Climbing the ladder to literary Heaven

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Gibbs ◽  
Natalia Blackwell
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Metaphor Processing ◽  
Entire Text

This study examined university students’ interpretations of a passage from the novel “The Anthologist” that notably described a poet’s career as his clinging onto an infinitely tall ladder leading up into the blinding blue. Understanding this excerpt requires readers to engage in “metaphor processing” where one applies a metaphoric reading to some instance of language or a situation to obtain allegorical meaning, as opposed to “processing metaphor” in which individual words and phrases are given metaphoric meaning. Students’ interpretations of both the individual segments and the entire text revealed significant allegorical abilities, many of which we centered on their elaboration of the common metaphorical theme LIFE IS A JOURNEY. But participants also clearly created textured, personal readings of fictional texts that gave each interpretive act it own unique, creative flavor. Although this study focused on the “products” of people’s interpretation for allegory, we speculate on the cognitive “processes” required for readers to produce their rich, detailed understandings of allegory in fiction.

Individual author’s phraseology in I. S. Turgenev’s novel "Home of the Gentry" ("Dvoryanskoe gnezdo")

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
E. A. Shumskikh
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Space ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Common Variants ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Language System ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual

The paper focuses on a variety of methods used by I. S. Turgenev to transform the phraseological units (PU) in his novel "Home of the Gentry" ("Dvoryanskoe gnezdo"). It is noted that it is those phraseological unities which in the language system display variation that are, as a rule, subject to transformations in the novel. Continuous sampling was employed to detect and analyse the individual author’s phraseological units while studying the text of the novel. Additionally, the common and occasional variants of such phraseological units were compared by means of referring to dictionaries. The paper highlights the mechanism of the author’s transformation of Russian phraseological units, i. e. shows the peculiarities of building occasional phraseological semantics in the text. Moreover, word-forming and morphological modifications of the common variants of phraseological units, the syntagmatic peculiarities of individual author’s idioms are described. The study investigates the role of occasional phraseologisation in the semantic space of the novel and comprehensively defines the structural-semantic and expressive-stylistic characteristics of occasional phraseological units.

Reduced Summation with Common Features in Causal Judgments

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Glautier ◽  
Edward Redhead ◽  
Anna Thorwart ◽  
Harald Lachnit
Keyword(s):  
Test Pattern ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Causal Learning ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Summation Effect ◽  
Causal Judgments ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Training

In three experiments human participants received training in a causal judgment task. After learning which patterns were associated with an outcome, participants rated the likelihood of the outcome in the presence of a novel combination of the patterns. The first two experiments used two conditions in which two visual patterns were associated with the outcome. In one condition these patterns shared a common feature. The third experiment only used the common feature condition. According to an elemental theory ( Rescorla & Wagner, 1972 ) the response to the novel test pattern should have exceeded that made to the individual training patterns, a summation effect, and this effect should have been reduced by the addition of a common feature. Summation was observed but since the common feature condition abolished, rather than merely reduced, summation the results were not consistent with the Rescorla-Wagner Model (RWM) nor with a configural alternative ( Pearce, 1994 ). Instead, it is necessary to consider models which allow the possibility of both elemental and configural strategies in causal learning. The Replaced Elements Model ( Wagner, 2003 ) is a development of the RWM which can best predict the patterns of summation and summation failure in these experiments.

scholarly journals The meaning of the lexeme widnokrąg as used by Wiesław Myśliwski in his eponymous novel.

Movoznavstvo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 313 (4) ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
N. H. Sydiachenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Common Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Thematic Content ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
World Picture ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Native Place

In the paper, which is a continuation of a number of studies on individual writer’s semantics in idiolects, the author has analyzed the meaning of the concept widnokrąg (the horizon), which functions as a keyword in the novel “Widnokrąg” written by Polish writer W. Myśliwski. The definitions of keywords, established in the theoretical literature, are emphasized, the most important of them is spotlighted: keywords are related to the ideological and thematic content of the work/works, conceptual ideas of the author, verbalized figuratively and literally. The word widnokrąg of Myśliwski’s idiolect in relation to the specified determinants has been analyzed. Taking into account the lexicographic sources, the common language structure of the meanings of the polynominals widnokrąg and виднокруг and their synonyms horyzont and горизонт in Polish and Ukrainian languages are compared. Taking into account the contextual analysis, it was found out that the word widnokrąg in the W. Myśliwski’s idiolect functions in common terms: ‛place of apparent collision of the sky with land or sea’ and ‛part of the earth’s surface that can be seen in the open’; and is also actualized in ancient mythological meanings as ‛the place of collision of this and that world’, ‛the place of transition to the after life’. In addition, the keyword compared acquires the individual authorial meaning of ‛fate’. It is produced in the text by metonymical extending of the figurative meaning ‛surroundings, environment of something or someone’ established in Polish, supplemented by a metaphorical transcendental connotation. The metonymic narrowing of the meanings of ‛environment’ and ‛space’ determines of the phrase the center of the horizon the semantics ‛native place’. The writer, having his own vision, perception of reality denotation, makes changes in the established category in the language “distinction and reduction or elimination” of its features, encoding them in the individual sense. Therefore, the study of individual author’s semantics of keywords also supports our better understanding of the author’s world picture. In particular, our study highlights fragments of the narrator’s world picture, which preserves the ancient ideas of mythological consciousness and ancient, but still active in Poland the rites of commemoration of ancestors.

scholarly journals The common personal behavior and preventive measures among 42 uninfected travelers from the Hubei province, China during COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional survey in Macao SAR, China

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chon Fu Lio ◽  
Hou Hon Cheong ◽  
Chin Ion Lei ◽  
Iek Long Lo ◽  
Lan Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Common ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Personal Behavior

Background The novel coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) caused over 1.7 million confirmed cases and cumulative mortality up to over 110,000 deaths worldwide as of 14 April 2020. A total of 57 Macao citizens were obligated to stay in Hubei province, China, where the highest COVID-19 prevalence was noted in the country and a “lockdown” policy was implemented for outbreak control for more than one month. They were escorted from Wuhan City to Macao via a chartered airplane organized by Macao SAR government and received quarantine for 14 days with none of the individual being diagnosed with COVID-19 by serial RNA tests from the nasopharyngeal specimens and sera antibodies. It was crucial to identify common characteristics among these 57 uninfected individuals. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted to extract information such as behavior, change of habits and preventive measures. Results A total of 42 effective questionnaires were analyzed after exclusion of 14 infants and children with age under fifteen as ineligible for the survey and missing of one questionnaire, with a response rate of 97.7% (42 out of 43). The proportion of female composed more than 70% of this group of returners. The main reason for visiting Hubei in 88.1% of respondents was to visit relatives. Over 88% of respondents did not participate in high-risk activities due to mobility restriction. All (100%) denied contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases. Comparison of personal hygiene habits before and during disease outbreak showed a significant increase in practice including wearing a mask when outdoor (16.7% and 95.2%, P < 0.001) and often wash hands with soap or liquid soap (85.7% and 100%, P = 0.031).

The Red Neuronal Pigment in the Nervous System of the Mussel, Mytilus Edulis: Localization and Its Effect on Lateral Ciliary Activity with Spectral and Analytical Changes

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 494-495
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Paparo ◽  
Judith A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cryostat Sections

The purpose of this study was to localize the red neuronal pigment in Mytilus edulis and examine its role in the control of lateral ciliary activity in the gill. The visceral ganglia (Vg) in the central nervous system show an over al red pigmentation. Most red pigments examined in squash preps and cryostat sec tions were localized in the neuronal cell bodies and proximal axon regions. Unstained cryostat sections showed highly localized patches of this pigment scattered throughout the cells in the form of dense granular masses about 5-7 um in diameter, with the individual granules ranging from 0.6-1.3 um in diame ter. Tissue stained with Gomori's method for Fe showed bright blue granular masses of about the same size and structure as previously seen in unstained cryostat sections.Thick section microanalysis (Fig.l) confirmed both the localization and presence of Fe in the nerve cell. These nerve cells of the Vg share with other pigmented photosensitive cells the common cytostructural feature of localization of absorbing molecules in intracellular organelles where they are tightly ordered in fine substructures.

Margaret Mahy: An Adlerian Reading

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-199
Author(s):  
KATHRYN WALLS
Keyword(s):  
Young Female ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Psychology ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Alfred Adler ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
Magical Power ◽  
Margaret Mahy ◽  
The Individual

According to the ‘Individual Psychology’ of Alfred Adler (1870–1937), Freud's contemporary and rival, everyone seeks superiority. But only those who can adapt their aspirations to meet the needs of others find fulfilment. Children who are rejected or pampered are so desperate for superiority that they fail to develop social feeling, and endanger themselves and society. This article argues that Mahy's realistic novels invite Adlerian interpretation. It examines the character of Hero, the elective mute who is the narrator-protagonist of The Other Side of Silence (1995) , in terms of her experience of rejection. The novel as a whole, it is suggested, stresses the destructiveness of the neurotically driven quest for superiority. Turning to Mahy's supernatural romances, the article considers novels that might seem to resist the Adlerian template. Focusing, in particular, on the young female protagonists of The Haunting (1982) and The Changeover (1984), it points to the ways in which their magical power is utilised for the sake of others. It concludes with the suggestion that the triumph of Mahy's protagonists lies not so much in their generally celebrated ‘empowerment’, as in their transcendence of the goal of superiority for its own sake.

Translating ambiguous and nonambiguous Words in a foreign Language

2003 ◽  
Vol 139-140 ◽  
pp. 129-152
Author(s):  
Paul Bogaards ◽  
Elisabeth Van Der Linden ◽  
Lydius Nienhuis
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
University Students ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Lexical Ambiguity ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Bilingual Lexicon ◽  
The Individual

The research to be reported on in this paper was originally motivated by the finding that about 70% of the mistakes made by university students when translating from their mother tongue (Dutch) into their foreign language (French) were lexical in nature (NIENHUIS et al. 1989). This was partially confinned in the investigation described in NIENHUIS et al. (1993). A closer look at the individual errors suggested that many problems were caused by words with more than one meaning which each require different translations in the target language. In the research reported on in this paper, we checked our fmdings in the light of what is known about the structure of the bilingual lexicon and about the ways bilinguals have access to the elements of their two languages. On the basis of the model of the bilingual lexicon presented by KROLL & Sholl (1992) an adapted model is proposed for the processing of lexical ambiguity. This leads to a tentative schema of the mental activities that language learners have to perfonn when they are translating from their mother tongue into a foreign language, The second part of the paper describes two experiments we have carried out in order to find empirical support for such a schema. The last section of the paper contains a discussion of the results obtained as well as the conclusions that can be drawn.

What Can Economists Contribute to the Common Good Tradition?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Yuengert
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Common Pool Resources ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Provision ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

Although most economists are skeptical of or puzzled by the Catholic concept of the common good, a rejection of the economic approach as inimical to the common good would be hasty and counterproductive. Economic analysis can enrich the common good tradition in four ways. First, economics embodies a deep respect for economic agency and for the effects of policy and institutions on individual agents. Second, economics offers a rich literature on the nature of unplanned order and how it might be shaped by policy. Third, economics offers insight into the public and private provision of various kinds of goods (private, public, common pool resources). Fourth, recent work on the development and logic of institutions and norms emphasizes sustainability rooted in the good of the individual.

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