High NH3 deposition in the environs of a commercial fattening pig farm in central south China

Abstract Abstract Intensive livestock production has been increasing, and has resulted in the emission of more than seven teragram per year of ammonia (NH3) in China in recent years. However, little is known about the fate of the emitted NH3, especially the dry deposition of NH3 in the environs of intensive animal farms. In this study, the spatial and temporal variations of NH3 deposition in the environs of an intensive fattening pig farm were investigated in the central south of China. NH3 concentrations were measured at sites situated 50, 100, 200, 300, and 500 m in the downwind direction from the farm each month from July 2018 to June 2019. The NH3 deposition was calculated based on a bidirectional NH3 exchange model. The monthly NH3 emissions from the pig farm were estimated based on the breeding stock. The annual average NH3 concentrations ranged from 1,200 to 14 μg m-3 at the downwind sites within 500 m of the pig farm, exhibiting exponential decay as distance increased. Strong seasonality in NH3 deposition was observed, with the highest season being in the summer and lowest in the winter, and air temperature was found to be an important factor affecting this seasonal variation. The estimated monthly total dry deposition within 500 m of the pig farm ranged from 92 to 1,400 kg NH3-N mo-1, which accounted for 4.1 to 14% of the total monthly NH3 emissions from the pig farm. The estimated total NH3 emissions and NH3 deposition from the pig farm were 63,000 kg NH3-N yr-1 and 5,400 kg NH3-N yr-1, respectively, with the annual average ratio of NH3 deposition to NH3 emission being 8.6%. This study found NH3 deposition around intensive pig farms to be high, and determined it as a significant fate of the NH3 emitted from pig farms.

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PROBLEMS CAUSED BY SMALL PIG FARM ODOR AROUND THE WESTERN SONGKHLA LAKE BASIN

University Of Bengkulu Law Journal ◽

10.33369/ubelaj.v2i1.8008 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Papontee Teeraphan

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Lake Basin ◽

Urgent Problem ◽

The Public ◽

Pig Farms ◽

Pig Farm ◽

The Government ◽

The Moment ◽

Source Of Information ◽

Proper Solutions

Pollution is currently a significant issue arising awareness throughout the world. In Thailand, pollution can often be seen in any part of the country. Air pollution is pointed as an urgent problem. This pollution has not damaged only to human health and lives, it has destroyed environment, and possibly leading to violence. In Phattalung, air pollution is affecting to the residents’ lives. Especially, when the residents who are mostly agriculturists have not managed the waste resulted from the farm. In Phattalung, at the moment, there are many pig farms, big and small. Some of them are only for consuming for a family, some, however, are being consumed for the business which pigs will be later purchased by big business companies. Therefore, concerning pollution, the researcher and the fund giver were keen to focus on the points of the air pollution of the small pig farms. This is because it has been said that those farms have not been aware on the pollution issue caused by the farms. Farm odor is very interesting which can probably lead to following problems. The researcher also hopes that this research can be used as a source of information by the government offices in order to be made even as a policy or a proper legal measurement. As the results, the study shows that, first, more than half of the samples had smelled the farm odor located nearby their communities, though it had not caused many offenses. Second, the majority had decided not to act or response in order to solve the odor problem, but some of them had informed the officers. The proper solutions in reducing offenses caused by pig farm odor were negotiation and mediation. Last, the majority does not perceive about the process under the Public Health Act B.E. 2535.

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KAJIAN KRITERIA INVESTASI KONVENSIONAL DAN LINGKUNGAN PETERNAKAN BABI DI KOTA TOMOHON

ZOOTEC ◽

10.35792/zot.39.1.2019.23905 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 171

Author(s):

Franky N.S Oroh ◽

S A.E Moningkey ◽

I D.R Lumenta

Keyword(s):

Net Present Value ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Internal Rate Of Return ◽

Benefit Cost Ratio ◽

Investment Plan ◽

Investment Companies ◽

Pig Farms ◽

Pig Farm ◽

Benefit Cost

ABSTRACTSTUDY OF CONVENTIONAL INVESTMENT CRITERIA AND ENVIRONMENTAL OF PIG FARMING IN TOMOHON CITY. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of conventional (private) and environment (externalities) investment criteria, which determine the extent of the economic feasibility of the externalities investment criteria taking into account the private costs (conventional costs) and externalities costs (environmental costs) in the pig farm agribusiness. This research was conducted in Tomohon, where the sample pig farms that have business scale criterion of <1,000, 1,000-5,000, and > 5,000 heads. The analysis used the analysis of investment criteria to look at the externalities economic feasibility of the pig farms, with the calculation of Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). NPV of conventionally and externalities was greater than zero or positive, these results suggest that the companies have been conventionally sampled financially feasibility, as well as the investment plan of externalities. IRR conventional and externalities is greater than one, these results indicate that the samples with conventional and externalities investment companies are still profitable, especially if the investment is viewed in the environment, it would be beneficial as it will reduce the environmental impact. BC ratio values conventionally and externalities is greater than one, these results suggest that the externalities investment is feasible for conducting.Keywords :Economy, Environment, Pig Farms, Tomohon

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Wet and dry deposition of mineral dust particles in Japan: factors related to temporal variation and spatial distribution

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-13-21801-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 21801-21835

Author(s):

K. Osada ◽

S. Ura ◽

M. Kagawa ◽

M. Mikami ◽

T. Y. Tanaka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Deposition ◽

Wet Deposition ◽

Mineral Dust ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Dust Particles ◽

Insoluble Residue ◽

Spatial Distributions ◽

Dust Deposition ◽

Deposition Fluxes ◽

Deposition Amount

Abstract. Data of temporal variations and spatial distributions of mineral dust deposition fluxes are very limited in terms of duration, location, and processes of deposition. To ascertain temporal variations and spatial distributions of mineral dust deposition by wet and dry processes, weekly deposition samples were obtained at Sapporo, Toyama, Nagoya, Tottori, Fukuoka, and Cape Hedo (Okinawa) in Japan during October 2008–December 2010 using automatic wet and dry separating samplers. Mineral dust weights in water-insoluble residue were estimated from Fe contents measured using an X-ray fluorescence analyzer. For wet deposition, highest and lowest annual dust fluxes were found at Toyama (9.6 g m−2 yr−1) and at Cape Hedo (1.7 g m−2 yr−1) as average values in 2009 and 2010. Higher wet deposition fluxes were observed at Toyama and Tottori, where frequent precipitation (>60% days per month) was observed during dusty seasons. For dry deposition among Toyama, Tottori, Fukuoka, and Cape Hedo, the highest and lowest annual dust fluxes were found respectively at Fukuoka (5.2 g m−2 yr−1) and at Cape Hedo (2.0 g m−2 yr−1) as average values in 2009 and 2010. Although the seasonal tendency of the monthly dry deposition amount roughly resembled that of monthly days of Kosa dust events, the monthly amount of dry deposition was not proportional to monthly days of the events. Comparison of dry deposition fluxes with vertical distribution of dust particles deduced from Lidar data and coarse particle concentrations suggested that the maximum dust layer height or thickness is an important factor for controlling the dry deposition amount after long-range transport of dust particles. Size distributions of refractory dust particles were obtained using four-stage filtration: >20, >10, >5, and >1 μm diameter. Weight fractions of the sum of >20 μm and 10–20 μm (giant fraction) were higher than 50% for most of the event samples. Irrespective of the deposition type, the giant dust fractions were decreasing generally with increasing distance from the source area, suggesting the selective depletion of larger giant particles during atmospheric transport. Because giant dust particles are an important mass fraction of dust accumulation, especially in the north Pacific where is known as a high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) region, the transport height of giant dust particles is an important factor for studying dust budgets in the atmosphere and their role in biogeochemical cycles.

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Practical value of food bait «Fliblok gran-ules» in order to reduce the number of zoo-philic flies at the pig farms

International bulletin of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.17238/issn2072-2419.2020.2.51 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 51-57

Author(s):

S.V. Engashev ◽

◽

F. I. Vasilevich ◽

M.D. Novak ◽

E.S. Engasheva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

Food Pellet ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Blood Sucking ◽

Russian Federa Tion ◽

Pig Farms ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Pig Farm ◽

Almost All

Bestial flies are widely spred at various types of livestock enterprises (dairy farms, fattening farms, pig farms, sheep farms, stud farms, poultry farms) of the Russian Federa-tion; they are mechanical and biological carriers of many pathogens of infectious and invasive diseases, can cause anemia and stress in productive farm animals and young animals. The economic damage from infec-tious and parasitic diseases, the causative agents of which carry licking and blood-sucking flies, as well as from a decrease in productivity due to stress, is measured in hundreds of millions of rubles a year. In addition, high costs are required for veteri-nary, anti-epizootic and recreational activi-ties. We conducted a test to study the effective-ness of the Flyblock® food pellet bait (organization-developer of NEC Agrovet-zashchita LLC), an insecticidal and attract-ant measurement during the period of the maximum number of bestial flies on a pig farm.The food bait was tested from the sec-ond half of summer until the end of Septem-ber in three commercial pig farms of the Ryazan Region: 50 x 12 m - experimental, 5 x 12 m - control № 1 (fodder kitchen), 50 x 12 m - control № 2. In the experimental room, the Flyblock® drug granules were distributed by the rate of 5 g per 5 m2 in cardboard containers 12 x 8 cm in size with 4 cm high side walls in plac-es not accessible to animals - window open-ings. The Flyblock® pellet food bait was placed once with regular monitoring (starting from the first day and for 2.5 months) of its effectiveness against bestial flies with the obligatory re-moval of dead flies. Studies have showed the high efficiency of Flyblock® food pellets against bestial flies. The effectiveness of the the drug against licking and bloodsucking flies when keeping pigs for fattening in the premises of a com-mercial pig farm is in almost all cases of research more than 95%.

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Antimicrobial Resistance in ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Layer and Pig Farms in Thailand

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.81823 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aniroot Nuangmek ◽

Suvichai Rojanasthien ◽

Suwit Chotinun ◽

Panuwat Yamsakul ◽

Pakpoom Tadee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Commensal Bacteria ◽

Farm Worker ◽

Stagnant Water ◽

E Coli ◽

Pig Farms ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Pig Farm

Background: Study of drug resistance of commensal bacteria in both humans and animals can determine the scale of the drug resistance problem. Usage of antimicrobials to treat infections in humans and animals has generated extensive antimicrobial pressure not only on targeted pathogens but also on commensal bacteria. Commensal Escherichia coli appears to be the major reservoir for resistant genes implicated in the transmission of genetic traits from one bacterium to another. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae has increased dramatically worldwide in the last decade. An increasing number of community-onset extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacterial infections, especially those caused by ESBL-producing E. coli, have been reported in many countries, including Thailand. Moreover, ESBL-producing E. coli have been widely detected in food-producing animals and the environment. The increased use of ESBLs in food animals is a serious public health problem. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from pigs, layers, farm workers and stagnant water, in order to increase awareness about antimicrobial usage on farms and to minimize the expansion of the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon in farm settings.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 588 samples were collected from 107 pig farms and 89 layer farms in Chiang Mai–Lamphun and Chon Buri provinces during May 2015-April 2016. Double-disk diffusion method according to EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) guidelines was used for detection. The results demonstrated that 36.7% (216/588) of samples were ESBL-producing E. coli-positive, including rectal swabs 74.8% (80/107), pig farm worker stool swabs 57.0% (61/107), stagnant water on pig farms 21.5% (23/107), healthy layer rectal swabs 6.7% (6/89) and layer farm worker stool swabs 51.7% (46/89). Most of the isolates were resistant against ampicillin (99.5%), followed by erythromycin (98.6%) and ceftriaxone (96.3%). All of them were classified as multidrug-resistant strains. Moreover, AMP-CRO-E-TE-C-SXT-CN was the most frequent phenotype pattern detected in animals, humans and the environment, followed by AMP-CRO-E-TE-C-SXT-NA-CN.Discussion: The present study offers clear evidence that the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in healthy pigs is higher than in layers. One possible explanation is that a large amount and variety of antimicrobials are used on pig farms, resulting in a common and significant source of drug-resistant ESBL-producing E. coli. The lower incidence of ESBL-producing E. coli in samples from a pig farm environment than in samples of animal origin indicate that pigs are a reservoir of a reservoir for resistant bacteria and a source of environmental contamination. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of ESBLproducing E. coli detected in all sample types and study locations were quite similar. In almost all ESBL-producing E. coli isolates, resistance was shown against ampicillin, erythromycin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Moreover, multidrug resistance was found in all isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli. The differences in antimicrobial agent resistance patterns can be used to differentiate sources by employing analytical tools such as discriminant function analysis. A molecular typing protocol is recommended for use in a discriminant function analysis for pattern determination of pathogen spreading. However, genetic fingerprinting techniques for microbial source tracking are more expensive, and facilities with appropriate equipment and expertise are required.

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ASSESSMENT OF BIOSECURITY MEASURES ON COMMERCIAL PIG FARMS

ВЕТЕРИНАРСКИ ЖУРНАЛ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ ◽

10.7251/vetjen1802463b ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Jovan BOJKOVSKI ◽

Branislav STANKOVIĆ ◽

Jasna PRODANOV-RADULOVIĆ ◽

Milan MALETIĆ ◽

Slobodanka VAKANJAC ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Good Manufacturing Practice ◽

Specific Situation ◽

Control Points ◽

Critical Control Points ◽

Pig Farms ◽

Pig Farm ◽

Production Success

Biosecurity, welfare, good manufacturing practice and risk analysisat critical control points are very important elements for intensive pig production.Planned application of biosecurity measures is crucial for the protection of pighealth and production success. In order to have an ongoing active relationship withthe existing threats it is recommended to influence the employees’ awareness ofthe real need to protect production as a whole. The key to achieving these goals areprepared biosecurity plans for each specific situation, or a specific pig farm.

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African Swine Fever Outbreak Investigation on Large Commercial Pig Farm in Serbia

Acta veterinaria ◽

10.2478/acve-2021-0019 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 219-229

Author(s):

Milijana Nešković ◽

Bojan Ristić ◽

Rade Došenović ◽

Siniša Grubač ◽

Tamaš Petrović ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African Swine Fever ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Wild Boars ◽

Key Points ◽

Risk Period ◽

Pig Farms ◽

Pig Farm ◽

Sources Of Infection ◽

In The Beginning ◽

The City

Abstract The first confirmed case of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Serbia occurred in 2019. Since then, numerous outbreaks in domestic pigs and wild boars have been reported. Until April 2021, all the detected ASF cases were in backyard pigs. Beside backyard and smallholders farming systems as a dominant pig production system in Serbia, large commercial pig farms can also be found, located mostly in villages. In the beginning of April 2021, a large commercial farrow-to-finish pig farm in Serbia with almost 19,000 animals was affected with the ASF virus. The pig farm analysed in this paper is located in an area where ASF was confirmed earlier in both backyard and wild boars. In this study, we describe the overall epidemiological course of the ASF outbreak. Epidemiological investigation using a hypothesis-based approach was conducted in order to reconstruct the disease course until the official notification. All the available data from the farm were analysed with the aim to determine the high-risk period (HRP). Some of the key points to consider when it comes to the sources of infection and entry route of ASF are the following: contamination of the area in the immediate vicinity of the farm, risky human activities, irregularities and some omissions in the external farm biosecurity and immediate proximity of the city waste-yard where the communal waste is disposed of. It was concluded that when commercial pig farms are surrounded by villages with a large number of backyards, hence the anthropogenic factor is the key risk factor for ASF spreading.

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Diversity of Diptera Species in Estonian Pig Farms

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci7010013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lea Tummeleht ◽

Margret Jürison ◽

Olavi Kurina ◽

Heli Kirik ◽

Julia Jeremejeva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Sampling Period ◽

Temperate Climate ◽

Activity Density ◽

Pig Farms ◽

Arthropod Fauna ◽

Pig Farm ◽

Species Groups ◽

Temperate Climate Zone

In light of the African swine fever outbreaks in Estonian pig farms during the past few years, the question of the vector potential of Diptera in the pig farm environment has risen. However, the arthropod fauna of the pig farm environment is currently not well established. Hence, the aim of this study was to clarify the species diversity in pig farms. In total, 22 Diptera species or species groups were found in Estonian pig farms. There were altogether 186,701 individual arthropods collected, from which 96.6% (180,444) belonged to the order of true flies (Insecta: Diptera). The remaining 3.4% were from other insect orders, arachnids, or just damaged and unidentifiable specimens. The activity density and diversity of dipterans differed significantly between 12 sampled farms but not throughout the sampling period. The present study is amongst the few to provide a large-scale overview of pig-farm-associated Diptera in the temperate climate zone.

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Dry and wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen compounds to a tropical pasture site (Rondônia, Brazil)

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-6-447-2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 447-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

I. Trebs ◽

L. L. Lara ◽

L. M. M. Zeri ◽

L. V. Gatti ◽

P. Artaxo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biomass Burning ◽

Dry Deposition ◽

Wet Deposition ◽

Particle Deposition ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

N Deposition ◽

Deposition Fluxes ◽

Dry And Wet Deposition ◽

Surface Atmosphere ◽

Nh3 Emission

Abstract. The input of nitrogen (N) to ecosystems has increased dramatically over the past decades. While total (wet + dry) N deposition has been extensively determined in temperate regions, only very few data sets of N wet deposition exist for tropical ecosystems, and moreover, reliable experimental information about N dry deposition in tropical environments is lacking. In this study we estimate dry and wet deposition of inorganic N for a remote pasture site in the Amazon Basin based on in-situ measurements. The measurements covered the late dry (biomass burning) season, a transition period and the onset of the wet season (clean conditions) (12 September to 14 November 2002) and were a part of the LBA-SMOCC (Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia – Smoke, Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall, and Climate) 2002 campaign. Ammonia (NH3), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrous acid (HONO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NO), ozone (O3), aerosol ammonium (NH4+) and aerosol nitrate (NO3-) were measured in real-time, accompanied by simultaneous meteorological measurements. Dry deposition fluxes of NO2 and HNO3 are inferred using the ''big leaf multiple resistance approach'' and particle deposition fluxes are derived using an established empirical parameterization. Bi-directional surface-atmosphere exchange fluxes of NH3 and HONO are estimated by applying a ''canopy compensation point model''. N dry and wet deposition is dominated by NH3 and NH4+, which is largely the consequence of biomass burning during the dry season. The grass surface appeared to have a strong potential for daytime NH3 emission, owing to high canopy compensation points, which are related to high surface temperatures and to direct NH3 emissions from cattle excreta. NO2 also significantly accounted for N dry deposition, whereas HNO3, HONO and N-containing aerosol species were only minor contributors. Ignoring NH3 emission from the vegetation surface, the annual net N deposition rate is estimated to be about −11 kgN ha-1 yr-1. If on the other hand, surface-atmosphere exchange of NH3 is considered to be bi-directional, the annual net N budget at the pasture site is estimated to range from −2.15 to −4.25 kgN ha-1 yr-1.

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Spatial patterns of antimicrobial resistance genes in a cross-sectional sample of pig farms with indoor non-organic production of finishers

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268817000206 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 145 (7) ◽

pp. 1418-1430 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. C. BIRKEGÅRD ◽

A. K. ERSBØLL ◽

T. HALASA ◽

J. CLASEN ◽

A. FOLKESSON ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Organic Production ◽

Health Concern ◽

Small Scale ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Pig Farms ◽

Spatial Differences ◽

Pig Farm ◽

Risk Maps

SUMMARYAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pig populations is a public health concern. There is a lack of information of spatial distributions of AMR genes in pig populations at large scales. The objective of the study was to describe the spatial pattern of AMR genes in faecal samples from pig farms and to test if the AMR genes were spatially randomly distributed with respect to the geographic distribution of the pig farm population at risk. Faecal samples from 687 Danish pig farms were collected in February and March 2015. DNA was extracted and the levels of seven AMR genes (ermB, ermF, sulI, sulII, tet(M), tet(O) and tet(W)) were quantified on a high-throughput real-time PCR array. Spatial differences for the levels of the AMR genes measured as relative quantities were evaluated by spatial cluster analysis and creating of risk maps using kriging analysis and kernel density estimation. Significant spatial clusters were identified for ermB, ermF, sulII and tet(W). The broad spatial trends in AMR resistance evident in the risk maps were in agreement with the results of the cluster analysis. However, they also showed that there were only small scale spatial differences in the gene levels. We conclude that the geographical location of a pig farm is not a major determinant of the presence or high levels of AMR genes assessed in this study.

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