blinks, the inevitable down times of vision associated with each of the two behaviors are synchronized and the overall downtime minimized.

THE EFFECT OF APPLYING DEMONSTRATION METHOD ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN SPEAKING SKILL AT THE THIRD GRADE OF SMK PAB 3 MEDAN ESTATE

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meryanti Napitupulu And Anni Holila Pulungan
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vocational High School ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Speaking Test ◽  
The Third ◽  
Speaking Skill ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

This study was conducted as an attempt to discover the effect of applying Demonstration Method on students’ achievement in speaking skill. It was an experimental research. The subject was students of Grade XII, Vocational High School (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan: SMK), which consisted of 79 students. The research was divided into two groups: experimental and control groups. The instrument used to collect the data was speaking test. To obtain the reliability of the test, the writer applied Kuder Richardson 21 formula. The result of the reliability was 0.7, and it was found that the test was reliable. The data were analyzed by using t-test formula. The analysis showed that the scores of the students in the experimental group were significantly higher than the scores of the students in the control group at the level of significant m = 0.05 with the degree of freedom (df) 77, t-observed value 8.9 > t-table value 1.99. The findings indicate that using Demonstration Method significantly affected the students’ achievement in speaking skill. So, English teachers are suggested to use Demonstration Method in order to improve students’ achievement in speaking skill.

The Implementation of Learning Materials Based on Local Wisdom of Agricultural in Binjai to Improve the Students Problem Solving Abilities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Tsalits Fahman Mughni
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Control Group ◽  
School Grade ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Teaching materials by integrating local culture makes easier for students to understand the subject matter in the learning process. The aims of the study is to measure the effectiveness of teaching materials based on local wisdom of agriculture in Binjai in improving the students problem solving abilities. The research method was a quasi experimental which use non equivalent control group in the pretest posttest design. The sample of study were students of Senior High School grade X in Binjai that consisted of experiment group which used teaching materials based on local wisdom of agriculture in Binjai and control group that used student handbooks. Teaching materials are tested by material experts and technology experts to ensure the quality of teaching materials. Data collection was conducted through test. The results showed that the teaching materials based on local wisdom of agriculture in Binjai effective in improving students problem solving abilities in the experimental group students based on the results of N gain value was 0.67 which has medium criteria. It means teaching materials based on agricultural local wisdom of agriculture in Binjai can be used as one of the teaching materials in learning activities.

scholarly journals GMO Genetic Elements Thesaurus (GMO-GET): a controlled vocabulary for the consensus designation of introduced or modified genetic elements in genetically modified organisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulien Adamse ◽  
Emilie Dagand ◽  
Karen Bohmert-Tatarev ◽  
Daniela Wahler ◽  
Manoela Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Controlled Vocabulary ◽  
Data Systems ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Unique Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Various databases on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) exist, all with their specific focus to facilitate access to information needed for, e. g., the assistance in risk assessment, the development of detection and identification strategies or inspection and control activities. Each database has its unique approach towards the subject. Often these databases use different terminology to describe the GMOs. For adequate GMO addressing and identification and exchange of GMO-related information it is necessary to use commonly agreed upon concepts and terminology. Result A hierarchically structured controlled vocabulary describing the genetic elements inserted into conventional GMOs, and GMOs developed by the use of gen(om)e-editing is presented: the GMO genetic element thesaurus (GMO-GET). GMO-GET can be used for GMO-related documentation, including GMO-related databases. It has initially been developed on the basis of two GMO databases, i.e. the Biosafety Clearing-House and the EUginius database. Conclusion The use of GMO-GET will enable consistent and compatible information (harmonisation), also allowing an accurate exchange of information between the different data systems and thereby facilitating their interoperability. GMO-GET can also be used to describe genetic elements that are altered in organisms obtained through current targeted genome-editing techniques.

scholarly journals Techniques for Mitigating the Effects of Smoke Taint While Maintaining Quality in Wine Production: A Review

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1672
Author(s):  
Ysadora A. Mirabelli-Montan ◽  
Matteo Marangon ◽  
Antonio Graça ◽  
Christine M. Mayr Marangon ◽  
Kerry L. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Global Perspective ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Initial Severity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Available Information

Smoke taint has become a prominent issue for the global wine industry as climate change continues to impact the length and extremity of fire seasons around the world. Although the issue has prompted a surge in research on the subject in recent years, no singular solution has yet been identified that is capable of maintaining the quality of wine made from smoke-affected grapes. In this review, we summarize the main research on smoke taint, the key discoveries, as well as the prevailing uncertainties. We also examine methods for mitigating smoke taint in the vineyard, in the winery, and post production. We assess the effectiveness of remediation methods (proposed and actual) based on available research. Our findings are in agreement with previous studies, suggesting that the most viable remedies for smoke taint are still the commercially available activated carbon fining and reverse osmosis treatments, but that the quality of the final treated wines is fundamentally dependent on the initial severity of the taint. In this review, suggestions for future studies are introduced for improving our understanding of methods that have thus far only been preliminarily investigated. We select regions that have already been subjected to severe wildfires, and therefore subjected to smoke taint (particularly Australia and California) as a case study to inform other wine-producing countries that will likely be impacted in the future and suggest specific data collection and policy implementation actions that should be taken, even in countries that have not yet been impacted by smoke taint. Ultimately, we streamline the available information on the topic of smoke taint, apply it to a global perspective that considers the various stakeholders involved, and provide a launching point for further research on the topic.

The Burden of Stroke in Pakistan

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhojo A. Khealani ◽  
Mohammad Wasay
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Stroke Care ◽  
Poor Control ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Treatment Practices ◽  
Stroke Risk Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Artery Disease

Epidemiologic literature on stroke burden, patterns of stroke is almost non existent from Pakistan. However, several hospital-based case series on the subject are available, mainly published in local medical journals. Despite the fact that true stroke incidence and prevalence of stroke in Pakistan is not known, the burden is assumed to be high because of highly prevalent stroke risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, dyslipidemia and smoking) in the community. High burden of these conventional stroke risk factors is further compounded by lack of awareness, poor compliance hence poor control, and inappropriate management/treatment practices. In addition certain risk factors like rheumatic valvular heart disease may be more prevalent in Pakistan. We reviewed the existing literature on stroke risk factors in community, the risk factor prevalence among stroke patients, patterns of stroke, out come of stroke, availability of diagnostic services/facilities related to stroke and resources for stroke care in Pakistan.

THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF AN ORGANIZATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
Nicolay T. Labyntsev ◽  
Lyubov F. SHILOVA ◽  
Ocsana V. Chukhrova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Security ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

This article revises the mission and the name of the accounting profession in the context of strengthening the economic security of enterprises under the conditions of digitalization of the economy. The authors note that in the contemporary conditions of economic management, enterprises should form and ensure the functioning of the economic security of the enterprise at the proper level. The necessity of in-depth research of economic security at microlevel was considered, the factors influencing the stability of the enterprise were highlighted. High level of economic security of the subject of management consists in guaranteeing him maximum effective and stable functioning now and in future. Subjects of economic security were individual enterprises, and objects — their economic interests. The main goals of ensuring economic security of the enterprise in the part of accounting were singled out, the tasks of accounting policy, aimed at ensuring economic security, were determined. The prospects of the accounting profession in the process of ensuring economic security and reliable safe presentation of the results of doing business in reporting are substantiated. The study contains proposals on the revision of requirements for the qualifications of accountants in order to emphasize their activities aimed at strengthening the economic security of the enterprise.

Inspiratory Speech as a Management Option for Spastic Dysphonia

1992 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon A. Harrison ◽  
Richard H. Troughear ◽  
Pamela J. Davis ◽  
Alison L. Winkworth
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Control ◽  
Laryngeal Resistance

A case study is reported of a subject who has used inspiratory speech (IS) for 6 years as a means of overcoming the communication problems of long-standing adductor spastic dysphonia (ASD). The subject was studied to confirm his use of IS, determine the mechanisms of its production, investigate its effects on ventilatory gas exchange, and confirm that it was perceptually preferable to ASD expiratory speech (ES). Results showed that the production and control of a high laryngeal resistance to airflow were necessary for usable IS. Voice quality was quantitatively and perceptually poor; however, the improved fluency and absence of phonatory spasm made IS the preferred speaking mode for both the listener and the speaker. Transcutaneous measurements of the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the subject's blood were made during extended speaking periods. These measurements indicated that ventilation was unchanged during IS, and that ventilation during ES was similar to the “hyperventilation” state of normal speakers. The reasons for the absence of phonatory spasm during IS are discussed, and the possibility of its use as a noninvasive management option for other ASD sufferers is addressed.

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