Les Communia super Priscianum minorem

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 331-354
Author(s):  
René Létourneau
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
General Science ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Subject

Summary The teaching of syntax in the 13th-century university was based on the last two books of Priscian of Caesarea’s Institutiones Grammaticae (c.500 A.D.). Following the order proposed by Priscian, the medieval grammarian first studies orthography, which deals with the constituent parts of the word (dictio), then etymology, which is concerned with the word in itself (simpliciter) and its grammatical accidents, and finally diasynthetic or syntax, which discusses the construction of words as constituents of a sentence (oratio). Each of these particular sciences (orthography, etymology and diasynthetic) has its own particular subject, which is, as some philosophers believe, predicated of the subject of the general science according to the aim it purports to achieve. Written probably in the first half of the 1250s in an academic philosophical environment, the Communia super Priscianum minorem, a subsection and the culmination of the Communia super totam gramaticam, are interesting, among other things, in that they specify the epistemological relation that links syntax to the science of grammar in general. In a polemical effort to dismiss the sentence (oratio) as the subject of diasynthetic, the unknown author of the Communia opens the section of syntax with a discussion which aims to establish the “word in relation with another according to their accidental compatibility or incompatibility” as the real subject of syntax, doing so in a typically Aristotelian way.

ICO as a Business Financing Tool: Myths and Reality

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ya. Lukasevich
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Finance ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
The Real ◽  
Objective Information ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Business Financing ◽  
Made In

The subject of the research is new tools for business financing using the initial coin offering (ICO) in the context of the development of cryptocurrencies and the blockchain technologies as their basis. The purpose of the work was to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the ICO in comparison with traditional financial tools as well as prospects, limitations and problems of using digital financial tools. Conclusions are made in relation to possibilities, limitations and application areas of digital business financing tools, particularly in the real sector, taking into account the specifics of the Russian economy and legislation. It is shown that the main problems of using the digital financial tools are related to the economic sphere and caused by the lack of adequate approaches to evaluation of assets as well as the shortage of objective information. The problems and new tasks of corporate finance in the digital economy are defined.

Construction of an Achievement Test in General Science for Class IX Based on NCERT Syllabus

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sailendra Bhuyan ◽  
Punita Borpuzari Deori
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Achievement Test ◽  
General Science ◽  
School Students ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
Teaching Learning

Achievement test is of very important assessment tool to evaluate the student’s current level of knowledge and skill acquired from classroom instruction. This test is designed to evaluate the student’s level of achievement in a particular subject for a particular class prescribed under the board or the university. In other words, to assess how much the pupils have achieved the educational objectives in teaching learning process at the end of the course and if achieved then to what extent, it has been achieved. Achievement tests are proved to be very helpful in various ways to the people who are involved in the field of education such as the teachers, the administrators, the planners, to the parents as well as for the students. The teacher very carefully develops and conduct achievement test in the class which enable the teacher to get an overall idea of the progress or the level of achievement of his students in the subject area. The teacher can determine the pupil’s strength and weakness in the subject area. So, based on this the teacher can take necessary remedial instructional strategies for the betterment of the pupil’s progress. In the same time, it also provides feedback for the teaching efficiency of the teacher.As with the time changes there have been many educational reforms taken place and in between syllabus had also been changed under different Boards of Studies. In order to maintain uniform standard of education the Government has formulated a policy to implement NCERT syllabus common to all School Boards throughout the country and accordingly the State Board of Secondary Education, Assam (SEBA) follow NCERT syllabus and to evaluate students’ achievement in terms of the policy formulated by the Board. Till now, no any standardized achievement test has been conducted for the secondary school students of Assam. Therefore, the investigators felt to construct and standardize an achievement test in the subject General Science which will definitely help in educational research.

Rīgas humānistu laikmets latviešu romānistu tēlojumā

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Ojārs Lāms
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Historical Novel ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Cultural Boundaries ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Traveling Circus

In the broad tradition of the Latvian historical novel, which has flourished in recent decades, the authors have a strong tendency to focus either on ancient history up to the 13th century or on events important to the Latvian nation in the 19th and 20th centuries. Writers are less interested in the era of humanism in the 16th and 17th centuries when the Latvian nation is still sprouting in the ground. However, these centuries have been crucial in defining the region’s geopolitical affiliation and cultural boundaries. From a broader diachronic view at Latvian novels, it can be stated that a number of Latvian writers, starting from the beginning of the 20th century, have tried to give a textual life to the humanist era in Livonia with various approaches to the historical novel thus creating a special set of texts to be called the Livonian text. Within the framework of this article, the view on the Livonian text consists of a review of 8 novels that have been written over more than a hundred years. They are not all texts on the subject but form a compact and representative sample in terms of theme, stylistics, and genre features. These texts are Andrievs Niedra’s (1871–1942) novel “When the Moon Wears Out” (Kad mēness dilst, 1902), Rutku Tēvs’s (1886–1961) “Rebellious Riga” (Dumpīgā Rīga, 1930) and “Mūksala Brothers” (Mūksalas brāļi, 1934), Astrīda Beināre’s (1937–2016) “Our Lady of Riga Monastery” (Rīgas Dievmātes klosteris, 1993), Aivars Kļavis’s (1953) tetralogy “Beyond the Gate” (Viņpus vārtiem), which consists of the novels “Jester of Adiaminde” (Adiamindes āksts, 2005), “Riga Humpback” (Rīgas kuprītis, 2007), “Ridiculed Soldier” (Piesmietais karavīrs, 2009), “Captives of the Traveling Circus” (Ceļojošā cirka gūstekņi, 2012).

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL ONLINE CASE STUDY FOR A BREAKTHROUGH IN STUDENT ENGAGEMENT: FOCUS GROUP RESULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Theroux ◽  
Cari Carpenter ◽  
Clare Kilbane
Keyword(s):  
Student Engagement ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The Real ◽  
Building Process ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Subject

A new type of case study, called the real-time case (RTC), was produced in the fall of 2001 and distributed via the Internet to business classes at four universities in the US and Canada. The real-time case presented the story of one company's growth and development throughout a 14-week semester. A case writer stationed full-time at the subject company published case installments weekly on the Web, allowing students to view the company-building process as it happened. The 14-week coverage of RTC enabled students to study the subject company in unprecedented depth and detail. RTC's real-time interactivity allowed students to share their analyses and best thinking with the company leadership during the company’s decision-making process.A major objective in producing the case was to heighten student engagement with the case material. To evaluate whether this objective was achieved, a survey and a focus group discussion were conducted with one of the participating MBA classes. Results from the survey and the focus group showed a high degree of engagement, plus many other benefits from the new type of case study.

scholarly journals Verses of Faith and Devotion. Seeing, Reading, and Touching Monumental Crucifixes with Inscriptions (12th–13th century)

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 397-421
Author(s):  
Matko Matija Marušić
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Church ◽  
Insight Into

The paper discusses a group of monumental crucifixes from the 13th-century East Adriatic and Italy, pained or executed in low relief, that display a verse inscriptions on the transverse limb of the cross. The main scope of the paper is to examine the provenance of the text inscribed in order to yield clearer insight into their function, use and original location in the church interiors. The paper specifically aims at analyzing three monumental crucifixes from the East-Adriatic city of Zadar which, although have already been the subject of a respectable number of studies, have not attracted attention as objects of devotion. My interest, therefore, is turned towards verse inscription as their distinctive feature and, as I shall argue, a key aspect in understanding their function. Examining the nature of the text displayed, iconography and materiality of these crucifixes, my main argument is to demonstrate how these objects provoked a multi-faced response from their audience, since were experienced by seeing, hearing and touching respectively.

scholarly journals The specifics of interpretation of the history in the story by A. Doronin «A Wolf Ravine»

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147
Author(s):  
S. V. Sheyanova ◽  
◽  
N. M. Yusupova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: at present the reader’s audience is particularly interested in creative experiments in which the historical fate of the Russian peasantry in the «turning» eras is artistically comprehended. The article is devoted to the study of the problem-thematic range of modern Mordovian historical prose. The subject of analysis is the peculiarity of the reception of the period of collectivization and dekulakization in the story by Erzyan prose writer A. Doronin «A Wolf Ravine». Objective: to reveal the features of the artistic reconstruction of the events of the 1930s, the modeling of the relationship between a man and society in the story by A. Doronin «A Wolf Ravine».Research materials: the story by A. Doronin «A Wolf Ravine». Results and novelty of the research: the historical story « A Wolf Ravine » for the first time becomes the object of scientific understanding and is introduced into the context of Finno-Ugric literary criticism. A. Doronin artistically interprets the real events and circumstances of the resettlement of dispossessed peasants of the Volga region to the uninhabited steppes of Kazakhstan. As a result of the study, we conclude that the actualization of this problem-thematic cluster is due to the creative concept of the historical writer; the individual author’s approach to the reconstruction of historical narrative can be traced in the writer’s desire to realistically reveal the relationship of personality and society in the tragic 1930s; to analyze intentions of people and of the psychological states of the characters. Problems of a sociopolitical nature, actualized in the story, are filled with philosophical, axiological content, and lead to a multi-faceted understanding of the «man and history» problem.

scholarly journals Iδεολογικές αντιπαραθέσεις στα Βαλκάνια. Η προπαγανδιστική χρήση της λατρείας του αγίου Δημητρίου (τέλη 12ου-13ος αι.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Στέλιος ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΟΥ
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Counter Narrative ◽  
The Subject

St Demetrius, the patron of Thessaloniki through the ages, became the subject of an ideological dispute between the second Bulgarian State and the Byzantine empire (end of 12th c. and throughout the 13th century).The Bulgarians and Vlachs of Haemus attempted to appropriate St Demetrius as the divine protector of their revolt (1185/1186).Τhe Byzantines challenged this founding ideology of the new Bulgarian regime by materialising tsar Ioannitzes' sudden death in front of Thessaloniki's walls (1207) and interpreting the Bulgarian king's end as one of Demetrius’ numerous miracles. According to the author, the Byzantine counter-narrative was not only based on the visualization of St Demetrius' miraculous intervention in 1207 and the new iconographical type of the martyr on horseback, spearing or unhorsing Ioannitzes, but also on Radomeros' miraculous murder presumably carried out by the same saint. This later miracle constitutes a conceived historical parallel to Ioannitzes' death.

scholarly journals The “legendary style” in “The comprehensive life of Constantin (Cyril) the Philosopher”

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Svitlana Borshch
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
The Real ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Real Person ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Christian Society

The subject of the study is the “legendary style” of one of the most iconic hagiographic text of the IX century “The Comprehensive Life of Constantine (Cyril) the Philosopher”. This Pannonian legend belongs to the texts of Cyril-Methodius cycle and has the description of the re-finding and transportation Saint Clement’s relics by Constantine the Philosopher from Korsun (Chersonesus) to Rome. This episode is an important part of the process of legalizing the translation of the Divine Books to the so-called Church-Slavonic language. The phrase “legendary style” was borrowed from I. Franko’s work “Saint Clement in Korsun” (Lviv, 1902–1905) and has not been explained as a term yet. The purpose and the novelty of our research is to find out how “legendary style” was formed, which techniques were needed to create this concept. The relevance of this study is due to the analyzing sources for the legend as a genre (it was formed on the base of the hagiographical texts such as Jacobus da Varagine’s "The Golden Legend", XIII century). Ideological description of historical events ("tendentious historicity"), disclosure of holiness and using the category of the miraculous were clarified as the technique of “legendary style”, using the cultural-historical method, elements of comparative, structural and phenomenological analysis. Holiness, called by J. Le Goff “the most important value of Christian society”, is a predetermined aspect in “The Comprehensive Life of Constantine (Cyril) the Philosopher” and it connected the saint’s life with the events of the New Testament. The category of the miraculous is considered from the point of mythological view: miracles regulated the universe, restored harmony and established true rules and laws. According to A. Losev, the true Christian miracle occurred when the real person dialectically synthesized with his/her inner ideal at a certain moment. “Tendentious historicity” is observed in the episode about saint relics of Pope Clement I. There are variations in the very process of re-finding the holy remains: locations, heroes and time in some stories are not the same in different texts from the so-called Cyril-Methodius cycle. It gives reasons to consider these texts ideologically involved. It is advisable to include other hagiographic texts to confirm or refute, expand or narrow the “legendary style” as a term in further research.

scholarly journals العوامل المنتجة للتجديد في أحكام التشريع الإسلامي: دراسة أصولية تحليلية

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (78) ◽  
pp. 40-11
Author(s):  
رائد نصري أبو مؤنس
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Subject

يتناول هذا البحث تحديد العوامل المؤثرة والمنتجة لتجديد الأحكام في التشريع الإسلامي، وعملية الاجتهاد الموصلة إليه، وتمييزها عن العوامل غير المؤثرة، تمهيداً لضبط دعوى التجديد في التشريع الإسلامي. وتوصل الباحث إلى أن العوامل المتعلقة بالاجتهاد تتمثل في: إمكانية الخطأ عند المجتهد، واحتمالية تعدد الحق في القضية محل الحكم، أو اختلاف طرق الاجتهاد وترتيب الأدلة، أو تبدّل في الظن الغالب، ومدى الكفاءة العلمية التي أظهرها المجتهد في اجتهاده. أما العوامل المتعلقة بالحكم فهي: مدى قصد المشرع إعلامنا بالحكم أو عدمه، ومدى تغيُّر موضوع الحكم وتحوّله جوهرياً وشكلياً، التفرقة بين تغير وسائل الأحكام وتجددها، والأحكام ذاتها. وعليه فإن نسبة التغير للزمان والمكان نسبة غير حقيقية، وليس تبدل الزمان، أو اختلاف المكان سبباً لتجديد الحكم أو تغييره. This purpose of the paper is to identify factors that influence and produce new provisions in Islamic law, and the process of Ijtihad that yield Tajdid, and to distinguish these factors from non-influential factors in order to control the renewal claim in Islamic law. The researcher found that factors relating to ijtihad are: the possibility of error committed by the scholar, the possibility of having multiple rights on the issue, different ways of ijtihad arrangement of evidence, change in the prevalent conjecture, and the intellectual competence shown by the scholar. Factors related to the ruling are: the intent of the legislature to inform the ruling, the change in the subject of ruling in form and substance, the distinction between change and renewal provisions means, and the provisions themselves. Accordingly, the time and place are not the real factors in the production of tajdid and change in ruling.

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