scholarly journals Population dynamic of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) in Timor Sea, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 919 (1) ◽  
pp. 012004
Author(s):  
S Herwaty ◽  
A Mallawa ◽  
Najamuddin ◽  
M Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamic ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Dynamic Parameter ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Timor Sea ◽  
High Level

Abstract Skipjack tuna is one of the potential fishery commodities in the waters of Timor, East Nusa Tenggara. This fish is exploited throughout the year without any management policies. This study aims to analyse population dynamic parameter. Length data were collected at the Oeba Fish Base from April to December 2020. Data analysis, size structure and age group of the Bhattacharya method, the L∞ and K values of the Ford and Walford method, total mortality by length catch converted curve, natural mortality by Pauly method, Y/R using the Beverton and Holt method. The results showed that the smallest fish was 27 cm FL, the largest was 71 cm FL, the dominant size is 55-58 cm FL and the average length was 48,68 ± 10,67 cm FL, L∞ 91.00 cm FL, and K 0.51 year1. The population consists of three age groups, the values of Z, M, F and E are 2.64 year1, 0.86 year1, 1.78 year1, and 0.68 year1 respectively. Current Y/R and optimal Y/R values are 0.036 and 0.060 grams recruit1 respectively. The conclusion, the high mortality of skipjack tuna is caused by fishing activities, and the high level of exploitation causes the recruitment process to be not optimal.

scholarly journals TRUKTUR UKURAN DAN BEBERAPA PARAMETER POPULASI IKAN CAKALANG (Katsuwonus pelamis Linnaeus, 1758) DI SAMUDERA PASIFIK UTARA PAPUA

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Thomas Hidayat ◽  
Tegoeh Noegroho ◽  
Karsono Wagiyo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Exploitation Rate

Ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis Linnaeus, 1758) merupakan salah satu sumberdaya ikan pelagis besar yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis penting. Informasi mengenai struktur ukuran dan beberapa parameter populasinya masih sangat terbatas khususnya di perairan Indonesia timur. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Morotai, Biak dan Jayapura dari Januari sampai Desember 2013. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis ukuran ikan yang tertangkap dan menganalisis parameter populasi meliputi laju pertumbuhan, mortalitas dan tingkat eksploitasi. Estimasi parameter pertumbuhan, mortalitas dan laju eksploitasi dihitung menggunakan program FiSAT (FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessement Tools). Ukuran ikan cakalang hasil tangkapan pancing tonda dan pancing ulur berkisar antara 15 – 94 cmFL (Fork Length), dengan modus antara 40-45 cmFL. Ukuran pertama kali tertangkap sebesar 40,1 cmFL dan kebanyakan adalah ukuran ikan yang sedang memijah. Hasil analisis menggunakan FiSAT II diperoleh laju pertumbuhan (K) sebesar 0,41/tahun, panjang asimptotik (L) 101,85 cmFL. Laju kematian alami (M) 0,6 / tahun, laju kematian karena penangkapan (F) 0,62 /tahun dan laju mortalitas total (Z) 1,22 /tahun. Tingkat eksploitasi ikan cakalang hampir fully exploited (E= 0,46). Disarankan tidak perlu ada penambahan upaya penangkapan atau status quo untuk menjaga agar sumberdaya ikan cakalang tetap terjaga kelestariannya. Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the large pelagic fish resources which have high economic value. Information on the size structure and population parameters is still limited especially in the waters of eastern Indonesia. The Research was conducted from January to December 2013 at Morotai, Biak and Jayapura. The aim of this study was to analyze the size of the fish caught and some of population parameters such as the growth rate, mortality rates, and exploitation rate. Estimated of growth parameters, mortality and exploitation rate using the program FiSAT (FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessement Tools). The size of skipjack tuna caught by troll line and handline in between 15-94 cmFL, with a mode of 40-45 cmFL. The Length at first capture was 40.1 cmFL, most of them had condition of spawning. By using program FiSAT II analysis resulted that growth rate (K) of skipjack tuna was 0.41/year, with length asimptotik (L) reaches 101.85 cmFL. The natural mortality rate (M) was 0.6 / year. The fishing mortality rate (F) was 0.62 / year and total mortality rate (Z) was 1.22 / year. The exploitation rate of skipjack tuna was nearly fully exploited (E = 0.46). It was recommended the exploitation rate of this fish should be no additional effort (status quo) to keep sustainability of the skipjack tuna resource.

scholarly journals STATUS KEBERLANJUTAN PERIKANAN HUHATE BERDASARKAN ASPEK BIOLOGI DI PPI DUFA-DUFA KOTA TERNATE

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-116
Author(s):  
Irham . ◽  
Amirul Karman ◽  
Kusdi Hi Iksan
Keyword(s):  
Size Structure ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Pelagic Fish ◽  
Fishing Ground ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Strategic Location ◽  
Catch Composition ◽  
Fish Aggregating Devices

ABSTRACTTernate Island lies in a strategic location as it is situated in the middle of  the main fishing ground for skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) fishing using pole and line (huhate) and fish aggregating devices (FADs). As typical pelagic fish, skipjack that is gathered near the water surface is the younger fish, likewise the ones which are caught around FADs. Therefore, this fishing method has caused serious problem due to the domination of young fish and increasing bycatch and discard. The objective of this research is to analyze the size structure of the fork length, appropriate size for catching, catch composition, bycatch and discard level. Pole and line catch samples were collected in 3 months fromMay to July 2018. The results show that in average, skipjack tuna caught in the study location was undersize. The total catch is predominantly targeted fish which has a higher economic value compared to bycatch and discarded fish. Even though bycatch in the pole and line fisheries are low, reduction efforts are still required. which can be done by sorting bycatch and unwanted fish then discard it into the sea when the fish is still alive.Keywords: biology, pole and line, sustainability status, Ternate City ABSTRAKPosisi Pulau Ternate sangat strategis karena berada di tengah perairan yang menjadi daerah operasi penangkapan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) dengan alat tangkap huhate (pole and line) yang dibantu dengan penggunaan rumpon. Sebagaimana ikan pelagis lainnya,  ikan-ikan cakalang yang berkumpul di lapisan permukaan air cenderung tergolong ikan-ikan muda. Oleh karena itu, cakalang yang tertangkap di sekitar rumpon juga cenderung ikan-ikan yang masih muda. Fenomena ini menyebabkan munculnya sebuah masalah besar, yaitu dominasi ikan-ikan muda, selain itu juga sering tertangkap ikan yang bukan target tangkap yang terdiri dari bycatch dan discards. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis struktur ukuran panjang cagak dan ukuran cakalang layak tangkap, komposisi hasil tangkapan, persentase bycatch dan discards. Sampel hasil tangkapan huhate dikumpulkan selama 3 bulan (Mei sampai Juli 2018). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rataan cakalang di lokasi penelitian didominasi ukuran belum layak tangkap. Total hasil tangkapan didominasi ikan target, sementara itu bycatch yang tertangkap memiliki nilai ekonomis yang baik dan tidak ditemukan discards. Walaupun bycatch pada perikanan huhate rendah namun usaha-usaha untuk meminimumkan tetap perlu dilakukan. Salah satu usaha yang bisa dilakukan adalah menyortir hasil tangkapan, ada apabila ada ikan yang akan dibuang ke laut, dilakukan dalam keadaan masih hidup.Kata Kunci: Biologi, huhate (pole and line), status keberlanjutan, Kota Ternate

Size structure, reproduction, and growth of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) caught by the pole-and-line fleet in the southwest Atlantic

2019 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 136-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Júlia Benevenuti Soares ◽  
Cassiano Monteiro-Neto ◽  
Marcus Rodrigues da Costa ◽  
Raquel Rennó M. Martins ◽  
Francyne Carolina dos Santos Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Structure ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Southwest Atlantic ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis

scholarly journals ESTIMASI PARAMETER POPULASI IKAN CAKALANG (Katsuwonus pelamis, Linnaeus, 1758) DI PERAIRAN SAMUDRA HINDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Raymon Rahmanov Zedta ◽  
Prawira Atmaja Rintar PT ◽  
Dian Novianto Novianto
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
K Value ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Management Area ◽  
Tuna Fisheries

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji parameter populasi ikan cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) yang tertangkap pukat cincin di WPP-572 Samudra Hindia Barat Sumatera dan WPP-573 Selatan Jawa. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai masukan dalam penentuan pengelolaan perikanan sehingga stok ikan cakalang dapat dimanfaatkan secara berkelanjutan. Ikan contoh dikumpulkan melalui program enumerasi tahun 2016 (Januari-Desember). Sampling acak dilaksanakan di empat pelabuhan, yaitu PPS Lampulo (Aceh), PPN Sibolga (Sumatra Utara), PPP Tamperan (Pacitan) dan IPP Pondokdadap (Malang). Jumlah ikan contoh diperoleh sebanyak 14.894 ekor. Serial data fekuensi panjang bulanan diolah menggunakan program FiSAT II untuk menduga parameter pertumbuhan, mortalitas dan tingkat eksploitasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ikan cakalang yang tertangkap di WPP-572 memiliki panjang asimtotik (L)73,5 cmFL, K sebesar 0.22/tahun dan to sebesar -0,59 tahun. Parameter populasi di WPP-573 berturut-turut L”=67,20 cmFL, K=0,27/tahun, dan to=-0,50 tahun. Nilai mortalitas alami (M) ikan cakalang di WPP 572 sebesar 0,49/tahun, mortalitas total (Z) 0,70/tahun, dan kematian akibat penangkapan (F) adalah 0,21/tahun. Ikan cakalang yang tertangkap di WPP 573 menunjukkan nilai (E) sebesar 0,59/tahun, nilai Z 1,02/tahun, dan nilai F sebesar 0,43/tahun. Dugaan tingkat eksploitasi ikan cakalang di WPP 572 dan 573 masing-masing 0,3/tahun dan 0,42/tahun atau belum berada pada tahap optimal.This study aimed to assess the population parameters of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) that caught by purse seine in the Indonesian FMA (Fisheries Management Area) 572 Indian Ocean West Sumatera and FMA 573 South Java. The outcomes of this research can hopefully be used as inputs for fisheries management, in order the stock of skipjack tuna can be utilized sustainably. Fish sample were collected through the program enumeration of Research Institute for Tuna Fisheries (RITF) during the year 2016 (Januari-Desember). Using random sampling method at four fishing ports, namely PPS Lampulo (Aceh), PPN Sibolga (North Sumatra), PPP Tamperan (Pacitan), and IPP Pondokdadap (Malang). The total number of fish samples was 14.894 fish. Monthly length frequency data processed using FiSAT II program to estimate the growth parameters, mortality, and exploitation. The analysis results showed that skipjack tuna caught in FMA 572 has asymtotic length value (L) at 73.5 cmFL, K value 0.22/year, and to at -0.59 year; while in FMA 573 population parameters values respectively 67.20 cmFL, 0.27/year, and -0.50 year. The value of natural mortality (M) skipjack in FMA 572 is 0.49/year, total mortality (Z) 0.70/year, and fishing mortality (F) 0.21/year. Skipjack tuna that caught in FMA 573 showed value of M 0.59/year, Z value 1.02/year, and F value 0.43/year. The estimated values of exploitation levels of skipjack in FMA 572 and 573 were 0.3/year and 0.42/year respectively.

scholarly journals Intraspecific variation and population ecology of Sinanodonta woodiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae) in connection with the introduction of this species in Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Age Structure ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Sex Structure ◽  
Index Value ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sinanodonta Woodiana

The bivalve mollusc Sinanodonta woodiana Lea, 1834, Chinese pond mussel is a species that quickly colonizes new territories. The article presents the results of research of the morphology and ecology of the Chinese pond mussel from a Repida River (Matroska Village, Odessa Oblast) and a pond in the Hnylop’yat River basin (Romanivka Village, Zhytomir Oblast). The biomass, density, age and sex structure of the populations of these animals were analyzed. The biomass of molluscs is 227.1 and 133.5 g/m2 from the Repida River and a pond in the Romanivka Village, respectively, the density is 1.8 and 0.5 ind./m2. The age structure of the population of S. woodiana is formed by juveniles (the number of 2–3 year old molluscs is 39.5 and 57.1% of two biotopes, respectively), individuals of middle age (4–6 years old – 51.2 and 38.1%) and individuals of the senior group (9.3 and 4.8%). The ratio of age groups in the age structure is 0.8 : 1 : 0.2 for molluscs from the River Repida and 1.5 : 1 : 0.1 for a S. woodiana from the pond. In the sex structure of the molluscs from Repida River males dominated (female: male ratio is 0.7 : 1), but in the sex structure of the investigated group from a pond females were quantitatively superior to males (1.3 : 1). The presence of a significant proportion of young individuals indicate an active reproduction of the local populations. We found glochidia in the gills of females of S. woodiana with a shell length of 9.3–17.5 cm. That is, even with slow growth rates of molluscs in a reservoir with a natural temperature condition of northern Ukraine, they are capable of reproduction at 2 years of age. The data on morphometry of the shells of Chinese pond mussels and biotopical preferences of investigated population of these mollusсs are given. The high level of morphological variability of the shells of S. woodiana, in particular their shape and color, is presented. In the river near the Matroska Village, the average length of a shell is 106±9.7 mm. Molluscs from the pond in the Romanivka Village have larger sizes (132.4±6.9 mm). S. woodiana have a relatively high, short (H/L index value is 0.68 and 0.61 in molluscs from the Repida River and a pond in the Romanivka Village, respectively) and rather convex shell (W/L index is 0.37 and 0.39). After acclimatization under the new conditions, a change in the morphometric indices of the shell in mollusсs from the pond in the Romanivka Village is noticeable. Thus, a statistically significant decrease in the H/L index and an increase in the W/H index in mollusсs from the pond were noted. There were no statistically significant differences in the W/L index. Consequently, mollusсs, introduced into the pond, had an absolute increase in the size of the shell and a relative decrease in its height. The low water temperature does not limit the spread of S. woodiana.

scholarly journals SOME BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SKIPJACK TUNA (Katsuwonus pelamis LINNAEUS, 1758) DI PERAIRAN TOLI-TOLI WATERS, CENTRAL SULAWESI

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Umi Chodrijah ◽  
Thomas Hidayat ◽  
Karsono Wagiyo
Keyword(s):  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Gonad Somatic Index ◽  
Length Increase ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
First Maturity ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time ◽  
Central Sulawesi

Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) was one of the export commodities, where the demand tends to increase. The high level of skipjack tuna exploitation leads to overfishing, so sustainable fisheries management was required. The objective of the research was to study the several aspects of biology including of length of weight relationship, sex ratio maturity stage, gonad somatic index (GSI), Length at first capture and length at first maturity. The research was conducted in February - December 2015 in Toli-toli, Central Sulawesi. The results showed that the skipjack  tuna growth pattern was allometrically positive, where growth weight was faster than the length increase. The  length of the first time capture skipjack tuna of pole and line was bigger than length at first maturity, it means the mostly skipjack tuna caught have already spawned. The spawning season was occur throughout the year with spawning peaks in April and September, fecundity ranging from 450,570 - 1,707,390eggs.

A Study on Knowledge, Attitude, Awareness and Practice About HIV/AIDS among different age group of Karachi, Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-333
Author(s):  
Safia Mehmood ◽  
Sheema Zia ◽  
Nida Aziz ◽  
Omama Sajid
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Population ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
High Level ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

The AIDS is one of the most complicated health problems of the 21st century and it threatens the world population. AIDS spread at an alarming rate. This was a descriptive study to determine the knowledge, awareness, and practice about HIV among different age groups. The study carried out in Karachi, Pakistan during the period of January 2016-april 2016, in which 82 peoples are participated; 65 peoples having age in between 18-30, people’s lies in 31-40 years, while only 4 peoples having age above 40. From which 91% peoples thought HIV is dangerous virus and 51% peoples having misconception that it cause AIDS on initial stage and does not have any effect on CD4+. Majority of peoples aware about transmission of AIDS through intercourse, and during pregnancy. But the study show the high level of misbelieve also in mode of transmission that HIV transmit through sweat, saliva etc. Majority of the peoples have knowledge that HIV-1 is the most common type found worldwide. Also large number of peoples have knowledge that HIV weak immune system by destroying CD4+ and require long exposure to progress AIDS. Less than 15% of peoples strongly agree that AIDS is common in women. This misconception reflex the lack of knowledge and awareness in the HIV transmission and gender relation. Also majority of peoples thought that lack of knowledge is major barrier in the proper cure of disease. So increasing knowledge by awareness programs; sexual prevention; by starting national testing resources and curing poverty will cured AIDS in Pakistan. Newly drugs are introduced which can stop the progression of AIDS.

A proposal to enhance national capability to manage epidemics: The critical importance of expert statistical input including official statistics

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
N.I. Fisher ◽  
D.J. Trewin
Keyword(s):  
Data Streams ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
High Level ◽  
Integration Analysis

Given the high level of global mobility, pandemics are likely to be more frequent, and with potentially devastating consequences for our way of life. With COVID-19, Australia is in relatively better shape than most other countries and is generally regarded as having managed the pandemic well. That said, we believe there is a critical need to start the process of learning from this pandemic to improve the quantitative information and related advice provided to policy makers. A dispassionate assessment of Australia’s health and economic response to the COVID-19 pandemic reveals some important inadequacies in the data, statistical analysis and interpretation used to guide Australia’s preparations and actions. For example, one key shortcoming has been the lack of data to obtain an early understanding of the extent of asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases or the differences across age groups, occupations or ethnic groups. Minimising the combined health, social and economic impacts of a novel virus depends critically on ongoing acquisition, integration, analysis, interpretation and presentation of a variety of data streams to inform the development, execution and monitoring of appropriate strategies. The article captures the essential quantitative components of such an approach for each of the four basic phases, from initial detection to post-pandemic. It also outlines the critical steps in each stage to enable policy makers to deal more efficiently and effectively with future such events, thus enhancing both the social and the economic welfare of its people. Although written in an Australian context, we believe most elements would apply to other countries as well.

scholarly journals The incidence of pneumonia in the paediatric population in Poland in light of the maps of health needs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Lange ◽  
Jerzy Kozielski ◽  
Kinga Bartolik ◽  
Paweł Kabicz ◽  
Tomasz Targowski
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Education Development ◽  
Average Length Of Stay ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Social Fund ◽  
Hospital Deaths ◽  
Reported Data

Abstract In Poland, no statistical data are available concerning the analysis of the incidence of pneumonia in inpatient children. The requirement for these data results mainly from the need to prepare systemic and economic solutions. Aim This study aimed to use reported data for evaluating pneumonia incidence rates among hospitalised children and other parameters in various age groups. Subject and methods A detailed analysis was performed as part of the Operational Programme Knowledge Education Development co-financed by the European Social Fund. Services reported to the National Health Fund in 2014 were considered, including pneumonia incidence among hospitalised children and mortality in specific age groups. Results In 2014, a total of 68,543 children were hospitalised for pneumonia (68% of all hospitalisations for acute respiratory diseases). Within each of the analysed age groups, boys were hospitalised more frequently. Irrespective of the place of residence, infants were most commonly hospitalised. It was observed that there was a significant difference between the incidence rate of pneumonia among hospitalised children in all analysed groups depending on the province. The average length of stay was 7.29 days, with infants requiring the longest stays (7.96 days), and 1.8% of children were rehospitalised within 30 days due to recurrence of pneumonia. The most commonly coded pathogens responsible for pneumonia included Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Chlamydia spp. A total of 19 inpatient hospital deaths in the course of pneumonia were reported. Conclusions Based on our findings, it is warranted to utilize epidemiological knowledge for the planning of an appropriate level of service commissioned both in outpatient and inpatient facilities as well as for the estimation of institutional and staff needs necessary to secure these services.

Age Wise Internal Morphometrical Studies on the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Sahu ◽  
U.K. Mishra ◽  
S. Sathapathy ◽  
S.M. Nanda
Keyword(s):  
Right Ventricle ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Internal Parameters ◽  
Measuring Cylinder ◽  
Central Organ

Background: Heart is the central organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Its development before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The detailed morphometry of different internal parameters of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. Methods: The foeti of sheep were divided into two age groups viz. mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days) with fifteen animals in each age group. The various internal parameters were recorded by using digital weighing machine, graduated measuring cylinder, digital Vernier’s calliper, non-stretchable nylon thread and graduated scale. The data recorded was statistically analysed by independent t test with IBM SPSS 25.0 version software. Result: The average thickness of left ventricular wall of heart was measured as 2.85±0.15mm and 4.28±0.07mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages. Similarly, the average diameter of left atrio-ventricular opening of heart was measured as 2.06±0.27mm and 6.08±0.36mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages. The average length of septal papillary muscle in right ventricle was measured as 1.12±0.10mm and 3.29±0.21mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages. Further, the average length of moderator band in heart was measured as 1.45±0.11mm and 4.34±0.23mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages. Similarly, the average length of chordae tendinae in right ventricle of heart was measured as 0.97±0.09mm and 3.50±0.34mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages. 

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