Effect of Temperature on the Synthesis of Jojoba Wax

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Dunstone ◽  
A Benzioni ◽  
ML Tonnet ◽  
P Milthorpe ◽  
A Shani
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Percentage Elongation ◽  
Jojoba Wax ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Long Chain

Seed was collected from jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] plants growing at three field sites in two years. The wax percentage was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance and the compositions of the wax and the ethanolysis products (one site only) were determined by gas chromatography. The mean wax concentration varied from 49.2 to 55.1% over all sites and years. The percentage of long-chain wax esters (>C40) decreased linearly with increase in mean maximum temperature during the period of linear seed growth (r� = 0.93). The decrease in long-chain esters was associated with a decrease in the C22 and C24 fatty acids and alcohols. Data from controlled environment studies and from field studies were used to assess the effect of temperature on the percentage elongation, reduction and esterification of acyl-CoAs of carbon lengths 18-22. High temperature lowered the specificity for elongation of C20-C22 and of C22-C,24 and increased the specificity for reduction of the C20 acid to its corresponding alcohol. The amount of C42 wax ester was greater than would be expected by random association of the alkoxy-acyl groups but this preference was not as great at high temperatures.

Effect of Temperature on Response of Tomatoes to Several Dinitroaniline Herbicides and Phosphorus

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Wilson ◽  
F. B. Stewart ◽  
T. E. Hines
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Environment Chamber ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Effects of temperature on response of transplanted tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘Campbell 17′) to trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline], profluralin [N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine], and isopropalin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylcumidine) were investigated in field studies. Trifluralin and nitralin caused greater reductions in growth and yields of tomatoes transplanted early in April than to tomatoes transplanted around May 1. Responses to profluralin were similar but total yields of early transplanted tomatoes were not reduced although initial yields were below those of tomatoes treated with isopropalin. In controlled environment chamber studies, percent phosphorus of plant tops was reduced by trifluralin at low temperatures but was not influenced by trifluralin at high temperatures. Tomoto responses to phosphorus as reflected by plant fresh weight, dry weight and phosphorus content (mg/plant) were reduced by trifluralin at low and high temperatures.

The effect of temperature on the field softening of hard seed of Stylosanthes humilis and S. hamata in a dry monsoonal climate

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM McKeon ◽  
JJ Mott
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
One Year ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

The changes in hard-seed content in pastures of Stylosanthes humilis and S. hamata cv. Verano were studied at Katherine, N.T. Both field studies and laboratory ovens with diurnal temperature changes showed that maximum soil surface temperatures greater than 50-55�C were required to produce substantial softening of hard seed. The rate of softening increased with higher maximum temperature. At Katherine, only the September-November period (late dry season) was likely to produce soil surface temperatures high enough for softening in naturally occurring seed populations. S. hamata did not soften to the same extent as S. humilis under both field and laboratory conditions. In established pastures only 35 % of S. hamata seed softened in one year, compared with 60-80% in S. humilis. Management practices may be required to improve seedling regeneration or establishment of new pastures in S. hamata.

A note on the effect of temperature on the performance of early-weaned pigs

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. McCracken ◽  
B. J. Caldwell ◽  
N. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Satisfactory Performance ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Temperature

ABSTRACTTwo temperature regimes were compared in relation to the growth and feed conversion ratio of groups of cage-reared pigs between 10 and 38 days of age. The treatments were: 27°C at 10 days reducing by 1°C every 4 days to 20°C at 38 days; and 27°C at 10 days reducing by 1°C daily to 20°C at 17 days and then remaining constant. Twelve replicates using 244 pigs were completed, the group size varying between 9 and 12 pigs. The mean growth rates on the two temperature regimes were respectively 234 and 243 g/day, and in both cases feed conversion ratio (kg DM/kg gain) averaged 1·03. It is concluded that temperatures lower than those currently recommended for pigs weaned at 14 to 16 days into controlled-environment houses would support satisfactory performance with direct savings in heating costs under winter conditions.

Effect of Temperature on Time from Planting to Flowering in Virginia Type Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Cox ◽  
C. K. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Mathematical Expression ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Quadratic Functions ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Heat Unit ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Field studies with a planting date variable were utilized to determine an empirical relation between time from planting to first flowering of NC2, NC5, and Florigiant peanuts and minimum and maximum daily temperatures. Two basic types of curvilinear response functions and two heat unit systems, which used linear functions, were compared on the basis of days missed by each prediction. The mathematical expression of the data that gave the least days missed was the daily fraction of time to flowering being the sum of quadratic functions for minimum and maximum temperature. The rate of slope change was greater at the higher end of the temperature range. The relation between time to flowering and minimum temperature was more curvilinear that that for maximum temperature except at higher temperatures. Minimum temperatures below 43° F lengthened the time to flowering for the three varieties. Varietal differences appeared to be expressed more by the relation with daily maximum than with daily minimum temperatures. The expressions calculated should be more accurate for prediction purposes than a linear heat unit system, plus they tend to describe the individual responses to changes in minimum and maximum temperatures. A certain lack of fit for the relation still exists, indicating perhaps some other measure, such as solar radiation, should also be included.

Preparation and Characterization of Carbon Supported Nano-Nickel and its Sorption Behavior for Zinc from Aqueous Solutions

2012 ◽  
Vol 510-511 ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayyaba Asim ◽  
R. Ahmed ◽  
M.S. Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Study ◽  
Aqueous System ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Vacuum Drying ◽  
Sorption Behavior ◽  
Nickel Deposition ◽  
Adsorption Data ◽  
Nano Nickel ◽  
The Mean

Nickel deposited on carbon has been used as adsorbent to recover Zn (II) from aqueous system. The adsorbent was synthesized by depositing nickel nitrate on carbon under inert conditions and decomposing it to nickel by raising the temperature, washing and vacuum drying. Various techniques including XRD, FTIR, and SEM were employed for its characterization. FTIR showed that the nickel deposition enhanced the carbon functionalization due to presence of OH, C=O and C-O groups.Average crystallite size ofabout 9 nm was determined from XRD. Nickel deposition resulted in further division particles as indicated from the morphological study. Zn (II) was subjected to adsorptionon the synthesized adsorbent. It was observed that the rate of adsorption increased significantly on the nickel deposited carbon than the carbon alone. Morris-Weber, Lagergren and Reichenberg models were applied to find out the type and rate of adsorption employingfirst and second order rate equations.The adsorption data were applied toLangmuir, Freundlich and D-R isotherms and values of isotherm constants were calculated and were higher for Ni/C than carbon alone. The mean free energy of zinc sorption on carbon and Ni/C are 16.67 and 18.26 kJmol-1 which shows chemisorption. Thermodynamic studies were done to find out the effect of temperature on sorption. Positive values of ΔH and negative values of ΔG show endothermic and spontaneous type of sorption.

scholarly journals Thermoregulation in colonies of africanized and hybrids with Caucasian, Italian and Carniolan Apis mellifera honey bees

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo ◽  
Regina Helena Nogueira-Couto
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Africanized Honey Bees ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year ◽  
Brood Nest

This experiment was carried out to study the internal temperature regulation of a colony of Africanized honey bees (AFR), compared with hybrid Caucasian (CAU), Italian (ITA), and Carniolan (CAR) bees, during the period of one year and different size hives located in a sub-tropical region. The instant internal temperature, 33.7 ± 1.5° C for the AFR, 33.5 ± 1.4° C for the CAU, 33.7 ± 1.5° C for the ITA and 33.8 ± 1.4° C for the CAR, did not show any significant difference (P>0.05). The maximum temperature (36.1 ± 2.3° C) was statistically different (P<0.05) from the minimum (27.6 ± 5.3° C). There was no difference (P>0.05) in the mean internal temperature, between the nucleus (31.7 ± 6.3° C) and the brood nest (32.1 ± 5.3° C) measured between two and four o'clock in the afternoon.

Observations on 287 thunder-storms made at highfield house, near Nottingham, during the last nine years

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 957-957
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
The Hours ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Atmospheric Phenomena ◽  
Rotatory Motion

The thunder-storms referred to in this communication are recorded in a tabular form., arranged according to their dates. In this table are given the date; the hour of the commencement of the storm; the mean height of the barometer to tenths of an inch; whether it is rising, stationary, or falling; the direction of the wind before the storm, during its continuance, and after its cessation; the maximum temperature on the day of the storm and on the day after; the minimum temperature on the night before and on the night after; and general remarks on the storms. This table is followed by remarks on particular storms recorded in it. In conclusion the author gives the results of his observations with reference to the number of storms in each year; the number in each month, with the hours at which they mostly occur in particular months; the number that have occurred with a rising, stationary, or falling barometer; the number in respect to the direction of the wind and of the current in which the storms moved; the number of storms that have occurred at the various heights of the maximum, and also of the minimum thermometer; the number in which the peculiar breeze that suddenly springs up on the commencement of thunder-storms has been well marked; the change in the direction of some of these storms, and indications of rotatory motion; and finally, the different atmospheric phenomena which have accompanied these storms.

THE TEMPERATURES OF SURFACE FIRES IN JACK PINE BARREN: I. THE VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE WITH TIME

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1285-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Smith ◽  
John H. Sparling
Keyword(s):  
Jack Pine ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Surface Fires ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The temperatures of 18 fires in an open jack pine barren near Timmins, Ontario, have been recorded. The maximum temperature recorded was 545 °C, although in other determinations fire temperatures in excess of 1000 °C were reached. The mean temperature of all fires was 340.6 ± 133.2 °C. Three fires at 230, 345, and 545 °C were considered in detail.The maximum temperature of a fire was normally recorded at heights of 5 cm or 10 cm above the surface. Maximum temperatures of hotter fires usually occurred at greater heights than cooler ones. Duration and the temperature ("intensity") of the fire are important aspects of fire studies.

ASSOCIATED DISEASES IN ROTAVIRUS GASTROENTERITIS IN CHILDREN HOSPITALIZED IN CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES HOSPITAL OF CONSTANTA

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-134
Author(s):  
Simona Diaconu ◽  
◽  
Simona Claudia Cambrea ◽  
Lucian Cristian Petcu ◽  
Sorin Rugina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Digestive Disease ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
The Mean

Our study included 505 children hospitalized in the Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases Constanta in 2011-2012 with gastroenteritis with rotavirus. We analyzed the medical records of the patients and extracted demographic data, temperature, and frequency of vomiting and diarrheic stools. We divided the group of cases into 4 groups associated with: respiratory disease (RD) – 160 cases, digestive disease (DD) – 52 cases, eruptive disease (ED) – 11 cases, and a group without other associated diseases (simple) – 282 cases. We found significant differences between the four groups regarding the number of stools, the number of vomiting per day, the mean value of maximum temperature, the mean value of hospitalization.

scholarly journals A 368-year maximum temperature reconstruction based on tree-ring data in the northwestern Sichuan Plateau (NWSP), China

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1485-1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangjun Zhu ◽  
Yuandong Zhang ◽  
Zongshan Li ◽  
Binde Guo ◽  
Xiaochun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Temperature Reconstruction ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Tree Ring Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. We present a reconstruction of July–August mean maximum temperature variability based on a chronology of tree-ring widths over the period AD 1646–2013 in the northern part of the northwestern Sichuan Plateau (NWSP), China. A regression model explains 37.1 % of the variance of July–August mean maximum temperature during the calibration period from 1954 to 2012. Compared with nearby temperature reconstructions and gridded land surface temperature data, our temperature reconstruction had high spatial representativeness. Seven major cold periods were identified (1708–1711, 1765–1769, 1818–1821, 1824–1828, 1832–1836, 1839–1842, and 1869–1877), and three major warm periods occurred in 1655–1668, 1719–1730, and 1858–1859 from this reconstruction. The typical Little Ice Age climate can also be well represented in our reconstruction and clearly ended with climatic amelioration at the late of the 19th century. The 17th and 19th centuries were cold with more extreme cold years, while the 18th and 20th centuries were warm with less extreme cold years. Moreover, the 20th century rapid warming was not obvious in the NWSP mean maximum temperature reconstruction, which implied that mean maximum temperature might play an important and different role in global change as unique temperature indicators. Multi-taper method (MTM) spectral analysis revealed significant periodicities of 170-, 49–114-, 25–32-, 5.7-, 4.6–4.7-, 3.0–3.1-, 2.5-, and 2.1–2.3-year quasi-cycles at a 95 % confidence level in our reconstruction. Overall, the mean maximum temperature variability in the NWSP may be associated with global land–sea atmospheric circulation (e.g., ENSO, PDO, or AMO) as well as solar and volcanic forcing.

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