The efficacy of a cultured Synergistes jonesii inoculum to control hydroxypyridone toxicity in Bos indicus steers fed leucaena/grass diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 696
Author(s):  
Michael J. Halliday ◽  
Hayley E. Giles ◽  
Jagadish Padmanabha ◽  
Chris S. McSweeney ◽  
Scott A. Dalzell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Dominant Isomer

An experiment was conducted to investigate the efficacy of a cultured Synergistes jonesii inoculum in degrading the Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) toxins: 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone and 3-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridone (3,4- and 2,3-DHP). Sixteen stall-housed Bos indicus steers naïve to leucaena were fed varying combinations of forage-harvested leucaena and Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass). Dietary treatments, offered at 25 g dry matter/kg LW.day, were: 25% leucaena; 50% leucaena; 100% leucaena; and 50% leucaena, switched to 50% Medicago sativa (lucerne) after 6 weeks at time of inoculation. The experiment was 10 weeks in duration, consisting of a 6-week pre-inoculation period, followed by inoculation with cultured S. jonesii, and a 4-week post-inoculation period. Mean daily dry matter intake was recorded. Twenty-four-hour urine collections and rumen fluid samples were obtained weekly for estimation of total urinary DHP, and detection of S. jonesii using nested polymerase chain reaction analysis including presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), respectively. In the pre-inoculation period, total urinary DHP increased quickly to high levels, then gradually declined after Week 3 with 2,3-DHP the dominant isomer through to Week 6. Indigenous strains of S. jonesii were sporadically detected by PCR analysis, indicating S. jonesii was present before inoculation but at the lower limits of detection. After inoculation there was no change in the rate of total DHP degradation or the frequency of detection of S. jonesii, although there was increased rate of degradation of 2,3-DHP. SNP indicated the presence of different strains of S. jonesii in both indigenous and cultured S. jonesii. DMI was low, especially in the 100% treatment, due in part to the high stem content of the forage-harvested leucaena and probable DHP toxicosis. It was concluded that the cultured S. jonesii inoculum did not fully protect animals against leucaena toxicity.

Treating Bos indicus bulls with rumen transfaunation after 24 hours of transportation does not replete muscle glycogen

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1738 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. O. Leo-Penu ◽  
L. A. Fitzpatrick ◽  
H. N. Zerby ◽  
A. J. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Ad Libitum

Twelve Bos indicus bulls were allocated to one of two treatment groups: rumen transfaunation (n = 6) given 10 kg of rumen fluid after transport or Control (n = 6), given 10 kg of deionised water after transport. Glycogen concentrations of the M. semimembranosus, M. semitendinosis and M. longisimus dorsi were measured before transport on Day –7 and after transport on Day 0, Day 1, Day 4 and Day 9. Feed intake, liveweight gain, plasma metabolites and electrolytes were recorded on the sampling days. Rumen transfaunation increased the dry matter intake of treated bulls compared with the bulls treated with deionised water. Rumen transfaunation had no effect on glycogen concentrations of the M. semimembranosus, M. semitendinosis and M. longisimus dorsi compared with the bulls treated with deionised water. The M. semimembranosus and the M. semitendinosis decreased in glycogen concentration immediately after transport on Day 0 but repleted to pre-transportation concentrations within 1 day. However, the M. longisimus dorsi demonstrated no change in glycogen concentration between the pre-transportation sample on Day –7 and Day 0 or Day 1 after transportation. The M. longisimus dorsi of the bulls increased in glycogen concentration between Day 1 and Day 4 after transportation. The bulls in this experiment demonstrated that muscle glycogen, as measured at the M. longissimus dorsi, cannot recover to sufficient concentrations (40–45 µmol of glycogen concentration per gram muscle) to ensure normal meat quality until between 1 and 4 days of rest when feeding Rhodes grass hay ad libitum.

Efficacy, persistence and presence of Synergistes jonesii in cattle grazing leucaena in Queensland: on-farm observations pre- and post-inoculation

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Graham ◽  
S. A. Dalzell ◽  
Nguyen Trong Ngu ◽  
C. K. Davis ◽  
D. Greenway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Toxin Degradation ◽  
On Farm

A study of eight commercial cattle herds grazing leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata) pastures was undertaken to determine (1) the efficacy of in vitro Synergistes jonesii inoculum (produced in an anaerobic fermenter) in degrading the dihydroxypyridone (DHP) isomers produced during digestion of leucaena forage; and (2) the persistence of the inoculum in the rumen of cattle following a period grazing non-leucaena pastures. Cattle were introduced to the leucaena pastures for an initial period varying from 17 to 71 days. Fourteen to fifteen animals were then sampled for (1) urine and blood plasma to determine toxicity status as indicated by concentration of DHP; (2) faeces for estimation of diet composition; and (3) rumen fluid for detection of S. jonesii by nested polymerase PCR analysis. After a further 42–56 days, animals were resampled as before to confirm toxicity status and inoculated with the in vitro S. jonesii inoculum; the herds were then sampled a third time (42–60 days after inoculation) to test the effectiveness of the inoculum in degrading DHP. Five of the herds were then removed from leucaena pastures for periods ranging from 80 to 120 days and returned to leucaena pastures for 21 days to check persistence of the inoculum as indicated by retention of capacity to degrade DHP. The data indicated (1) a very slow build up of capacity to degrade DHP isomers on some properties before inoculation; (2) frequent occurrence of high levels of 2,3-DHP in urine indicating partial toxin degradation, both before and after inoculation; (3) a low incidence of detection of S. jonesii in rumen fluid after inoculation based on nested PCR analysis; (4) failure of inoculation to degrade DHP on one of two properties tested; and (5) loss of capacity to degrade DHP on some properties after <4 months on alternative non-leucaena pastures. It was concluded that while most herds showed some capability to degrade DHP due to some residual capability from previous exposure, they did not achieve the same rapid and complete DHP degradation reported in the 1980s. Nevertheless, it was concluded that the in vitro inoculum was at least partially effective and should continue to be used by graziers until improved sources of inoculum and/or inoculation methodologies are demonstrated.

scholarly journals Plasma Metabolites, Productive Performance and Rumen Volatile Fatty Acid Profiles of Northern Australian Bos indicus Steers Supplemented with Desmanthus and Lucerne

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 356
Author(s):  
Bénédicte Suybeng ◽  
Edward Charmley ◽  
Christopher P. Gardiner ◽  
Bunmi S. Malau-Aduli ◽  
Aduli E.O. Malau-Aduli
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Plasma Metabolite ◽  
The Impact

The hypothesis tested was that tropical steers supplemented with the Desmanthus legume and lucerne, a widely characterized temperate legume of high nutritive value, would elicit similar responses in plasma metabolite profiles, productive performance, nitrogen retention, and volatile fatty acids (VFA). The tannin-binding compound, polyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG), was added to the diets (160 g/kg Desmanthus dry matter) with the objective of further exploring nitrogen (N) utilization in the animals supplemented with Desmanthus relative to lucerne. From February to June 2020, sixteen yearling Brangus steers (average liveweight of 232 ± 6 kg) were fed a background diet of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay for 28 days, before introducing three Desmanthus cultivars (Desmanthus virgatus cv. JCU2, D. bicornutus cv. JCU4, D. leptophyllus cv. JCU7) and lucerne (Medicago sativa) at 30% dry matter intake (DMI). Relative to the backgrounding period, all supplemented steers exhibited similar growth performance. Steers supplemented with Desmanthus recorded a lower DMI and animal growth performance, but higher fecal N concentration than animals supplemented with lucerne. Among the three Desmanthus cultivars, there were no significant differences in N concentrations, VFA, and plasma metabolite profiles. The addition of PEG induced higher rumen iso-acid concentrations and fecal N excretion. However, feeding Desmanthus spp. to tropical Bos indicus steers could be a valuable means of increasing N utilization, which is attributable to the presence of tannins, and, consequently, improve animal productive performance. Since supplementation with lucerne resulted in higher liveweight, daily liveweight gains, and overall animal performance than supplementing with Desmanthus, the tested hypothesis that both supplements will elicit similar animal performance does not hold and must be rejected. Further in vivo investigation is needed to better understand the impact of tannins in Desmanthus on N utilization.

scholarly journals Comparative untargeted metabolome analysis of ruminal fluid and feces of Nelore steers (Bos indicus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Moraes Malheiros ◽  
Banny Silva Barbosa Correia ◽  
Caroline Ceribeli ◽  
Daniel Rodrigues Cardoso ◽  
Luiz Alberto Colnago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Metabolite Profile ◽  
Polar Compounds ◽  
Metabolome Analysis ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Polar Metabolites ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

AbstractWe conducted a study to identify the fecal metabolite profile and its proximity to the ruminal metabolism of Nelore steers based on an untargeted metabolomic approach. Twenty-six Nelore were feedlot with same diet during 105 d. Feces and rumen fluid were collected before and at slaughter, respectively. The metabolomics analysis indicated 49 common polar metabolites in the rumen and feces. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate were the most abundant polar metabolites in both bio-samples. The rumen presented significantly higher concentrations of the polar compounds when compared to feces (P < 0.05); even though, fecal metabolites presented an accentuated representability of the ruminal fluid metabolites. All fatty acids present in the ruminal fluid were also observed in the feces, except for C20:2n6 and C20:4n6. The identified metabolites offer information on the main metabolic pathways (higher impact factor and P < 0.05), as synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies; the alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolisms, the glycine, serine; and threonine metabolism and the pyruvate metabolism. The findings reported herein on the close relationship between the ruminal fluid and feces metabolic profiles may offer new metabolic information, in addition to facilitating the sampling for metabolism investigation in animal production and health routines.

scholarly journals Lawsonia intracellularis infected enterocytes lack sucrase-isomaltase which contributes to reduced pig digestive capacity

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma T. Helm ◽  
Eric R. Burrough ◽  
Fernando L. Leite ◽  
Nicholas K. Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Intestinal Function ◽  
Lawsonia Intracellularis ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Swine Herds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lesion Severity

AbstractLawsonia intracellularis is endemic to swine herds worldwide, however much is still unknown regarding its impact on intestinal function. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the impact of L. intracellularis on digestive function, and how vaccination mitigates these impacts. Thirty-six L. intracellularis negative barrows were assigned to treatment groups (n  =  12/trt): (1) nonvaccinated, L. intracellularis negative (NC); (2) nonvaccinated, L intracellularis challenged (PC); and (3) L. intracellularis challenged, vaccinated (Enterisol® Ileitis, Boehringer Ingelheim) 7 weeks pre-challenge (VAC). On days post-inoculation (dpi) 0 PC and VAC pigs were inoculated with L. intracellularis. From dpi 19–21 fecal samples were collected for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and at dpi 21, pigs were euthanized for sample collection. Post-inoculation, ADG was reduced in PC pigs compared with NC (41%, P  <  0.001) and VAC (25%, P  <  0.001) pigs. Ileal gross lesion severity was greater in PC pigs compared with NC (P  =  0.003) and VAC (P  =  0.018) pigs. Dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, and energy ATTD were reduced in PC pigs compared with NC pigs (P  ≤  0.001 for all). RNAscope in situ hybridization revealed abolition of sucrase-isomaltase transcript in the ileum of PC pigs compared with NC and VAC pigs (P  <  0.01). Conversely, abundance of stem cell signaling markers Wnt3, Hes1, and p27Kip1 were increased in PC pigs compared with NC pigs (P  ≤  0.085). Taken together, these data demonstrate that reduced digestibility during L. intracellularis challenge is partially driven by abolition of digestive machinery in lesioned tissue. Further, vaccination mitigated several of these effects, likely from lower bacterial burden and reduced disease severity.

scholarly journals 49 Effects of in-vitro digestibility in cannulated steers when supplemented different levels of glycerol

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
Noheli Gutierrez ◽  
Jamie A Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate effects of increasing concentration of food grade glycerol on rumen environment and nutrient digestibility. Three ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used in this study. The study was conducted from March to May 2019. Experimental design was a 3x3 Latin square with a 2wk adjustment period followed by a 1wk collection period. Diet was coastal bermudagrass hay based. Different forage types were introduced in the incubation process to evaluate digestibility. Glycerol was administered once a day at 0, 15, or 20% of DMI (dry matter intake). dNDF (digestible NDF) and dDM (digestible dry matter) was determined using an ANKOM Daisy II incubator inoculated with 200g fresh rumen fluid and incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h at 39°C. Each vessel contained ground forage samples in filter bags in triplicate. After incubation, filter bags were rinsed with cold water and dried for 24h in a 55°C forced air oven. Data were analyzed using the Proc MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. There was no difference dNDF in effect of different levels of glycerol between forage types by diet. But a numerical tendency was observed that dNDF was decreased at 20% inclusion rates in comparison to 0 and 15% inclusion of glycerol in the diet. Neither steer nor run was significantly different in the study. However as expected digestibility over time was significantly different (P &lt; 0.001). A significant increase was observed in DMI with the increased levels of glycerol in the diet (P = 0.003), both the 15% and 20% levels of glycerol increased in DMI in comparison to the control (0%). It appears based on these study results that digestibility may be inhibited, as levels of dietary glycerol increase in the diet and more work needs to be done to find the optimal level of glycerol supplementation.

The effect of different proportions of hay and fortified rolled barley in the diet on digestible-energy value and urinary-energy excretion by cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentrate Treatment

SUMMARYA 6 x 6 Latin Square balance experiment was carried out using six Friesian steers, each of which initially weighed about 304 kg. The six treatments studied were an all-hay diet and five other diets containing 20,40,60,80 and 100 % of rolled barley fortified with mineral and vitamin supplements, accompanied by correspondingly reduced proportions of hay. Each diet was fed at an estimated maintenance level of feeding.The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in both digestible and calculated metabolizable energy. The actual increase in digestible energy was from 2·62Mcal/kg dry matter (59·3% of the gross energy) on the all-hay treatment to 3·42 Mcal/kg dry matter (79·5% of the gross energy) on the all-concentrate treatment. Use of the determined digestible energy values for the all-hay and fortified barley diets to calculate the digestible energy of the four mixed diets gave results in reasonably good agreement with the determined values, the maximum difference being 0·12 Mcal/kg dry matter, which represented 3·83 % of the determined value. The losses of energy in the urine expressed as percentages of the gross energy of the diets showed a small but significantly linear decrease (P < 0·01) with increase in proportion of barley in the diet. The molar proportions of steamvolatile acids in samples of rumen fluid taken from two animals on each treatment indicated that increase in the proportion of concentrate was associated with tendencies for increase in acetic acid, decrease in propionic acid and little change in butyric acid. The mean digestibility of the organic matter was 62·6 % on the all-hay treatment and 81·8 % on the all concentrate treatment. The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in digestibility of the organic matter. Although intakes of nitrogen decreased with increase in the proportion of concentrate due to a decrease in the amount of dry matter fed, the weights of nitrogen retained were well maintained and when expressed as percentages of intake showed a significantly linear increase (P < 0·01).

Effects of roughage type on particle separation, rumination, fiber mat characteristics, in situ degradation, and ruminal fermentation parameters in beef steers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L Lockard ◽  
Caleb G Lockard ◽  
Wyatt N Smith ◽  
Kendall J Karr ◽  
Ben P Holland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Six ruminally cannulated steers (average BW = 791 + 71 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment to determine the effects of roughage type on rumination, fiber mat characteristics, and rumen fermentation variables. Three roughages were included at 7% (DM basis) in a steam flaked corn-based diet; cotton burrs (CB), wheat silage (WS), or corn stalks (CS). Steers were fitted with a sensory collar to record rumination behaviors in 2-h intervals at the beginning of the experiment. Each 30-d period consisted of a 7-d of recovery, 14-d of diet adaptation, 7-d of rumination data collection (daily and bi-hourly average rumination), 1-d of rumen fluid collection, and 1-d of rumen evacuations. In situ degradation of individual roughages was determined for 4-d after period 3 evacuations. During rumen evacuations, ruminal contents were removed; the rumen fiber mat (RF) was separated from the liquid portion with a 2 mm sieve, weighed, and a subsample was dried. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with steer as the experimental unit and roughage (CB, WS, and CS) as the main effect. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not different for CB and WS (P = 0.25) and greatest for steers consuming CS diet (P  &lt; 0.01). Roughage type did not influence the weight of the RF dry matter (%; DM; P = 0.92), RF weight (P = 0.69), or RF:DMI ratio (P = 0.29). Daily rumination (min/d) did not differ among roughages (P = 0.40), but min of rumination/kg of DMI was greatest for CS (18.0 min), min/kg of NDF was greatest for WS (89.8 min; P = 0.02), and min/kg of peNDF was greatest for CS (132.4 min; P  &lt; 0.01). Wheat silage had the greatest percentage of soluble DM and CB-R and CS-R (P  &lt; 0.01) had the greatest ruminal degraded DM fraction. Rumen fiber mat did not differ for roughages, although rumination min/kg of DMI and peNDF was greatest for steers consuming CS and WS. In situ degradation determined that CB-R and CS-R had the greatest percentage of ruminal degraded DM. Based on the objective of the experiment, roughage type did not influence daily rumination or fiber mat characteristics.

scholarly journals Circular RNA Expression Profiling Identifies Prostate Cancer- Specific circRNAs in Prostate Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1903-1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianlin Xia ◽  
Tao Ding ◽  
Guihong Zhang ◽  
Zehuan Li ◽  
Ling Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Circular Rna ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Rna Expression Profiling

Background/Aims: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the main cancers that damage males’ health severely with high morbidity and mortality, but there is still no ideal molecular marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. Methods: To determine whether the differentially expressed circRNAs in prostate cancer can serve as novel biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis, we screened differentially expressed circRNAs using SBC-ceRNA array in 4 pairs of prostate tumor and paracancerous tissues. A circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network for the differential circRNAs and their host genes was constructed by Cytoscape3.5.1 software. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis (qRT-PCR) was performed to confirm the microarray data. Results: We found 1021 differentially expressed circRNAs in PCa tumor using SBC-ceRNA array and confirmed the expression of circ_0057558, circ_0062019 and SLC19A1 in PCa cell lines and tumor tissues through qRT-PCR analysis. We demonstrated that combination of PSA level and two differentially expressed circRNAs showed significantly increased AUC, sensitivity and specificity (0.938, 84.5% and 90.9%, respectively) than PSA alone (AUC of serum PSA was 0.854). Moreover, circ_0057558 was correlated positively with total cholesterol. The functional network of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA analysis showed that circ_0057558 and circ_0034467 regulated miR-6884, and circ_0062019 and circ_0060325 regulated miR-5008. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that differentially expressed circRNAs (circ_0062019 and circ_0057558) and host gene SLC19A1 of circ_0062019 could be used as potential novel biomarkers for prostate cancer.

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