Cattle Mustering Efficiency Using Helicopters in a Monsoonal Savanna Woodland.

This survey examined the long term effects of regular helicopter use on cattle tractability and provided herd management information on mustering rate and efficiency in a tropical savanna woodland environment. Ten individual herds of high grade Bos indicus breeders were mustered from four to eleven times over a four year period as part of a supplementation experiment conducted on "Mount Bundey" station. Paddock size ranged from 744 to 2,224 ha. Mean annual mustering efficiency (proportion mustered) was 71% (64-85%), 92% (83-99%), 96% (92-100%) and 94% (78-98%) for bulls, calves, steers and breeders respectively. Paddocks were totally clean of all animal classes in 25% of musters. Helicopter mustering of breeders and steers in the last three years of the study was 12 percentage points more efficient than horse mustering (assisted by a spotter plane) in the first year. Mustering rate in April-May averaged 69 beasts/hour while the August/September round averaged 102 beastdhour. Mustering efficiency did not differ between April-May and August-September musters. Helicopter mustering did not adversely affect tractability of the cattle when carried out in conjuntion with horsemen. The data indicate that 100% clean musters could not be routinely achieved in this monsoonal woodland savanna. even under relativelv intensive conditions. This conflicts with current BTEC requirements and hinders animal husbandry practices.

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Sustainable Knowledge Investment Increases Employment and GDP in the Spanish Agricultural Sector More Than Other Investments

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12083127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 3127

Author(s):

Carolina Cosculluela-Martínez

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Sector ◽

First Year ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Correction Model ◽

Vector Error Correction ◽

Vector Error ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Stock Types ◽

Processing Techniques

Investment in every type of asset increases GDP and net employment differently. This paper compares the effect produced by a permanent unitary shock in Sustainable Knowledge for the Primary Sector (SKPS) on the Spanish employment and GDP growth with the effect produced by the other fourteen capital stock types. The methodology used is a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), where the complementary capital can affect SKPS instantaneously. The results suggest that SKPS produces the second-highest, short and long-term effects on both labor and production, per Euro invested; moreover, the investment of 4.3 thousand euros is retrieved in the first year and increases net employment in one person after four years. Accordingly, the 5 million Euro Budget to invest in sustainable machinery and processing techniques increases net employment by 827 employees.

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Long-Term Effects of a Seminar on Aging and Health for First-Year Medical Students

The Gerontologist ◽

10.1093/geront/23.3.319 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 319-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

J. F. Wilson ◽

F. W. Hafferty

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

First Year ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Aging And Health ◽

First Year Medical Students

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Long-term effects of severe undernutrition during the first year of life on brain development and learning in Chilean high-school graduates

Nutrition ◽

10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00431-7 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 16 (11-12) ◽

pp. 1056-1063 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

Daniza M Ivanovic ◽

Boris P Leiva ◽

Hernan T Perez ◽

Nelida B Inzunza ◽

Atilio F Almagià ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Brain Development ◽

High School Graduates ◽

First Year ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

First Year Of Life

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Early Engagement in Course-Based Research Increases Graduation Rates and Completion of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Degrees

CBE—Life Sciences Education ◽

10.1187/cbe.16-03-0117 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. ar20 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Stacia E. Rodenbusch ◽

Paul R. Hernandez ◽

Sarah L. Simmons ◽

Erin L. Dolan

Keyword(s):

Undergraduate Research ◽

Biology Education ◽

First Year ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Research Experiences ◽

Grade Point ◽

Stem Major ◽

Research Initiative ◽

And Mathematics

National efforts to transform undergraduate biology education call for research experiences to be an integral component of learning for all students. Course-based undergraduate research experiences, or CUREs, have been championed for engaging students in research at a scale that is not possible through apprenticeships in faculty research laboratories. Yet there are few if any studies that examine the long-term effects of participating in CUREs on desired student outcomes, such as graduating from college and completing a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) major. One CURE program, the Freshman Research Initiative (FRI), has engaged thousands of first-year undergraduates over the past decade. Using propensity score–matching to control for student-level differences, we tested the effect of participating in FRI on students’ probability of graduating with a STEM degree, probability of graduating within 6 yr, and grade point average (GPA) at graduation. Students who completed all three semesters of FRI were significantly more likely than their non-FRI peers to earn a STEM degree and graduate within 6 yr. FRI had no significant effect on students’ GPAs at graduation. The effects were similar for diverse students. These results provide the most robust and best-controlled evidence to date to support calls for early involvement of undergraduates in research.

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Long-Term Effects in Bone Mineral Density after Different Bariatric Procedures in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Outcomes of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9061830 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1830 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fernando Guerrero-Pérez ◽

Anna Casajoana ◽

Carmen Gómez-Vaquero ◽

Nuria Virgili ◽

Rafael López-Urdiales ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

First Year ◽

Gastrointestinal Hormone ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Greater Curvature

There is scant evidence of the long-term effects of bariatric surgery on bone mineral density (BMD). We compared BMD changes in patients with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) 5 years after randomization to metabolic gastric bypass (mRYGB), sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and greater curvature plication (GCP). We studied the influence of first year gastrointestinal hormone changes on final bone outcomes. Forty-five patients, averaging 49.4 (7.8) years old and body mass index (BMI) 39.4 (1.9) kg/m2, were included. BMD at lumbar spine (LS) was lower after mRYGB compared to SG and GCP: 0.89 [0.82;0.94] vs. 1.04 [0.91;1.16] vs. 0.99 [0.89;1.12], p = 0.020. A higher percentage of LS osteopenia was present after mRYGB 78.6% vs. 33.3% vs. 50.0%, respectively. BMD reduction was greater in T2D remitters vs. non-remitters. Weight at fifth year predicted BMD changes at the femoral neck (FN) (adjusted R2: 0.3218; p = 0.002), and type of surgery (mRYGB) and menopause predicted BMD changes at LS (adjusted R2: 0.2507; p < 0.015). In conclusion, mRYGB produces higher deleterious effects on bone at LS compared to SG and GCP in the long-term. Women in menopause undergoing mRYGB are at highest risk of bone deterioration. Gastrointestinal hormone changes after surgery do not play a major role in BMD outcomes.

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Long-Term Effects of Total Social Isolation Upon Behavior of Rhesus Monkeys

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1966.18.2.567 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 567-580 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

G. D. Mitchell ◽

E. J. Raymond ◽

G. C. Ruppenthal ◽

H. F. Harlow

Keyword(s):

Social Behavior ◽

Social Isolation ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

First Year ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Follow Up Study

8 isolate monkeys were compared in a follow-up study to 8 sophisticated controls in brief cross-sectional pairings with 12 stimulus strangers: 4 adults, 4 age-mates, and 4 juveniles. The isolates were characterized by infantile disturbance, less environmental orality, more fear, more aggression, less sex, less play, and bizarre ritualistic movements. 12-mo. isolates were fearful and nonaggressive but threatened many attacks. 6-mo. isolates were fearful and physically aggressive. The 12-mo. isolates demonstrated practically no positive social behavior. Conclusions are: (a) 6 mo. of social isolation during the first year has negative effects on social behavior up to puberty, (b) abnormal aggression appears in 3-yr.-old 6-mo. isolates, and (c) 12 mo. of isolation suppress or delay this aggression.

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RESEARCH ON THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THE CARBOHYDRATE-VITAMIN-MINERAL CONCENTRATE “LIZUNETS SOLEVIT”

SCIENTIFIC LIFE ◽

10.35679/1991-9476-2020-15-8-1147-1153 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. 1147-1153

Author(s):

D.D. Khayrullin ◽

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Suspension ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Rat Pups ◽

White Rats ◽

Production Increase ◽

Different Doses

The main factors constraining the development of animal husbandry is a weak fodder base, due to insufficient supply of nutrients; the costs of its production increase and becomes the cause of metabolic disorders in animals. The aim of our research was to study the embryotoxic and teratogenic effect of the new CVMC “Lizunets-Solevit” on white rats. For this reason, the drug was administered to pregnant females in the form of an aqueous suspension in different doses for 19 days. By the end of the study, no visible signs of fetal abnormalities were found after autopsy of the experimental rats. There was no significant increase in the number of corpus luteum compared with the control group at 1/10 dose by 1.1% and 1/20 dose by 1.95%, respectively. The preimplantation death of zygotes was taken into account on the embryotoxic effect of the drug, in comparison with the control group at a dose of 1/10 more by 19.7%, and at a dose of 1/20 less by 6.23%. The total embryonic mortality is higher in the experimental groups of animals by 12.69% and 3.74% than in the control. Post-implantation death of embryos in the control group was 4.99%, in the experimental 1/10 dose - 4.69% and in the experimental 1/20 dose - 6.66%. In terms of physiological development, the rat pups of the experimental groups did not differ from the control. Thus, it was found that CVMC “Lizunets-Solevit”, in doses of 1/10 and 1/20, has no embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in the body of white rats, their embryos and young animals of the neonatal and postnatal periods of life.

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Short- and long-term effects of imprisonment on future felony convictions and prison admissions

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1701544114 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 114 (42) ◽

pp. 11103-11108 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

David J. Harding ◽

Jeffrey D. Morenoff ◽

Anh P. Nguyen ◽

Shawn D. Bushway

Keyword(s):

Criminal Behavior ◽

Causal Effect ◽

Revolving Door ◽

Community Supervision ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Technical Violations ◽

Percentage Points ◽

Probation Supervision ◽

Short And Long Term

A substantial contributor to prison admissions is the return of individuals recently released from prison, which has come to be known as prison’s “revolving door.” However, it is unclear whether being sentenced to prison itself has a causal effect on the probability of a subsequent return to prison or on criminal behavior. To examine the causal effect of being sentenced to prison on subsequent offending and reimprisonment, we leverage a natural experiment using the random assignment of judges with different propensities for sentencing offenders to prison. Drawing on data on all individuals sentenced for a felony in Michigan between 2003 and 2006, we compare individuals sentenced to prison to those sentenced to probation, taking into account sentence lengths and stratifying our analysis by race. Results show that being sentenced to prison rather than probation increases the probability of imprisonment in the first 3 years after release from prison by 18 percentage points among nonwhites and 19 percentage points among whites. Further results show that such effects are driven primarily by imprisonment for technical violations of community supervision rather than new felony convictions. This suggests that more stringent postprison parole supervision (relative to probation supervision) increases imprisonment through the detection and punishment of low-level offending or violation behavior. Such behavior would not otherwise result in imprisonment for someone who had not already been to prison or who was not on parole. These results demonstrate that the revolving door of prison is in part an effect of the nature of postprison supervision.

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The Long-Term Effects of a First-Year Student Wilderness Orientation Program

Journal of Experiential Education ◽

10.1177/105382590302600106 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 34-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Michael A. Gass ◽

Daniel E. Garvey ◽

Deborah A. Sugerman

Keyword(s):

Peer Relationships ◽

Undergraduate Education ◽

First Year ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Orientation Program ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Wilderness Orientation ◽

First Year Student

Positive changes were found 17 years after participants' experiences in a wilderness orientation program. Three themes representing the changes emerged from the data: (a) challenging assumptions of self and others, (b) strong effects of peer relationships, and (c) long-term positive effects of the orientation program during students' undergraduate education, as well as after graduation.

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