The morphology and semantics of presyllables in Hmong-Mien languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Strecker
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
The Family ◽  
Disyllabic Words

Abstract The first components of sesquisyllabic and disyllabic words in languages of the Hmong-Mien family include forms which are believed by native speakers to be derived from phonologically fuller forms (characteristic of languages of the Mienic branch of the family) and forms which have lexical or grammatical significance (characteristic of languages of the Hmongic branch). Grammatical and phonological factors, not fully understood, determine when the first component of a sesquisyllabic word can be omitted, but the biggest challenge is to describe the meanings of lexical presyllables in Hmongic languages, which may require a consideration of both lexical semantics and ethno-semantics.

scholarly journals Social Roles as Viewed by Speakers of Non-Cognate Languages.

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-83
Author(s):  
Olga Leonidovna Byessonova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Male Roles ◽  
The Family ◽  
Degree Of Orientation ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
High Degree

Introduction. The article addresses the reflection of ideas about gender social roles in the conceptual and linguistic worldview of men and women. Materials and methods. The analysis is based on the material of the linguistic experi-ment conducted with native speakers of such English and Ukrainian. Results. The results of the experiment reveal the differences in the perception by the native speakers of English and Ukrainian of gender social roles. As the analysis of the material shows, in the Ukrainian society, the public sphere is associated to a greater de-gree with the professional activities of men and women, and there is a high degree of orientation of women towards motherhood. In English, outside the family, mainly male roles are defined, and the roles of women are mainly family and are in the sphere of personal, emotional ties. Discussion and Conclusions. The analysis of social roles shows that the Ukrainian lin-guistic community, to a greater extent than the English-speaking, is characterized by an orientation towards the traditional patriarchal family, in which a woman is the keeper of the hearth, the organizer of male consumption, and the man is the owner and head of the family. The results obtained in the course of the experiment enable to establish a systemic cor-relation between the language structure and the social structure, to establish correla-tions between the language phenomena and the gender of the communicants.

Non-durational acoustic correlates of word-initial consonant gemination in Kelantan Malay: The potential roles of amplitude and f0

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-60
Author(s):  
Mohd Hilmi Hamzah ◽  
John Hajek ◽  
Janet Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
Rare Word ◽  
Acoustic Correlates ◽  
Closure Duration ◽  
Disyllabic Words ◽  
Consonant Gemination ◽  
Manner Of Articulation ◽  
Magnitude Difference

This study reports on non-durational acoustic correlates of typologically rare word-initial consonant gemination in Kelantan Malay (KM) by focusing on two acoustic parameters – amplitude and f0. Given the unusual characteristics of the word-initial consonant contrast and its potential maintenance in domain-initial environments, this study sets to examine the extent to which amplitude and f0 can potentially characterise such a contrast in KM in addition to the cross-linguistically established acoustic correlate of closure duration. The production data involved elicited materials from sixteen KM native speakers. RMS and f0 values were measured at the start of the vowel following stops and sonorants produced in isolation (i.e. utterance-initial position) and in a carrier sentence (i.e. utterance-medial position). Results indicate that the consonant contrast is reflected in systematic differences in (i) vowel onset amplitude and f0 following the target consonant and (ii) the ratios of amplitude and f0 across two syllables of disyllabic words. There are also effects of utterance position, manner of articulation and voicing type on the magnitude of contrast between singletons and geminates with utterance-initial voiceless stops generally showing the greatest magnitude difference. The conclusion is drawn that the KM word-initial singleton/geminate consonant contrast can be associated with a set of acoustic parameters alongside closure duration.

MOOD SELECTION IN RELATIVE CLAUSES

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Borgonovo ◽  
Joyce Bruhn de Garavito ◽  
Philippe Prévost
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Adult Learners ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
Specific Pair ◽  
Mood Selection

There is presently a lively debate in second language (L2) acquisition research as to whether (adult) learners can acquire linguistic phenomena located at the interface between syntax and other modules, such as semantics, pragmatics, and lexical semantics, in contrast to phenomena that are purely syntactic in nature. For some researchers, the interface is precisely the place where fossilization occurs and the source of nonconvergence in L2 speakers. In this article we focus on the acquisition of the morphosyntax-semantics interface by examining the acquisition of mood in Spanish relative clauses by native speakers (NSs) of English. In particular, we focus on the contrast illustrated byBusco unas tijeras que corten“I am looking for scissors that cut-subj” versusBusco unas tijeras que cortan“I am looking for scissors that cut-ind.” When the indicative is used, there is a specific pair of scissors that the speaker is looking for. With the subjunctive, any pair of scissors will do, as long as it satisfies the condition expressed by the relative clause; the determiner phrase is nonspecific. In other words, we are dealing not with ungrammaticality, as both moods are possible in these contexts, but rather with differences in interpretation. General results showed that the learners could appropriately select the expected mood. We also saw that performance was not uniform across the various conditions tested. However, variability is not solely a product of L2 acquisition; we show it can be found in NSs as well.

Keeping it all in the family

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 97-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Parkinson ◽  
John Hajek
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Quantitative Survey ◽  
Genetic Relation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pronoun Use ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Family Setting

Although the Italian system of address pronouns is relatively complex, scant attention is paid to the issue in L2 manuals designed for English-speaking learners of Italian. After showing that Italian L2 manuals are not necessarily accurate in the limited detail they provide, we examine specifically the frequent claim that so-called informal tu is always used within the family. Results of a large quantitative survey conducted with native speakers of Italian in Italy and Australia show the situation to be much more complicated. Alongside tu, the more formal Lei, and the often ignored Voi, are also used, according to the interlocutor in question. Close genetic relation and proximity of age, operating independently of each other, are clear predictors of reciprocal use of tu. Otherwise, non-reciprocal use of Lei-tu and Voi-tu and even the more formal reciprocal use of Lei are not unknown in a family setting. Observations are made as to how these patterns group, along with a number of other observations about pronoun use. Finally, pedagogical suggestions that might allow English-speaking learners of Italian to understand address pronouns in Italian better and use them more accurately are also provided.

Linguistic Interviewing as a Method for Determining the Degree of Representativeness of Antonymous Pairs in the English Language

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Оксана Литвин
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Cognitive Representations ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
East European ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Selection Of

In this article, the degree of representativeness of the examples (pairs of lexical units) which illustrate antonymous relations in the English language has been determined, utilizing the method of linguistic interviewing. The article presents the procedure and the results of the psycholinguistic experiment conducted. The peculiarities of the method of linguistic interviewing as a type of psycholinguistic experiment have been defined. A selection of antonymous pairs provided by leading linguists in the area of lexical semantics as illustrative examples in thirteen English-language linguistic works (monographs, textbooks and linguistic encyclopaedias) serves as the material for the experiment. All of the 101 respondents are scholars in the field of linguistics (Candidates and Doctors of Philological Sciences, as well as postgraduate students from the higher educational establishments of Ukraine), and are native speakers of Ukrainian, English being their first foreign language. In the experiment, the respondents were to identify which pairs of lexical items given in the list illustrate the relation of antonymy. Analyzing the results of linguistic interviewing, we were able to determine the pairs of antonyms with the highest and the lowest degrees of representativeness. The research demonstrated that gradable and complementary antonyms, mainly adjectives, have the highest degree of representativeness. In addition, we identified certain correlations with the results of linguistic interviewing conducted earlier, the respondents being linguistics scholars, including university and college professors, who are native speakers of English from five English-speaking countries. References Bruner, J. S., Goodnow, J. J. and Austin, G. A. (1986). A Study of Thinking. NewBrunswick; New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. Cruse, D. A. (1987). Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kotys, O. (2014). Psykholinhvistychnyi esperyment yak metod doslidzhennia pryrodnoiyikatehorii [Psycholinguistic experiment as a method of investigating a natural category].East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 1(1), 114–121. Levytskyi, V. V. and Sternin, I. A. (1989). Eskperimentalnyie Metody v Semasiologii[Experimental Methods in Semasiology]. Voronezh: Voronezh University Publishers. Lytvyn, O. L. (2014). Leksychne napovnennia katehorii antonimii (za danymyanhlomovnykh linhvistychnykh prats) [Lexical content of the category of antonymy(based on a selection of English-language linguistic works)]. Nova Filolohiya, 64, 49–54. Lytvyn, O. L. (2015). Doslidzhennia antonimichnykh vindoshen u psykholinhvistychnomueksperymenti [A study of antonymic relations as evidenced in a psycholinguisticexperiment]. Naukovyi Visnyk Skhidnoievropeiskoho Natsionalnoho Universytetu imeniLesi Ukrainky: Filolohichni Nauky: Movoznavstvo, 4(305), 71–75. Rosch, E. H. (1973). Natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 4(3), 328–350. Rosch, E. H. (1975). Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal ofExperimental Psychology: General, 104(3), 192–233.

scholarly journals FAMILY COMMUNICATION IN THE LIGHT OF THE RUSSIAN VERBAL IDEAL: AXIOLOGICAL VIEW (BASING ON MATERIAL OF FAMILY CONVERSATIONS OF URAL TOWN COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE NATIVE SPEAKERS)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1069-1079
Author(s):  
Alla A. Evtyugina ◽  
Irina V. Shalina ◽  
Konstantin O. Shokhov ◽  
Hairullo N. Tabarov
Keyword(s):  
Family Communication ◽  
Secondary School Teachers ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Communication Optimization ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Colloquial Language ◽  
The Family ◽  
Value Sets

Purpose of the study: The topicality of the issue under study is caused by the interest to peculiarities of the Russian national routine verbal communication, and to constants and variables thereof. The goal of the article is finding certain peculiarities of family communication which are revealed against the background of the Russian verbal ideal. Methodology: A leading approach to the investigation of this issue is linguo-culturological one which allows revealing value systems, apprehensions and stereotypes realized in family conversations of Ural town colloquial language native speakers and contributing to harmonization of communication between the family circle members, both close and distant. Results: As a result of the undertaken analysis, it was found that communicators’ socio-centric view of life is supported by the value sets on cooperation, the entourage’s respect, jocosity, communicative confidence, and sociability; value of complicity to the family circle and family memory were revealed; the trend to direct valuation use was denominated; it was shown that it is the popular-tongue environment wherein apprehensions of Russian people about children’s obedience, fate and justice are tied up (Alapuro, R., Mustajoki, A., & Pesonen, P. (Eds.). (2011)). Applications of this study: Materials of the article can be of interest for researchers of the Russian communicative culture, colloquialisms, teachers of Russian language as a foreign language, specialists in scope of communication optimization, higher and secondary school teachers, people forming and perfecting skills of conflict-free communication within the Russian verbal ideal. Novelty/Originality of this study: The authors established that participants of a family communication take definite verbal efforts for providing communicative concord and harmony supporting speech traditions flowing out from parents’ families. The socio-centric mental outlook of speech partners is achieved through realization of conversational sets on cooperation, respect to close people, communicative confidence and frankness. Senior family members translate communicative stereotypes that are adopted in their parents’ families.

FAMILY STORIES OF EVERYDAY DISCOURSE IN TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE: THEMATIC ASPECT

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
А.Ю. Помникова ◽  
К.А. Астахова
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Family Stories ◽  
Thematic Content ◽  
The Family ◽  
Everyday Communication ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Inherent Part

В работе представлены результаты исследования тематического наполнения семейных историй в бытовом дискурсе как в имеющихся учебных пособиях по РКИ, так и в собранных нами материалах интервью. Анализ учебников разных уровней позволил выделить 15 общих, «глобальных» тем, связанных с семьей и ее историей и реализующихся в 44 микротемах. Материалы, собранные нами в результате проведенного нарративного интервью, показали, что в реальном общении встречается большее разнообразие как на уровне общих тем, так и на уровне микротем. В результате анализа собранных семейных историй мы обнаружили 7 принципиально новых тем и 19 новых микротем, дополняющих уже имеющиеся в пособиях темы. Включение данного тематического наполнения в процесс обучения РКИ не только подготовит иностранных учащихся к реальной коммуникации с носителями языка, но и научит их понимать русскую социально-бытовую культуру и факторы, повлиявшие на нее в прошлом и влияющие сейчас. Family history is an essential part of human life, and family stories are organically implicated into everyday communication, being an inherent part of it. The article presents the results of the study of the thematic content of family stories in everyday discourse both in textbooks of Russian as a foreign language and in the materials, we’ve collected for the purpose of the present research. The analysis of textbooks of different levels made it possible to identify 15 general, global topics related to the family and its history, actualized in 44 micro-topics. The materials we collected as a result of narrative interviews showed that in real communication there is a greater variety both at the level of general topics and at the level of micro topics. As a result of the analysis of the collected family stories, we found 7 fundamentally new topics and 19 new micro topics that complement the topics already revealed in the textbooks. The implication of this thematic content in the process of teaching of Russian as a foreign language will not only prepare foreign students for real communication with native speakers, but also help them to understand Russian social and everyday culture and the factors that influenced it in the past and are affecting now.

scholarly journals Putting and Taking Events in Mandarin Chinese

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Jidong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Wide Range

This paper investigates the lexical semantics of Mandarin placement predicates from the perspective of event encoding and event categorization. The data explored in this study are the verbs used in elicited descriptions of 63 Put&Take video clips (Bowerman, Gullberg, Majid, and Narasimhan, 2004) plus three warm-up items, depicting a wide range of caused putting and taking events by 10 adult native speakers of Mandarin (mean age 28 years).

scholarly journals SIKAP BAHASA PENUTUR BAHASA JATI DAN APARAT PEMERINTAH TERHADAP BAHASA RETTA DI ALOR

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Wati Kurniawati
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Family ◽  
Language Attitude ◽  
Continuation Technique

This research aims to discover the language attitude of the native speakers and authorities towards their mother language. The methods used in this research are descriptive and text analysis methods. Text analysis method used is content analysis. Data collection was conducted through questionnaire and conversation method with fishing technique as the basic technique and face-to-face conversation technique as the continuation technique. The number of the samples is 90 respondents and 10 respondents. The research shows that the native speakers of Retta have a positive attitude towards their mother language since they transmit their mother language intergenerational, use it in their daily life and preserve it. In addition, the authorities also have a positive attitude towards their mother language. It indirectly states that Retta language is able to survive, there is the next generation as its speakers, it is an ancestral language and it is studied to strengthen the family relationships and as the local content. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sikap bahasa penutur dan aparat pemerintah terhadap bahasa ibunya. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dan analisis teks. Metode analisis teks yang digunakan adalah analisis isi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner dan metode cakap dengan teknik dasar berupa teknik pancing dan teknik lanjutan berupa teknik cakap semuka. Sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 90 responden dan 10 responden. Temuan penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa penutur bahasa Retta memiliki sikap positif terhadap bahasa ibunya karena melakukan transmisi bahasa ibu antargenerasi, digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, dan menjaga kelestariannya. Sementara itu, aparat pemerintah memiliki sikap positif terhadap bahasa Retta yang menyatakan bahwa bahasa Retta lebih bertahan hidup, ada generasi penerus sebagai penutur, bahasa leluhur, dipelajari untuk mempererat hubungan kekeluargaan, dan untuk muatan lokal di wilayahnya.

scholarly journals Obscure cognates and lexical reconstruction: notes on the diachrony of the Xinguan Arawak languages

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-294
Author(s):  
Fernando O. de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistic ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Common ◽  
Lexical Innovation

Abstract The present paper discusses evidence supporting the claim that the common Xinguan Arawak noun for ‘hand’, *wɨʂɨku, is a shared lexical innovation of this subgroup and that, in addition, a formation for ‘finger’ derived from a nominal compound with the roots for ‘hand’ and ‘head’, *kapɨ-tɨwɨ, sets Waurá, Mehinaku and Kustenaú apart from other languages of the family, including Yawalapiti. The reconstructed Proto-Arawak etymon for ‘hand’, *kʰapɨ, is preserved in the Xinguan Arawak languages only in the form of obscure cognates, instantiating interesting developments in lexical semantics as well as a relatively uncommon sound change in Yawalapiti. The discussion incorporates and addresses the historical linguistic significance of the earliest documentation of the Xinguan Arawak languages, the material gathered by Karl von den Steinen in 1887-1888. The analyses and data discussed highlight serious shortcomings in some of the reconstructed forms and diachronic developments advanced by Payne (1991), such as the postulation of a shift *a > ɨ in Waurá and the reconstruction of syllable-final *h for the Proto-Arawak language, one of the most controversial aspects of his comparative study.

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