scholarly journals Simulation Analysis of the Pyrolysis Process for the Production of Syngas from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Fiber

2021 ◽  
Vol 927 (1) ◽  
pp. 012033
Author(s):  
Taufiq Bin Nur ◽  
Justin Kongnardi
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Condensation Process ◽  
Pyrolysis Process

Abstract There have been many efforts to reduce the use of fossil fuels and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by using renewable energy (solar energy, wind energy, water energy, and energy obtained from biomass) as a substitute for fossil fuels. As one of the largest CPO producers globally, Indonesia produces 4 kilograms of dry biomass for every 1 kilogram of oil palm produced. The biomass conversion process into synthetic gas (syngas) can be carried out using the pyrolysis process. The syngas can be used as an alternative fuel for an internal combustion engine. This study aims to simulate the pyrolysis process to obtain syngas’ characteristics made from oil palm empty bunches (EFBs) and palm fiber. Around 4 kg EFB and 2 kg of fiber are used as pyrolysis raw materials. The Aspen Plus simulation was used to design and analyzed the pyrolysis flow processes. The results showed that the hot syngas produced at a working temperature of 450°C to 650°C was 1.475 kg/hr to 1.587 kg/hr. The cold syngas produced is 0.969 kg/hr to 1.407 kg/hr. The heating value of hot syngas is 10,348 kJ/kg to 14,213.55 kJ/kg, and cold syngas is 15,751.51 kJ/kg to 16,022.7 kJ/kg. Change in syngas composition between hot and cold syngas is due to the condensation process. The minimum condenser area required to produce cold syngas for 6 kg and 500 kg biomass pyrolysis raw material are 25.5 m2 and 632.2 m2, respectively.

scholarly journals RAPE SEED OIL TETRAHYDROFURFURYLESTERS

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
K. Malins ◽  
V. Kampars ◽  
R. Kampare ◽  
T. Rusakova
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽  
Mineral Oils

The transesterification of vegetable oil using various kinds of alcohols is a simple and efficient renewable fuel synthesis technique. Products obtained by modifying natural triglycerides in transesterification reaction substitute fossil fuels and mineral oils. Currently the most significant is the biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters, which is obtained in a reaction with methanol, which in turn is obtained from fossil raw materials. In biodiesel production it would be more appropriate to use alcohols which can be obtained from renewable local raw materials. Ethanol rouses interest as a possible reagent, however, its production locally is based on the use of grain and therefore competes with food production so it would implicitly cause increase in food prices. Another raw material option is alcohols that can be obtained from furfurole. Furfurole is obtained in dehydration process from pentose sugars which can be extracted from crop straw, husk and other residues of agricultural production. From furfurole the tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), a raw material for biodiesel, can be produced. By transesterifying rapeseed oil with THFA it would be possible to obtain completely renewable biodiesel with properties very close to diesel [2-4]. With the purpose of developing the synthesis of such fuel, in this work a three-stage synthesis of rapeseed oil tetrahydrofurfurylesters (ROTHFE) in sulphuric acid presence has been performed, achieving product with purity over 98%. The most important qualitative factors of ROTHFE have been determined - cold filter plugging point, cetane number, water content, Iodine value, phosphorus content, density, viscosity and oxidative stability.

scholarly journals Political Economy of Renewable Energy and Regional Development: Understanding Social and Economic Problems of Biodiesel Development in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118
Author(s):  
Nuva Nuva ◽  
Akhmad Fauzi ◽  
Arya Hadi Dharmawan ◽  
Eka Intan Kumala Putri
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Political Aspect ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Competitive Prices

The transition of fossil fuel to non-fossil fuels (biodiesel fuel for diesel blending) has continued to evolve. The largest source of biodiesel’ raw materials in Indonesia derives from oil palm. Biodiesel development is also believed to generate benefit for society as well as for regional and national, including job creation, infrastructure improvement, revenue generation for governments and reduce national dependence on fossil fuels, and minimize adverse environmental fossil fuel impacts. However, despite its targets and strengthened by various comprehensive policies, the development of biodiesel in Indonesia also faces significant barriers. Descriptive analysis used in this study to understand the political economy of biodiesel engagement. The limited domestic market, mainly related to the issue of non-competitive prices with diesel, relatively low of oil prices, and high prices of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) are the constraints in the production of biodiesel for domestic uptake. The national political aspect related to the use of biodiesel by government parties, including non-PSOs, becomes an important issue in ensuring the sustainability of biodiesel. In addition, the issue of sustainability in the upstream (oil palm plantation) and dumping issues expressed by the EU and the US Government are also the main problems in Indonesian biodiesel export.

scholarly journals Comparison of mechanical properties of geopolymers from different raw materials with the addition of waste glass

2021 ◽  
pp. 252-261
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Waste Glass ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Compressive And Flexural Strengths

The combustion of fossil fuels results in creating a lot of solid wastes such as fly ash and slag. However, these environmentally unfriendly materials can be used as a raw material for alkali activation – geopolymerization. Although these wastes have been successfully used in industrial production for several decades, its use does not achieve the level of its potential. Today, to achieve a sustainable construction industry, alternative cement has been extensively investigated. Geopolymer (GP) is a kind of material that is obtained from the alkaline activator, and it can be produced from industrial wastes or by-products. The aim of this work was to describe the improvement of mechanical properties of alkali-activated binders – geopolymers made of fly ash and blast furnace slag. The effect of the addition of waste glass in three different values feed into fly ash or GGBFS, and its impact on mechanical properties (compressive and flexural strengths) of geopolymers was examined. The highest value of compressive strength was achieved with 20% waste glass addition to a fly ash sample on 90th day 58,9 MPa. The waste glass was added in the form of broken and crushed glass particles.

scholarly journals Catalysts for the Simultaneous Production of Syngas and Carbon Nanofilaments Via Catalytic Decomposition of Biogas

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buthainah Ali Al-Timimi ◽  
Zahira Yaakob
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Catalytic Decomposition ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Active Centers ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Levels ◽  
Scientific Attention

The possibility of alleviation of methane and carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are of major global interest. One of the alternatives that attracts much scientific attention is their chemical utilization, especially because both of these gases are components of the biogas. Thus, the rapid and extensive shale gas development makes them abundant raw materials. The development of an effective catalytic process that could be scaled-up for industrial purposes remains a great challenge for catalysis. As well, understanding of the mechanisms of molecular activation and the reaction pathways over active centers on heterogeneous catalysts needs to be advanced. It has been shown that biogas is a very interesting source of renewable energy. Because of its elevated methane content, biogas has excellent potential, as reflected in its year-over-year rise in production. This is because its manufacturing promotes the use of organic waste, prevents uncontrolled dumping and minimizes atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, its use as an energy source is in some cases an alternative to fossil fuels and can help to minimize energy dependence. Another aspect of interest is that it can be used in situ, allowing agro-livestock farms or small industrial plants to achieve energy self-sufficiency.

scholarly journals Production of briquettes from Indonesia agricultural biomass waste by using pyrolysis process and comparing the characteristics

Eksergi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Sri Wahyu Murni ◽  
Tutik Muji Setyoningrum ◽  
Muhamad Maulana Azimatun Nur
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Pressing Pressure ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Stem Wood

Indonesia biomass waste is a potential feedstock as a source of renewable energy since it can be converted into carcoal briquettes. However, the production of the briquettes using pyrolysis process using the agricultural waste was lacking. In this research, briquette was made from palm shells,  corncob and soybean stem wood due to its high availability and have high cellulose content. The purpose of this research was to produce briquettes from three kind of raw materials by employing pyrolysis process and compared the characteristics. The briquette was made from different type of raw materials (palm shells, corncob and soybean stem) and  the concentration of binder : 3-7 %. Pyrolysis was done at  500 °C, and 100 kg / cm2 of pressing pressure. Results showed that, the best charcoal briquette was achieved from palm shells by using 5% binder, which resulted 4,1% moisture content, 3.4% ash content,  15% volatile matter content, 77.5% carbon content,  7075 cal/g calorific value and  1.4 kg/cm2 compresive strength. It is found that the concentration of binder and raw material influenced the quality of the briquettes. In overall, the production of the briquettes by employing pyrolysis method could meet the standard.

APPLICATION OF THE CARNOL PROCESS TO PRODUCE METHANOL AND REDUCE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110
Author(s):  
A. S. SVIRIDOV ◽  
◽  
P. E. NOR ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Methanol Production

The Carnol system is the production of methanol from carbon dioxide (obtained from coal-fired power plants) and natural gas, and the use of the resulting methanol as an alternative fuel. The Carnol process produces hydrogen by thermal decomposition of natural gas, which then interacts with the CO2 extracted from the flue emissions of power plants. The resulting carbon can be stored or used as a raw material. The paper provides an estimated characteristic of the reduction of CO2 emissions of the Carnol process and system, and compares it with other traditional methanol production processes, including the use of biomass of industrial raw materials and vehicles powered by methanol fuel cells. CO2 emissions from a Carnol system that uses methanol as an alternative fuel can be reduced by 56 % compared to a conventional coal-fired power plant system. In the case of the use of methanol as fuel for motor vehicles, carbon dioxide emissions.

Biomass Pellets from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OP-EFB)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-68
Author(s):  
Rahman Farhan Aditya
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Binder Ratio ◽  
Binder Concentration

Oil Palm growths in Indonesia are getting higher every year. Oil palm plantationproduced various waste, including oil palm empty fruit bunches (OP-EFB). 95 % Indonesia energy demand still provided by the fossil fuel and only 5 % provided by renewable energy, which provide opportunity of OP-EFB biomass pellets to be utilized as alternative resource. The research of biomass still low, especially research of OP-EFB biomass pellets. Therefore, the research objectives were to determine the production process of OP-EFB and to define the most effective binder and binder ratio for the biomass pellets. This research experiments  consist of shredding, chopping, drying, grinding, and sieving as raw material pretreatment. Also, varying the binder and binder concentration of the mixture between raw materials was the part of this thesis research. The binders used in this thesis research are PVAC paste and tapioca based paste with 4 variations of concentration. The analyses of the biomass pellets characteristic are density,compressive strength, proximate analysis (moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon), calorific value, combustion rate, and gas chromatographic & mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The result shows that OP-EFB biomass pellets are qualified to be considered as biomass pellets. The most effective OP-EFB biomass pellets is biomass pellets with 10% tapioca binder concentration.

scholarly journals Scope of biodiesel from oils of woody plants: a review

Clean Energy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
Baskar Thangaraj ◽  
Pravin Raj Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Primary Methods ◽  
Environmental Consequences

Abstract Non-edible oils obtained from chosen non-conventional woody plants are considered as potential raw materials for biodiesel production. These plants mostly grow in wastelands. Structural characteristics of these oils as raw material are very much in tune with the properties of biodiesel such as long-chain hydrocarbon, having an adequate level of unsaturation with branched chain. Four primary methods are being followed to make biodiesel from vegetable oil. They are direct use through blending, microemulsion, thermal cracking (pyrolysis) and transesterification. Non-edible oil would eliminate the issue of food vs fuel. The biodiesel manufactured from oils of woody plants may partially reduce the demand for liquid-fuel energy and addresses the environmental consequences of using fossil fuels. Oil from a total of 17 species of woody plants (Angiosperms) belonging to 14 families are considered in this paper. The habit, habitat and geographical distribution of each species are also presented. The physico-chemical properties of their oil, with special reference to the fatty-acid profile that ultimately decides the characteristics of the biodiesel prepared from them, are reviewed.

scholarly journals Cost Analysis of Various Factors for Geopolymer 3D Printing of Construction Products in Factories and on Construction Sites

Recycling ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Qaisar Munir ◽  
Timo Kärki
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Construction Products

The utilization of geopolymer 3D printing for construction products in recent years has been exceptionally substantial, owing to their low carbon dioxide emissions, high-performance properties such as durability, and good thermal and mechanical properties. This automated manufacturing process reduces the need for additional formworks, capital investments, and human resources. Geopolymer 3D printing development is emerging because of its advanced use in construction applications. However, high costs of the initial stages of geopolymer production and 3D printing has inhibited the development of this technology in many countries. This research presents a comprehensive economic evaluation of the investment for each principal stage that facilitates a better deployment of the resources. The study investigated all phases of geopolymer production, from the extraction of raw materials to printing. The cost for the four fundamental stages, namely raw material availability and transportation, pretreatments for raw materials, parameter selection and strength requirements, and printing in factories and on construction sites, were analyzed. The results show that 3D printing of a geopolymer on a construction site is economically more advantageous compared to printing in the factory. The study also verified that raw material transportation cost has the least effect on the finished product cost, whereas pretreatments of raw material and mixing parameters significantly influenced the ultimate cost of the product. Finally, research work suggested the need for future tasks to make geopolymer 3D printing a viable construction approach.

scholarly journals A record thermoelectric efficiency in tellurium-free modules for low-grade waste heat recovery

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonglin Bu ◽  
Xinyue Zhang ◽  
Yixin Hu ◽  
Zhiwei Chen ◽  
Siqi Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Waste Heat Recovery ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Thermoelectric Efficiency ◽  
Low Grade Heat

AbstractLow-grade heat accounts for >50% of the total dissipated heat sources in industries. An efficient recovery of low-grade heat into useful electricity not only reduces the consumption of fossil-fuels but also releases the subsequential environmental-crisis. Thermoelectricity offers an ideal solution, yet low-temperature efficient materials have continuously been limited to Bi2Te3-alloys since the discovery in 1950s. Scarcity of tellurium and the strong property anisotropy cause high-cost in both raw-materials and synthesis/processing. Here we demonstrate cheap polycrystalline antimonides for even more efficient thermoelectric waste-heat recovery within 600 K than conventional tellurides. This is enabled by a design of Ni/Fe/Mg3SbBi and Ni/Sb/CdSb contacts for both a prevention of chemical diffusion and a low interfacial resistivity, realizing a record and stable module efficiency at a temperature difference of 270 K. In addition, the raw-material cost  to the output power ratio in this work is reduced to be only 1/15 of that of conventional Bi2Te3-modules.

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