Growth periodicity of introduced pastures on the northern tablelands of New South Wales

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 831 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. McPhee ◽  
J. F. Ayres ◽  
M. L. Curll
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growth Rhythm ◽  
Moderate Growth ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Growth Periodicity

This paper reports on the growth periodicity of introduced temperate perennial pastures in a summer-rainfall environment in the high-rainfall zone of eastern Australia. Data were derived from an experiment (1985-87) directed at evaluating pasture cultivars when sown in binary mixtures grazed by sheep. The data were also simulated by using the decision support system SheepO (Version 4·0) and validated by visual techniques, deviance measures, and statistical tests. The model simulated pasture growth rate and total biomass with acceptable accuracy. The study provided a quantification of the growth rhythm of temperate perennial pastures in this environment. The data show that growth rhythm comprises a high growth rate (>50 kg DM/ha·day) during the primary growth cycle in spring, a moderate growth rate (20-50 kg DM/ha·day) during the secondary growth cycle in summer-autumn, and low growth rate (<20 kg DM/ha·day) in winter. The growth performance of introduced pastures based on cv. Demeter tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) exceeded that of pastures based on cv. Sirosa phalaris (Pharlaris aquatica) in all seasons, at low and high stocking rates, and in all 3 years. The results highlight the potential for pasture cultivars with enhanced seasonal growth rate to increase the pasture feed supply for grazing animals.

scholarly journals Revegetation of Rock Slopes with Different Substrates in an Abandoned Quarry in Jinju, Korea

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Ma Hoseop ◽  
Ettagbor Hans Enukwa ◽  
Kang Wonseok ◽  
Kim Choonsig
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Rock Slopes ◽  
High Survival Rate ◽  
Feasible Method ◽  
Leaf Mold ◽  
Dianthus Barbatus ◽  
Target Plant

The purpose of this research was to investigate the use of drilled slanted holes filled with different substrates in the revegetation of rock slopes. Slanted holes were drilled on rock slopes using pneumatic drillers in an abandoned limestone quarry area. These holes were filled with twelve different substrates, treated with Trichoderma harzianum. One climbing plant of Ivy (Hedera rhombea), a native woody plant (Lespedeza cyrtobotrya), three native herbaceous plants (Dianthus barbatus, Siberian chrysanthemum and Aster koraiensis) and one exotic grass plant (Festuca arundinacea) were planted in each of the soils. Six months after planting, only Ivy, Festuca arundinacea, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Dianthus barbatus were still observed growing on the soils, while the other plant species had already died in all the 12 soil treatments. Leaf mold soil + 50% Trichoderma harzianum provide the best conditions for revegetation of Festuca arundinacea, as this plant had its highest mean height, high survival rate, with impressive growth rate on this soil. Lespedeza cyrtobotrya also had its most favorable growth on Leaf mold soil + 50% T. harzianum. Mixed soil + 100% T. harzianum provide the best conditions for revegetation of Ivy. Leaf mold soil + 100% T. harzianum provide the best condition for revegetation of Dianthus barbatus as it had its highest mean height, highest growth rate and high survival rate on this soil. Siberian chrysanthemum and Aster koraiensis had the worse results as all of the plants died within a short period of time after planting. Ivy had the highest mean height, followed by Festuca arundinacea. The planted Ivy and Festuca arundinacea now form the vegetation of the research site which together with the substrate is now providing habitat to some wildlife like some species of centipedes, earthworms, insects and wild plants. Less than one year after planting, F. arundinacea already produced flowers and seeds which would further increase the plant population after dispersal and germination. Drilling slanted holes on rock slopes is therefore a feasible method to be used for revegetation and restoration of degraded quarries.The revegetation of steep rock slopes of quarries is a very challenging activity. However, the method of drilling slanted holes on rock slopes is a feasible method to be used for restoration of degraded quarries. These holes could serve in soil deposition and water retention that will further enhance plant growth.Methods of improving seed germination as well as enhancing growth of plants are also imperative in revegetation success of such degraded landscapes. Different percentage mixtures of T. harzianum in different soils could enhance plant growth depending on the target plant species. Different substrates could thus be used in such revegetation process depending on the target plant species.Revegetation would provide habitat and improve landscape beauty and stability, thus it is important for successful restoration of rock slopes 

Développement de Odontia bicolor chez le sapin baumier infecté artificiellement

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-334
Author(s):  
Denis Lachance
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Moisture Conditions

In a balsam fir stand, two different humus moisture conditions were artificially produced and maintained for 2 years by covering the forest floor with polythene sheets on two out of four plots. In the two covered sample plots the water saturation of the humus layer was 30% lower and the moisture contents of root-wood was 35% lower than those of uncovered plots. Roots in covered plots, inoculated with Odontiabicolor, showed 51.4% infection as compared to 57.7% for those growing in control plots. Similarly, trunk inoculations yielded infection levels of 35.8% and 44.5%, respectively. Statistical tests show no significant difference in infection percentages between wetter and drier conditions for roots and trunks, and a significantly greater susceptibility to infection of the roots by O. bicolor as compared to the trunks. Growth rates of the fungus toward the trunk (in the roots) or up the trunks of 4.4–5.8 cm per year was 25–44% greater than growth in the opposite direction. Root and trunk sizes had no definite influence on infection percentages and growth rate, but the latter was always faster in trunk wood than in root wood.

Growth, morphometrics and size structure of the Diadematidae sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii in northern New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Pecorino ◽  
Miles D. Lamare ◽  
Mike F. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Growth Line ◽  
Fluorescent Marker ◽  
Zealand Population ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Size At Age

The sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii has increased its range in Eastern Australia resulting in important ecological changes. C. rodgersii may also have expanded its distribution range to northern New Zealand in the last five to six decades, although little is known about this process and of the biology of the species in New Zealand. We investigated morphometrics as well as growth using two techniques (growth line count in genital plates and tag–recapture using the fluorescent marker tetracycline). These methods allowed modelling of size at age of C. rodgersii in New Zealand, which we compared with populations recently established in Tasmania. The modelled growth rate was only slightly higher in the New Zealand population, and no differences in morphometrics were observed. The New Zealand population structure suggests that annual recruitment occurs regularly, with the population including a range of ages (3 to 10+ years).

Initial studies of the growth, nitrogen sequestering, and de-watering potential of perennial grass selections for use as nitrogen catch crops in orchards

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Stork ◽  
P. H. Jerie
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
High Water ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Leaching Losses

Two field trials were established to evaluate the ability of perennial grasses to recoup leaching losses of nitrogen in orchards. A perennial grass was considered suitable for use in orchards if it had a winter active–summer dormant growth cycle. High winter growth would ensure de-watering of the soil profile and nitrate uptake during this period, when an orchard is most vulnerable to leaching losses of nitrate. Low growth in summer would minimise competition for water and nutrients with fruit trees. These traits were studied in 14 varieties of grasses from 8 species in an open field and in an established apricot orchard. Semi-dormant summer growth was observed in species such as Dactylis glomerata L. cv. Kasbah, and Festuca arundinacea L. cv. MK88931. In the open field trial, the sequestration of NO3–-N + NH4+-N between late autumn and early spring, by Kasbah and MK88931, was estimated at 172 and 220 kg N/ha, respectively. Kasbah and MK88931 also demonstrated the driest soil profiles to a depth of 1.5 m in this period. This reflected their high water use and de-watering potential. Therefore, the performance of these grasses demonstrated a model approach to mitigate nitrate leaching below orchard root-zones. They could minimise deep percolation of rainfall and sequestered large amounts of inorganic nitrogen in soil during winter, whilst producing low growth during summer.

Survival and biomass of exotic earthworms, Aporrectodea spp. (Lumbricidae), when introduced to pastures in south-eastern Australia

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Baker ◽  
P. J. Carter ◽  
V. J. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Soil P ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Inoculation Density ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Exotic Earthworms ◽  
Soil Clay Content ◽  
South Eastern Australia

The earthworm fauna of pastures in south-eastern Australia is dominated by exotic lumbricid earthworms, in particular the endogeic species, Aporrectodea caliginosa and A. trapezoides. Anecic species such as A. longa are very rare. All 3 species were introduced within cages in 10 pastures on a range of soil types within the region. Five months later, A. longa had generally survived the best and A. trapezoides the worst. The survivals and weights of individual worms varied between sites for all 3 species. The survivals of A. caliginosa and A. longa, and to a lesser extent A. trapezoides, were positively correlated with soil clay content. The weights of A. caliginosa and A. longa, but not A. trapezoides, were positively correlated with soil P content. The survivals and weights of A. longa and A. trapezoides and the weights only of A. caliginosa decreased with increasing inoculation density, suggesting increased intraspecific competition for resources, particularly in the first two species. A. longa reduced the abundance and biomass of the exotic acanthodrilid earthworm, Microscolex dubius, at one site, and the total biomass of 3 native megascolecid species at another, when these latter species occurred as contaminants in A. longa cages. The addition of lime had no effect on the survivals and weights of A. caliginosa, A. longa, and A. trapezoides, although the soils were acid at the sites tested. The addition of sheep dung increased the survival and weights of some species at some sites. Mechanical disturbance of the soil within cages reduced the survivals of A. longa and A. trapezoides. A. longa was released without being caged at 25 sites within one pasture in South Australia. Four years later, it was recovered at all release points. A. longa has the potential to colonise pastures widely throughout the higher rainfall regions of south-eastern Australia.

GROWTH OF THE SALMON EMBRYO

1943 ◽  
Vol 21d (2) ◽  
pp. 19-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Hayes ◽  
F. H. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Quantitative Relation ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Cycle Growth ◽  
Zero Time

Wet and dry weights of Atlantic salmon are given up to the end of yolk sac absorption, and from them the growth rates are determined. Attempts are made to smooth the growth curve by the methods of Brody, Murray-Schmalhausen, and MacDowell et al. Of these the last is best taking zero time as nine days after fertilization. It is concluded that, as to weight, the interval considered ends before the point of inflection of a Sachs growth cycle. Growth in length, however, represents a complete cycle, hence there can be no simple quantitative relation between length and weight. Deviations from the smoothly descending relative growth rate (RGR or Minot) curve are considered, with the conclusion that all such irregularities so far presented can be attributed to random errors (except possibly the posthatching rise in RGR of the trout at 12° reported by Wood). In general weighing is not sufficiently sensitive as a method, to permit a detailed description of the RGR.

scholarly journals Twentieth Century Winter Changes in Southern Hemisphere Synoptic Weather Modes

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorgen S. Frederiksen ◽  
Carsten S. Frederiksen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Storm Track ◽  
Intraseasonal Oscillation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Cloud Band ◽  
Eastern Australia

During the last sixty years, there have been large changes in the southern hemisphere winter circulation and reductions in rainfall particularly in the southern Australian region. Here we examine the corresponding changes in dynamical modes of variability ranging from storm tracks, onset-of-blocking modes, northwest cloud-band disturbances, Antarctic low-frequency modes, intraseasonal oscillations, and African easterly waves. Our study is performed using a global two-level primitive equation instability-model with reanalyzed observed July three-dimensional basic states for the periods 1949–1968, 1975–1994, and 1997–2006. We relate the reduction in the winter rainfall in the southwest of Western Australia since the mid-1970s and in south-eastern Australia since the mid-1990s to changes in growth rate and structures of leading storm track and blocking modes. We find that cyclogenesis and onset-of-blocking modes growing on the subtropical jet have significantly reduced growth rates in the latter periods. On the other hand there is a significant increase in the growth rate of northwest cloud-band modes and intraseasonal oscillation disturbances that cross Australia and are shown to be related to recent positive trends in winter rainfall over northwest Western Australia and central Australia, in general. The implications of our findings are discussed.

PENGARUH PENDAPATAN PER KAPITA, ECONOMIC GROWTH RATE, ECONOMIC STRUCTURE, DAN TAX RATE TERHADAP TAX RATIO PADA NEGARA-NEGARA OECD DAN INDONESIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Danny Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Independent Variables

The purpose of this study to identify and obtain evidence about the influence perkpita income, economic growth rate, economic structure, and the tax rate of the tax ratio in the OECD countries and Indonesia. Type of research is the use of quantitative data, the research is based on the measurement results in the form of numerical data. Sources used in research is secondary data. Methods of data collection in this study is to collect data by the method of documentation. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling, the sampling technique with specific considerations. Because of the limitations of the data of the whole country, then the sample is taken the countries belonging to the OECD, including Indonesia. Based on statistical tests were performed, the results obtained are in the classical assumption test it can be concluded that the regression model has qualified the assumptions of normality, free from the problem of multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, auto correlation. The overall effect of independent variables on the dependent variable is affected by 49.8%. Based on partial test or t test, indicated that of the four independent variables only the economic structure that significantly affect the tax ratio. Keywords: income capita, economic growth rate, economic structure, tax rate, tax ratio

Influence of growth rate and muscle type on muscle fibre type characteristics, protein synthesis capacity and activity of the calpain system in Friesian calves

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Therkildsen ◽  
L. Melchior Larsen ◽  
M. Vestergaard
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Fibre Type ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Muscle Fibre Type ◽  
Moderate Growth ◽  
Calpain System

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of growth rate on muscle fibre characteristics, concentration of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) as indicators of muscle protein synthesis capacity and activity of the calpain system at time of slaughter in m. longissimus lumborum (LL) and m. supraspinatus (SS) from calves, in order to elucidate the effect of growth rate on muscle protein turn-over at time of slaughter. Twenty-four Friesian heifer calves were allocated to two different feeding regimens that allowed for a moderate/moderate (MM) or high/high (HH) growth rate from 5 days of age to 90 kg body weight (BW) (period I) and from 90 kg BW to slaughter at 250 kg BW (period II), respectively. The growth rates in the two periods and the weight of LL and SS at slaughter were recorded. Within 30 min after exsanguination, samples were removed from LL and SS, snap-frozen, and later analysed for muscle fibre type frequency and cross-sectional area, DNA and RNA concentration and the activity of the calpain system. High growth rate (i.e. 895 g/day and 1204 g/day in periods I and II, respectively), compared with moderate growth rate (678 g/day and 770 g/day in periods I and II, respectively) had a marked effect on muscle weight and muscle characteristics. High compared with moderate growth rate resulted in hypertrophic growth of type I, IIA and IIB fibres in LL and of type IIA and type IIB fibres in SS, but had no effect on the muscle fibre type frequency in either of the muscles. High growth rate increased total DNA and RNA content and the RNA: DNA ratio in LL, indicating a greater potential for protein synthesis in this muscle, whereas the effect of growth rate was smaller in SS. The activity of µ-calpain, m-calpain and calpastatin was higher in the red SS muscle compared with the whiter LL muscle. However, these enzyme activities were not affected by growth rate, and thus, did not indicate a higher myofibrillar proteolysis in vivo in calves exhibiting high growth rate compared with moderate growth rate. Overall the results showed that different types of muscles react differently to high versus moderate growth rate. High growth rate induced muscle hypertrophy and increased protein synthesis capacity especially in LL and less in SS, but the activities of the enzymes in the calpain system did not show any concomitant increase in muscle protein degradation that would be in favour of improved meat tenderness.

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